* Adopted by the Committee at its ninety-second session (2–20 February 2026).

Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of Argentina *

1.The Committee considered the eighth periodic report of Argentina (CEDAW/C/ARG/8), submitted under the simplified reporting procedure, at its 2190th and 2191st meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.2190 and CEDAW/C/SR.2191), held on 10 February 2026.

A.Introduction

2.The Committee appreciates the submission by the State Party of its eighth periodic report, which was prepared in response to the list of issues and questions prior to reporting (CEDAW/C/ARG/QPR/8). It also appreciates the State Party’s follow-up report to the previous concluding observations of the Committee (CEDAW/C/ARG/CO/7/Add.1), as well as the annex updating the report submitted prior to its consideration. It welcomes the oral presentation by the delegation and the further clarifications provided by the Legal Adviser at the Undersecretariat for Human Rights of the Ministry of Justice, Ursula Basset, in response to the questions posed orally by the Committee during the dialogue.

3.The Committee commends the State Party on its delegation, which was headed by the Undersecretary for Human Rights at the Ministry of Justice, Joaquin Mogaburu, and also included the Legal Adviser at the National Directorate of Legal Affairs in Human Rights from the same Undersecretariat, a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva, Carlos Mario Foradori, as well as other representatives of the Permanent Mission.

B.Positive aspects

4.The Committee welcomes the progress achieved since the consideration in 2016 of the State Party’s seventh periodic report (CEDAW/C/ARG/7) in undertaking legislative reforms, in particular the adoption of the following:

(a)Act No. 27.636 on the promotion of access to formal employment for transvestite, transsexual and transgender persons (known as the Diana Sacayán-Lohana Berkins law), in 2021;

(b)Act No. 27.610 on access to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy that legalized abortion, in 2020;

(c)Act No. 27.611 on comprehensive healthcare and assistance during pregnancy and early childhood, (known as the 1,000 days law), in 2020;

(d)Act No. 27.499 establishing mandatory training on gender and gender-based violence for all persons performing public functions, (known as the Micaela law), in 2018;

(e)Act No. 27.452 on economic reparations for children of victims of femicide, (known as the Brisa law), in 2018;

(f)Act No. 27.412 on gender parity in areas of political representation, in 2017.

5.The Committee welcomes the State Party’s efforts to improve its institutional and policy framework aimed at accelerating the elimination of discrimination against women and promoting gender equality, such as the adoption or establishment of the following:

(a)The national plan of action against gender-based violence, for the period 2022–2024;

(b)The national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy, for the period 2018–2023;

(c)The friendly settlement in the case of Del Rosario Díaz v. Argentina (CEDAW/C/86/D/127/2018), in October 2023.

C.Sustainable Development Goals

6. The Committee welcomes the international support for the Sustainable Development Goals and calls for the realization of de jure (legal) and de facto (substantive) gender equality, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, throughout the process of implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Committee recalls the importance of Goal 5 and of the mainstreaming of the principles of equality and non-discrimination throughout all 17 Goals. It urges the State Party to recognize women as the driving force of the sustainable development of Argentina and to adopt relevant policies and strategies to that effect.

D.Parliament

7. The Committee stresses the crucial role of the legislative power in ensuring the full implementation of the Convention (see A/65/38 , part two, annex VI). It invites the National Congress, in line with its mandate, to take the necessary steps regarding the implementation of the present concluding observations between now and the submission of the next periodic report under the Convention.

E.Principal areas of concern and recommendations

Visibility of the Convention, the Optional Protocol thereto and the Committee’s general recommendations

8.The Committee notes with concern:

(a)A significant decline in the implementation and coverage of relevant training since 2024, including the sharp reduction in the number of public officials who have received such training;

(b)That, under its resolution No. 376/2025, the Ministry of Justice removed the recognition of gender and diversity training as a prioritized criterion in judicial appointment and promotion processes, thereby weakening institutional incentives for judges and prosecutors to undergo training on women’s human rights and potentially undermining the application of the Convention and reference to the Committee’s general recommendations by the judiciary;

(c)The absence of systematically and publicly available and accessible information on the implementation of the views of the Committee under the Optional Protocol and on related friendly settlements, including follow-up measures to ensure non-repetition;

(d)Public statements suggesting that the scope of the Convention should be interpreted narrowly and that the Committee’s general recommendations are of limited relevance for legislative and policy development because of their non-binding character.

9. Recalling that the Committee’s general recommendations constitute authoritative interpretations of the obligations of States Parties under the Convention and are essential for ensuring its full and effective implementation, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure the full and effective implementation of Act No. 27.499 (the Micaela law) across all branches and levels of government, including through the allocation of adequate resources, systematic monitoring and public reporting on compliance;

(b) Reinstate and strengthen training on women’s human rights and gender equality, including on the Convention, the Optional Protocol thereto and the Committee’s general recommendations, as a relevant criterion in judicial appointment and promotion processes; and ensure that judges, prosecutors, public defenders and other legal professionals receive regular mandatory and evaluable training on the application of the Convention;

(c) Disseminate systematically the Committee’s views and decisions under the Optional Protocol, ensure transparent and publicly accessible follow-up mechanisms to implement them and prevent the recurrence of violations found;

(d) Ensure that the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations are systematically used as authoritative interpretative tools in the adoption and enforcement of legislation, policy design and judicial decision-making, provide clear guidance to public authorities and parliamentarians in this regard, and strengthen capacity-building on the Convention at all levels of government.

Legislative framework and definition of discrimination against women

10.The Committee notes the constitutional rank accorded to the Convention within the domestic legal order of the State Party and the legislation prohibiting discrimination and promoting gender equality. However, the Committee notes with concern:

(a)Recent legislative reforms adopted through executive decrees that have modified or restricted the implementation of non-discrimination legislation in areas such as labour rights, migration, nationality, access to justice and protection against gender-based violence, without systematic gender impact assessments;

(b)Draft amendments that may limit the scope of protection of women’s rights and their access to justice under existing laws;

(c)The absence of a definition of discrimination against women, in accordance with article 1 of the Convention, that explicitly recognizes indirect discrimination, as well as multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination.

11. Recalling its general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States Parties under article 2 of the Convention, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure that all legislative reforms, including those adopted through executive decrees, are fully consistent with the Convention and do not result in retrogression in the protection of women’s human rights, and systematically conduct gender impact assessments of draft laws and adopted laws, particularly in the areas of labour rights, migration, access to justice and protection from gender-based violence;

(b) Refrain from adopting legislative amendments that would restrict or undermine rights guaranteed under existing legislation, and ensure that any proposed reforms are assessed for their compatibility with the Convention;

(c) Adopt legislation to incorporate a comprehensive definition of discrimination against women, in accordance with articles 1 and 2 of the Convention, covering both direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres, as well as multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination.

Women’s access to justice

12.The Committee notes the establishment of Access to Justice Centres and specialized programmes to support victims of gender-based violence in 2001. It notes with concern, however:

(a)The dissolution of 81 Access to Justice Centres by the Ministry of Justice though its resolution No. 178/2024, significantly reducing the coverage of those Centres, and the shift to a remote service model, as well as staff and budget cuts, which have disproportionately affected women in rural areas, women living in poverty and women facing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination;

(b)The reduction in funding and operational capacity of legal aid services, the dismissal of specialized staff, the lack of effective coordination at the federal level and the decentralization of responsibilities to provincial authorities without adequate resources;

(c)The adoption of Emergency Decree No. 366/2025, which amended Act No. 25.871 on migration by introducing expedited expulsion procedures and shortened appeal deadlines, reducing procedural safeguards and removing mandatory regularization channels, thereby limiting migrant women’s effective access to justice and increasing their vulnerability to exploitation and gender-based violence;

(d)The proposed amendment to the Criminal Code (file No. 228/25), which would increase penalties for false reporting in contexts of gender-based violence, potentially having a chilling effect on women seeking protection and discouraging the reporting of such violence.

13. The Committee, in line with its general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice, recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure effective, affordable and physical access to justice for all women throughout its territory, including by restoring and strengthening the territorial presence, staffing and funding of Access to Justice Centres and other legal aid mechanisms and guaranteeing that remote service models do not replace but complement in-person services, particularly for women in rural areas and marginalized groups of women;

(b) Allocate adequate and sustained human, technical and financial resources to services offering legal aid, psychosocial support and specialized assistance for victims of gender-based violence, and ensure effective federal coordination so that women across all provinces have equal access to legal protection and remedies;

(c) Review legislative and regulatory reforms affecting migration and due process, including amendments introduced under Emergency Decree No. 366/2025, to ensure that migrant and refugee women are guaranteed full procedural safeguards, effective remedies and protection from refoulement, and are not deterred from reporting gender-based violence for fear of expulsion;

(d) Withdraw the proposed amendment to the Criminal Code (file No. 228/25) concerning false reporting in cases of gender-based violence, and ensure that legislative amendments do not create barriers to reporting, discourage victims from seeking protection or undermine women’s credibility in cases of gender-based violence.

14.The Committee is further concerned that, although a public registry of complaints against judges in gender-based violence cases was reportedly established following the friendly settlement in the case of Del Rosario Díaz v. Argentina (CEDAW/C/86/D/127/2018), information regarding its functioning and accessibility is not readily available to the public.

15. The Committee recommends that the State Party strengthen accountability and oversight mechanisms within the judiciary to ensure that cases involving gender-based violence and discrimination are handled in a timely, impartial and gender-sensitive manner, in line with the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 33.

National machinery for the advancement of women and gender mainstreaming

16.The Committee notes the information provided by the State Party regarding the restructuring of the institutional framework for gender equality and the transfer of functions previously exercised by the Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity. However, the Committee notes with concern:

(a)That the dissolution of the Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity in December 2023 and the restructuring of equal opportunities institutions have resulted in the fragmentation of responsibilities, the weakening of interministerial coordination and the reduction of technical capacity dedicated to the advancement of women’s rights;

(b)The significant reductions in budget allocations for gender equality policies and programmes, including those aimed at preventing and addressing gender-based violence and promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights, as well as the suspension or discontinuation of some national plans and federal coordination mechanisms, which undermines the effective implementation of the Convention;

(c)The elimination or weakening of spaces and mechanisms for formal coordination and consultation with women’s rights organizations and civil society.

17. The Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Reinstate or establish a high-level, specialized institutional mechanism for the advancement of women, with a clear mandate, adequate authority, sufficient human, technical and financial resources, and ensure effective interministerial coordination and federal cooperation to guarantee the coherent, systematic and uniform implementation of the Convention across all government departments and at all levels;

(b) Restore and ensure adequate, sustained and transparent budget allocations for gender equality policies and programmes, including those aimed at preventing and addressing gender-based violence and at promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights, and ensure that such programmes are accessible to all women, including women with disabilities and marginalized groups of women;

(c) Restore and institutionalize formal, regular and meaningful mechanisms for consultation with and the participation of women’s rights organizations and civil society, and ensure that such mechanisms inform the design, implementation and monitoring of gender equality policies and programmes at the national and provincial levels.

Temporary special measures

18.The Committee notes the continued implementation of Act No. 27.412 on gender parity in areas of political representation, which has contributed to the increased participation of women in political life. It is concerned, however, that temporary special measures are not systematically applied in other areas where women remain underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in the judiciary, the diplomatic service, the public service and certain sectors of the labour market. It is further concerned at the absence of targeted temporary special measures aimed at addressing intersecting forms of discrimination affecting Indigenous women, women with disabilities, women in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability and migrant women.

19. The Committee recommends that the State Party adopt and systematically implement temporary special measures, in line with article 4 (1) of the Convention and general recommendation No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality between women and men in all areas where women remain underrepresented or disadvantaged, including the judiciary, the diplomatic service, the public service and the labour market, and to design targeted measures addressing intersecting forms of discrimination affecting Indigenous women, women with disabilities, women in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability and migrant women.

Stereotypes

20.The Committee notes the introduction of mandatory training on gender and gender-based violence under Act No. 27.499 (the Micaela law) and previous efforts to mainstream gender equality within the judiciary. It notes with concern, however, a marked decline in public policies and institutional measures aimed at addressing gender stereotypes and discriminatory social norms. It is particularly concerned by:

(a)The significant decline in the implementation and coverage of training programmes under Act No. 27.499 (the Micaela law) since 2024, including the sharp decrease in the number of public officials who have received such training and the reduction in implementation across public institutions;

(b)The increase in public discourse against gender equality policies and women human rights defenders, including women journalists covering issues related to sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender-based violence.

21. The Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure the implementation of Act No. 27.499 (the Micaela law) across all branches of government, ensure that its scope is not restricted, and provide systematic training on gender equality for public officials at all levels;

(b) Counter discriminatory stereotypes and public discourse against gender equality policies and women human rights defenders, including women journalists, ensure that public authorities refrain from narratives that undermine women’s rights and actively promote substantive equality between women and men.

Gender-based violence against women

22.The Committee notes the continued existence of Act No. 26.485 on comprehensive protection from violence against women. It is concerned, however, about the high prevalence of gender-based violence against women and girls in the State Party. In particular, it notes with concern:

(a)The persistence of high levels of femicide and domestic violence, including in cases in which victims had previously reported domestic violence or had sought protection orders, which raises concerns about the effectiveness of risk assessment, prevention and protection mechanisms;

(b)The reported suspension of integrated data systems that previously tracked cases and public policy responses to gender-based violence against women, which limits the State Party’s capacity to design evidence-based prevention strategies and evaluate the effectiveness of protection mechanisms;

(c)The significant reduction in budget allocations for and the operational capacity of key protection mechanisms, including the modification of Programa Acompañar, a programme aimed at providing support in cases of gender-based violence, pursuant to Decree No. 755/2024, which reduced the duration of benefits and introduced additional eligibility requirements, and the substantial decrease in funding, staffing and accessibility of the 144 hotline, including the discontinuation of specialized services for women with disabilities;

(d)The absence of a comprehensive national action plan on gender-based violence against women, as required under Act No. 26.485, after the expiration of the previous national action plan in 2014, and the discontinuation or weakening of federal coordination mechanisms;

(e)The increasing prevalence of online and digital forms of gender-based violence, including harassment, threats and the non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, and the weak implementation of Act No. 27.736 (known as the Olimpia law), in the absence of comprehensive preventive strategies, standardized protocols, coordinated responses with digital and social media platforms and effective remedies for victims;

(f)Reports of gender-based violence against women in political and public life, including digital harassment and intimidation targeting women politicians and women journalists covering issues related to gender equality, sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender-based violence against women;

(g)Recent regulatory changes to the national firearms framework, including Decrees Nos. 397/2025 and 409/2025, which authorize broader civilian access to semi-automatic firearms and modify oversight mechanisms.

23. Recalling its general recommendation No. 35 (2017) on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19, the Committee urges the State Party to:

(a) Strengthen prevention, risk assessment and protection mechanisms to address femicide and domestic violence, including by ensuring the timely issuance and effective enforcement of protection orders and improving coordination between judges, prosecutors, the police and social services, implement in-depth multisectoral reviews of femicide cases to identify institutional failures that contribute to femicide and improve responses to gender-based violence against women;

(b) Re-establish and strengthen comprehensive, integrated and publicly accessible data collection systems on all forms of gender-based violence against women, including digital violence, that gather data that are disaggregated by age, disability status, ethnicity, migration status, geographical location and relationship between the victim and the perpetrator, and ensure that such data are used to inform evidence-based policies and evaluate the effectiveness of protection measures;

(c) Restore and ensure adequate, sustained and transparent funding and operational capacity for key protection mechanisms for survivors of gender-based violence, including Programa Acompañar and the 144 hotline, to remove reporting requirements as a condition for access and align the duration of benefits with women’s needs, and guarantee that support services are specialized, accessible and inclusive, including for women with disabilities and women facing intersecting forms of discrimination;

(d) Adopt, without delay, a comprehensive national action plan on gender-based violence against women, in accordance with Act No. 26.485 and the Convention, with measurable targets, dedicated funding, effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms and provisions for reparations to victims and survivors, including appropriate support measures for the children of victims of femicide, in accordance with Act No. 27.452 ;

(e) Ensure the full and effective implementation of Act No. 27.736 (the Olimpia law) and adopt standardized protocols for gender-sensitive investigations and rapid response, specialized training for judicial and law enforcement personnel, coordination with digital platforms for the prompt removal of harmful content, comprehensive prevention strategies, including digital literacy and awareness-raising campaigns, and adequate reparations for victims;

(f) Adopt and implement measures to prevent and address gender-based violence against women in political and public life, including online harassment and intimidation targeting women politicians and women journalists, and ensure effective investigation, prosecution and accountability in such cases;

(g) Review the regulatory changes introduced under Decrees Nos. 397/2025 and 409/2025 to prevent armed violence, strengthen firearms control and safeguard women’s rights to life and security, including through gender impact assessments of civilian access to firearms.

Trafficking

24.The Committee notes the existence of a comprehensive legal framework to combat trafficking in persons, including Act No. 26.364 (as amended), and the establishment of institutional mechanisms for prevention, investigation and victim assistance. However, it notes with concern:

(a)Reports indicating reduced budget allocations and limited use of funds for victim protection and reparations, including the elimination of the Fund for Direct Assistance to Victims of Trafficking and the underuse of resources allocated to programmes for the restitution of the rights of victims;

(b)The absence of updated, publicly available and comprehensive data on trafficking trends, investigations, prosecutions, sentences and the early identification of victims, disaggregated by sex, age, nationality and form of exploitation;

(c)That recent amendments to migration legislation, including under Decree No. 366/2025, may increase the exposure of refugee and migrant women to trafficking and exploitation by limiting regularization channels and expediting removal procedures;

(d)The persistence of structural factors contributing to women’s risk of being trafficked, including poverty, economic disparities, lack of access to citizenship and formal employment and the criminalization of women in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability, including in relation to low-level drug offences;

(e)The lack of comprehensive long-term reintegration programmes for survivors of trafficking, including those offering access to housing, employment, psychosocial support and legal assistance.

25. Recalling its general recommendation No. 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure adequate, sustained and transparent funding for anti ‑ trafficking policies and victim support services, including by restoring and effectively using resources allocated to the protection, re dress and restitution of the rights of victims of trafficking and by guaranteeing the operational continuity of specialized institutional bodies;

(b) Strengthen data collection and monitoring systems focused on trafficking in persons, ensuring that data are comprehensive, publicly available and disaggregated by sex, age, nationality, disability and form of exploitation, and use such data to inform evidence-based prevention and prosecution strategies;

(c) Review the implementation of migration legislation, including measures adopted under Decree No. 366/2025, to ensure that refugee and migrant women are not placed at heightened risk of trafficking and exploitation, and expand access to regularization channels, as well as to protection and effective remedies, irrespective of women’s migration status;

(d) Address the root causes of trafficking by adopting targeted socioeconomic measures aimed at reducing women’s risk of being trafficked, including by providing access to formal employment, social protection, education and safe housing, in particular for women in situations of poverty or women at risk of being criminalized ;

(e) Establish and strengthen comprehensive and long-term reintegration programmes for survivors of trafficking and increase their access to affordable housing, employment opportunities, psychosocial services, legal assistance and protection from revictimization.

Equal participation in political and public life

26.The Committee notes that the adoption of Act No. 27.412 on gender parity in areas of political representation has resulted in the achievement of near parity in the National Congress. It notes with concern, however:

(a)The persistent underrepresentation of women in senior decision-making positions in the executive branch, in the highest judicial bodies, particularly in the Supreme Court, and in the diplomatic service, where the percentage of women serving as ambassadors and heads of mission abroad remains low;

(b)The uneven adoption and implementation of gender parity legislation at the provincial and municipal levels, with no full parity frameworks in some provinces, inconsistent enforcement of alternation requirements in candidate lists of political parties and a lack of binding parity measures for decision-making positions at the provincial level;

(c)The adoption by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship of resolution No. 143/2025, which replaced the nomination procedure established under its resolution No. 20/2023 and removed explicit gender parity and diversity criteria from the procedure for nominating candidates for positions in international organizations.

27. Recalling its general recommendations No. 25 and No. 40 (2024) on the equal and inclusive representation of women in decision-making systems, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Adopt comprehensive temporary special measures to accelerate the equal representation of women in senior decision-making positions in the executive branch, the judiciary and the diplomatic service, as well as in senior positions in the public service, including time-bound targets, transparent selection criteria and accountability mechanisms to eliminate structural barriers that hinder the participation of women;

(b) Ensure the full and uniform implementation of gender parity across all provinces and municipalities, including by harmonizing provincial electoral frameworks with national standards, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, including fines for non-compliance with alternation requirements in candidate lists of political parties, and adopting measures to promote parity in decision-making positions at the provincial level;

(c) Reinstate and institutionalize gender parity and diversity criteria in procedures for nominating and selecting candidates for positions in international organizations, thereby ensuring transparent, participatory and merit-based processes.

Women human rights defenders

28.The Committee is deeply concerned about the increasingly hostile environment for women human rights defenders, feminist activists, activists with disabilities, environmental defenders, Indigenous women leaders, women known as “cuidadoras comunitarias” (community carers) and women journalists in the State Party. It is particularly concerned about:

(a)The prevalence of stigmatizing and delegitimizing public discourse targeting women’s rights advocates and challenging gender equality policies;

(b)The criminalization and judicial harassment of and excessive use of force against women environmental and Indigenous rights defenders, including in the context of land and territorial disputes;

(c)The absence of comprehensive legislation specifically addressing risks faced by women human rights defenders.

29. The Committee urges the State Party to:

(a)Publicly recognize and protect the legitimate and essential role of women human rights defenders, including feminist activists, activists with disabilities, women journalists and women environmental and Indigenous rights defenders, as well as “cuidadoras comunitarias”, in promoting gender equality, and ensure that public authorities refrain from discourse that stigmatizes or delegitimizes their work;

(b) Adopt comprehensive, gender-responsive measures to prevent, investigate and punish threats, harassment and gender-based violence, including online, and digital attacks against women human rights defenders, including women journalists and environmental and Indigenous rights defenders, and ensure that they have access to timely and effective remedies and protection;

(c) Adopt comprehensive legislation for the protection of women human rights defenders, incorporating differentiated and intersectional risk assessments, including specific safeguards for women environmental defenders, in accordance with the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Education

30.The Committee notes the State Party’s legal framework guaranteeing the right to education and the adoption of Act No. 26.150 on comprehensive sex education, as well as the progress achieved previously through the national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy., It notes with concern, however:

(a)The significant weakening of the implementation of Act No. 26.150 on comprehensive sex education, including the reduction of budget allocations, the sharp decline in teacher training for its implementation, the dismantling of national coordination mechanisms and the discontinuation of preventive initiatives, such as the Educar en Igualdad (Educate in Equality) initiative at schools, which may undermine efforts aimed at addressing gender stereotypes and preventing gender-based violence from an early age;

(b)The suspension and substantial defunding, in 2024, of the national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy, including through the dismissal of territorial teams and dismantling of interministerial coordination mechanisms and the near elimination of budget allocations for 2026, despite the documented reductions in adolescent pregnancy rates achieved under the programme;

(c)Reports of increased barriers faced by pregnant girls and adolescent mothers with regard to continuing their education, particularly in the absence of coordinated support services;

(d)The introduction of administrative and financial measures that may restrict access to education for migrant girls, including the imposition of fees and documentation requirements that disproportionately affect migrant girls and young migrant women;

(e)Persistent gender segregation in fields of study such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics, and the absence of targeted measures to promote the participation of girls in non-traditional fields of study.

31. Recalling its general recommendation No. 36 (2017) on the right of girls and women to education, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure the full and effective implementation of Act No. 26.150 on comprehensive sex education across all provinces, restore adequate and sustained budget allocations, reinstate regular teacher training on its implementation and national coordination mechanisms and re-establish preventive initiatives, such as the Educar en Igualdad initiative, to address gender stereotypes and toxic masculinities from an early age;

(b) Reinstate and adequately fund the national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy, ensure the reinstatement of territorial teams and interministerial coordination mechanisms and guarantee that any policy reform in this area complies with the principle of non-retrogression;

(c) Adopt targeted measures to ensure that pregnant girls and adolescent mothers can continue and complete their education, including through flexible schooling arrangements, childcare support and protection from stigma and discrimination;

(d) Ensure that migrant girls and young migrant women have equal access to education at all levels, irrespective of migration status, and review any administrative or financial measures that may create discriminatory barriers to enrolment or retention;

(e) Adopt temporary special measures, including time-bound targets and incentives, to increase the participation of girls and women in non-traditional fields of study, particularly in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, and address the underrepresentation of women in vocational and higher education.

Employment

32.The Committee notes with concern:

(a)The adoption of Emergency Decree No. 70/2023 and the proposed reform of labour legislation, introducing significant labour deregulation measures, including the extension of probation periods, the introduction of flexible “hour bank” arrangements, limitations on employer liability and social security contributions and the weakening of collective bargaining mechanisms, without having conducted gender impact assessments;

(b)The absence of a comprehensive and operational national care framework, including reports that the interministerial committee on care policy established to coordinate care policies is no longer active, that no national care strategy is currently being implemented and that recent institutional restructuring and budgetary reductions have weakened coordination and policy continuity in this area, thereby perpetuating the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work borne by women and hindering their equal participation in the labour market;

(c)The regressive impact of labour and social security reforms on women’s access to pensions and social protection, particularly among women with interrupted or informal employment histories;

(d)Persistent occupational segregation, the continuing gender wage gap and the overrepresentation of women, particularly migrant women, in low-paid and informal employment, including domestic and care work;

(e)That the new labour flexibility measures, including unpredictable working hours and the reduction or elimination of telework protections, may disproportionately affect women, particularly those with caregiving responsibilities, by undermining work-life balance and limiting their access to stable formal employment.

33. The Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Review the labour reforms and related measures to ensure their full compatibility with the Convention, conduct systematic gender impact assessments and ensure that labour deregulation does not result in retrogressions in the labour rights, job security and collective bargaining protections of women;

(b) Establish and adequately fund a comprehensive and operational national care framework, restore effective interministerial coordination mechanisms and adopt time-bound measures to recognize, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work, in order to facilitate the equal participation of women in the labour market;

(c) Ensure that labour and social security reforms do not adversely affect women’s access to pension benefits and social protection, including by adopting corrective measures for women with interrupted, informal or part-time employment histories and by ensuring their access to contributory and non ‑ contributory pension schemes;

(d) Adopt targeted measures, including temporary special measures, such as time-bound targets, to increase the participation of women in non-traditional sectors and address occupational segregation and the gender wage gap, formalize employment in domestic and care sectors and improve working conditions for women, including migrant women, notably through strengthened labour inspections and enforcement of labour standards;

(e) Ensure that labour flexibility measures, including working time arrangements and telework regulations, incorporate gender-responsive safeguards that protect women’s work-life balance and promote the sharing of caregiving responsibilities between women and men.

Health

34.The Committee notes with concern:

(a)Significant disparities between provinces with regard to the public health system and persistent obstacles to women’s effective access to sexual and reproductive health services, including shortages of medicines, inaccessible facilities, insufficient trained staff and reduced institutional coordination, all of which affect in particular migrant women, women with disabilities, older women, Indigenous women and lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex women;

(b)The increase in maternal mortality, which stood at 4.4 deaths per 10,000 live births in 2024, the highest figure since 2010 (excluding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic), and the fact that 60% of those deaths were due to direct obstetric causes, 32% were due to indirect causes and 9% were associated with pregnancies that ended in abortion or miscarriage;

(c)The suspension and severe defunding of the national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy, which jeopardize the progress made in reducing unwanted pregnancies in adolescents;

(d)The persistence of harmful practices in the field of health, such as forced or involuntary medical interventions and treatments on women with disabilities and on intersex children.

35. In line with general recommendation No. 24 (1999) on women and health, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Review and strengthen the public health system and related public policies to eliminate significant disparities between provinces and to address persistent barriers to women’s effective access to sexual and reproductive health services, including by ensuring the availability of essential medicines, improving the accessibility of health services, increasing the number of trained personnel and enhancing institutional coordination;

(b) Strengthen maternal and infant healthcare services throughout the State Party, including by ensuring adequate human and financial resources for obstetric services and for specialized institutions, such as the Garrahan Children’s Hospital;

(c) Reinstate and adequately fund the health component of the national plan for the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy, restore interministerial coordination mechanisms and territorial teams and ensure sustained access for adolescents to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services, including confidential counselling and modern contraceptive methods, particularly long-acting reversible contraceptives, in order to prevent retrogression in the reduction of unintended adolescent pregnancy;

(d) Adopt and effectively implement legislative, policy and oversight measures to prohibit and eliminate harmful practices in the field of health, including forced or involuntary medical interventions and treatments performed on women with disabilities and on intersex children, ensure that all medical procedures are carried out only with the free, prior and informed consent of the person concerned and provide adequate training for healthcare professionals, accessible complaint mechanisms and remedies.

Access to voluntary termination of pregnancy

36.The Committee takes note of the State Party’s legal framework regulating voluntary termination of pregnancy under Act No. 27.610. It notes with concern, however, that women face structural barriers to access to voluntary termination of pregnancy or legal interruption of pregnancy within the legal time frame, including as a result of negligent and hostile treatment, the lack of misoprostol, mifepristone and specific instruments in the provinces and the insufficient number of medical personnel, as well as conscientious objection by specialized professionals.

37. The Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure effective access to safe and legal abortion with respectful treatment and adequate care throughout its territory, including by guaranteeing the availability of misoprostol, mifepristone and necessary medical equipment, ensuring sufficient trained medical personnel in all provinces and regulating conscientious objection so that it does not constitute an obstacle to access;

(b) Re-establish a transparent public monitoring mechanism on access to voluntary termination of pregnancy, with federal indicators, including availability of medicines and qualified personnel, and data disaggregated by province and other characteristics.

Economic empowerment of women

38.The Committee notes the high coverage of women under the Universal Child Allowance programme, which has contributed to expanding access to income support for women in situations of socioeconomic vulnerability. It notes with concern, however, the absence of a comprehensive and coordinated national strategy aimed at promoting women’s economic empowerment and the disproportionately high poverty levels and limited access to economic and social benefits among disadvantaged groups of women, such as women with disabilities, rural women, Indigenous women and women of African descent.

39. The Committee recommends that the State Party adopt a comprehensive and gender-responsive national strategy for women’s economic empowerment and strengthen efforts to reduce poverty among women, with a particular focus on disadvantaged groups of women, including by promoting their access to low-interest loans without collateral and their participation in entrepreneurial initiatives, empower them economically and provide them with opportunities to acquire the necessary skills to fully participate in economic life.

Women facing intersecting forms of discrimination

Indigenous women

40.The Committee is concerned at the persistent and intersecting forms of discrimination faced by Indigenous women, including structural inequalities based on gender, ethnicity, poverty and geographical location. It notes with particular concern:

(a)Reports of evictions and land and territorial disputes affecting Indigenous communities, which have had a disproportionate impact on Indigenous women and may undermine their economic autonomy, access to housing and livelihoods;

(b)Barriers faced by Indigenous women in gaining access to basic services, including culturally appropriate healthcare, education, water and sanitation, as well as social protection;

(c)The limited effective participation of Indigenous women in decision-making processes affecting their communities, including in matters related to land use and rural development, and the absence of gender-responsive and culturally appropriate consultation mechanisms.

41. With reference to its general recommendation No. 39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and girls, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure that Indigenous women have secure access to land, housing and livelihoods and that any measures affecting Indigenous territories are implemented in full respect of their rights, including through culturally appropriate and gender-responsive consultation processes that guarantee the meaningful participation of Indigenous women;

(b) Strengthen access to culturally appropriate and accessible healthcare, education, water, sanitation and social protection services for Indigenous women, particularly those living in rural and remote areas;

(c) Ensure the effective participation of Indigenous women in decision-making processes at the local, provincial and national levels, including in rural development and land-related matters, and adopt temporary special measures where necessary to accelerate their representation.

Refugee, asylum-seeking and migrant women

42.The Committee notes with concern:

(a)The reforms introduced under Emergency Decree No. 366/2025, such as amendments to migration and citizenship regulations that have introduced more restrictive residence requirements, narrowed channels to family reunification and secure residence status and expanded discretionary powers in migration procedures, including expedited removal mechanisms and shortened appeal deadlines, which may undermine due process safeguards, limit effective access to asylum procedures and increase the vulnerability of migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking women to refoulement;

(b)That new administrative and documentation requirements may restrict effective access to healthcare, education, social assistance and sexual and reproductive health services for migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking women.

43. Recalling its general recommendation No. 32 (2014) on the gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Review and amend the provisions introduced under Emergency Decree No. 366/2025 to ensure full compliance with the Convention and international refugee and human rights law, guarantee due process safeguards in all migration procedures, including access to legal assistance and effective remedies, ensure gender-sensitive asylum procedures and fully respect the principle of non-refoulement;

(b) Ensure that administrative and documentation requirements do not create discriminatory or disproportionate barriers to access to healthcare, education, social assistance and sexual and reproductive health services among migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking women, and adopt gender-responsive measures to facilitate their effective social and economic integration.

Women and girls with disabilities

44.The Committee is concerned at the multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination faced by women and girls with disabilities, including barriers to access to justice, healthcare, education, employment and social protection. It notes with particular concern:

(a)That, under executive Decree No. 942/2025, the former National Disability Agency was reduced to a secretariat within the Ministry of Health, with limited institutional autonomy, cross-sectoral coordination and capacity to mainstream disability across public policies, including in relation to gender equality, reflecting an outdated approach to disability that is not in line with the human rights model;

(b)That recent reductions in funding and the restructuring of services for those affected by gender-based violence have affected the availability of specialized and accessible support mechanisms for women with disabilities, including accessible communication channels and tailored assistance;

(c)The barriers faced by women with disabilities in gaining access to sexual and reproductive health services, including the lack of information in accessible formats, the insufficient training of healthcare personnel and persistent stereotypes that undermine the autonomy and decision-making capacity of those women;

(d)The discontinuation of the Programa Equiparar (Equal Terms) that had previously been implemented by the former Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity and the former National Disability Agency with a view to mainstreaming gender and disability perspectives across public policies, which weakens the integration of gender and disability perspectives in national policies.

45. The Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure that institutional arrangements concerning disability comply fully with the human rights model of disability, strengthen the autonomy and cross-sectoral coordination capacity of the national disability mechanism and guarantee the effective mainstreaming of gender and disability perspectives across all public policies, including those related to gender equality;

(b) Restore and ensure adequate, sustained and accessible funding for services related to gender-based violence and guarantee that protection and support mechanisms are fully accessible to women and girls with disabilities, including through accessible communication formats, reasonable accommodation and specialized disability-sensitive assistance;

(c) Ensure that women and girls with disabilities have equal access to sexual and reproductive health services on the basis of free and informed consent, including by providing information in accessible formats, strengthening training for healthcare personnel and combating stereotypes that undermine the autonomy and decision-making capacity of those women and girls;

(d) Reinstate or establish an effective coordination mechanism to mainstream gender and disability perspectives across public policies, including measures aimed at preventing violence and discrimination against women with disabilities, and ensure sustained inter-institutional cooperation in that regard.

Women in detention

46.The Committee notes with concern persistent gender-specific shortcomings in detention facilities for women and girls. In particular, it is concerned about:

(a)The inadequate access to gender-responsive healthcare in detention facilities for women, including insufficient gynaecological and obstetric services, a lack of essential hygiene and menstrual products and instances of obstetric violence, notably the use of restraints during pregnancy, childbirth or transfers, as well as invasive body searches of women detainees;

(b)The high use of pretrial detention for women and the insufficient application of non-custodial measures and alternatives to imprisonment, particularly for pregnant women and mothers of young children, the inconsistent implementation of home arrest or electronic monitoring regimes and the impact of detention on women’s family life, including in cases of placement far away from their communities and in the absence of sufficient safeguards to maintain family contact and protect the best interests of children affected by maternal incarceration;

(c)Reports of violence, ill-treatment and inadequate complaint mechanisms within detention facilities and the barriers faced by women in terms of access to independent oversight bodies and effective remedies.

47. The Committee recommends that the State Party act urgently to:

(a) Ensure that all women in detention have access to adequate gender-responsive healthcare, including comprehensive gynaecological and obstetric services, prohibit obstetric violence and the use of restraints during pregnancy, labour, childbirth and the post-partum period, guarantee the provision of essential hygiene and menstrual products and eliminate invasive body searches;

(b) Reduce the use of pretrial detention for women and prioritize non ‑ custodial measures in accordance with the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), particularly for pregnant women and mothers of young children, ensure the consistent and non-discriminatory application of alternatives to detention, including home arrest, where appropriate, and safeguard the best interests of children by facilitating family contact and avoiding the placement of women in detention facilities far away from their communities whenever possible;

(c) Prevent and effectively address violence and ill-treatment in detention facilities by strengthening independent oversight mechanisms, ensuring confidential and accessible complaint procedures, protecting women from reprisals and guaranteeing prompt, impartial and gender-sensitive investigations and effective remedies.

Marriage and family relations

48.The Committee notes the State Party’s progressive legal framework on marriage equality and the Civil and Commercial Code reforms recognizing equality between spouses, including the provision for economic compensation in cases of divorce or separation. It notes with concern, however:

(a)The disproportionate economic impact of divorce and separation on women, particularly those who have assumed primary caregiving responsibilities, and the inconsistent application or limited accessibility of economic compensation and other mechanisms intended to redress economic imbalances arising from the division of roles within marriage, including the insufficient recognition of unpaid care work;

(b)Persistent obstacles in the effective enforcement of child support obligations, which may contribute to the feminization of poverty and affect women’s economic autonomy;

(c)The differential legal treatment afforded to persons in situations of marriage and those in cohabiting unions, particularly with regard to property division and inheritance rights, which has a disproportionate impact on women and exposes them to economic insecurity upon separation or the death of a partner;

(d)That, despite the legal age of marriage being set at 18 years, marriages can be contracted from 16 years of age with the approval of the parents or guardians, or at an even younger age if there is judicial authorization.

49. In line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 29 (2013) on the economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution, the Committee recommends that the State Party:

(a) Ensure the effective and consistent application of economic compensation and other legal mechanisms intended to redress economic imbalances arising from marriage and its dissolution, including through clear judicial guidelines, gender-sensitive training for judges and legal practitioners and the explicit recognition of unpaid care and domestic work as a factor in the determination of property division and compensation;

(b) Strengthen the enforcement of child support obligations by adopting effective monitoring and compliance mechanisms, expediting judicial procedures and ensuring that non-payment is addressed promptly and without placing an undue burden on women, in order to safeguard their economic autonomy and prevent the feminization of poverty;

(c) Take appropriate legislative and policy measures to ensure that the differential legal treatment afforded to persons in situations of marriage and those in cohabiting unions does not result in indirect discrimination against women, including by strengthening safeguards for equitable property division and inheritance protection in cohabiting unions, ensuring effective access to economic compensation, where applicable, and providing accessible legal information to women upon separation or the death of a partner;

(d) Amend the Civil and Commercial Code to eliminate all exceptions permitting marriage under the age of 18 years, including through the granting of parental consent and judicial authorization, and ensure that the minimum age of marriage is set at 18 years for both women and men without exception, in line with article 16 (2) of the Convention and joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2019) on harmful practices.

Data collection and analysis

50.The Committee is concerned at the limited availability, systematization and regular publication of comprehensive, updated and disaggregated data in key areas covered by the Convention, including the representation of women in diplomatic and decision-making positions and the situation of Indigenous women and women and girls with disabilities in areas such as employment, health, education and access to justice. It notes that the absence of consistent, intersectional and publicly accessible data hinders the development, monitoring and evaluation of targeted and evidence-based policies aimed at eliminating discrimination and achieving substantive equality.

51. The Committee recommends that the State Party strengthen the systematic collection, analysis and regular publication of comprehensive data disaggregated by sex, age, disability status, ethnicity, migration status, geographical location and other relevant factors, including data on the representation of women in decision-making positions and the socioeconomic situation of Indigenous women and women and girls with disabilities, in order to inform, implement and monitor targeted, gender-responsive and intersectional policies and progress towards the realization by women of substantive equality in all areas covered by the Convention and the gender-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action

52. Following the thirtieth anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Committee calls upon the State Party to reaffirm its implementation and to re-evaluate the realization of the rights enshrined in the Convention in order to achieve substantive equality between women and men.

Dissemination

53. The Committee requests the State Party to ensure the timely dissemination of the present concluding observations, in the official languages of the State Party, to the relevant State institutions at all levels (national, regional and local), in particular to the Government, the National Congress and the judiciary, to enable their full implementation, as well as to civil society, including non-governmental organizations, in particular women’s organizations, to raise full awareness within the State Party.

Follow-up to the concluding observations

54. The Committee requests the State Party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 13 (a), 23 (c), 31 (a) and 37 (a) above.

Preparation of the next report

55. The Committee will establish and communicate the due date of the ninth periodic report of the State Party in line with a future clear and regularized schedule for reporting by States Parties (General Assembly resolution 79/165 , para. 6) and following the adoption of a list of issues and questions prior to reporting, if applicable, for the State Party. The report should cover the entire period up to the time of its submission.

56. The Committee requests the State Party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents ( HRI/GEN/2/Rev.6 , chap. I).