Committee on the Rights of the Child Ninety -ninth session

Geneva, 5–23May 2025

Consideration of reports of States parties

Replies of Indonesia to the list of issues in relation to its combined fifth and sixth periodic reports * , **

[Date received: 20 February 2025]

1.This document is prepared in response to the List of Issues and Questions in relation to the Fifth and Sixth Periodic Report of the Republic of Indonesia (CRC/C/IDN/Q/5-6) to be considered by the Committee on the Rights of The Child at the 99th session of 2025.

2.The preparation of Indonesia’s response to the List of Issues and Questions was carried out under the coordination of the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (MoWECP), through close collaborations with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (MoLHR), and consultations with related Ministries/ Agencies, as well as National Human Rights Institution (NHRI), and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs).

3.During the drafting of this document, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) referred to the structures and nomenclatures of Ministries from the previous administration to maintain consistency in policy implementation from 2021 to 2024. However, following the 2024 General Election, adjustments have been made to the structures and nomenclatures of Ministries in the new administration, “Kabinet Merah Putih” (Red-White Cabinet), that will affect the implementation of policies by the GoI in the next 5 years.

4.The GoI has taken several measures to incorporate the provisions of the Convention into domestic law and regulation through:

(a)Law No. 12/2022 on Sexual Violence Criminal Act (UU TPKS);

(b)Law No. 4/2024 on Maternal and Child Health in the First Thousand Days of Life (UU KIA);

(c)Law No. 17/2023 on Health;

(d)Law No. 1/2024 on The Second Amendment to Law No. 11/2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE);

(e)Law No. 59/2024 on National Long-Term Development Plan 2025-2045 (RPJPN);

(f)Government Regulation No. 78/2021 on The Special Protection of The Child;

(g)Presidential Regulation No. 25/2021 on Child-Friendly Cities (KLA) Policy;

(h)Presidential Regulation No. 53/2021 on National Action Plan on Human Rights (2021-2025);

(i)Presidential Regulation No. 101/2022 on National Strategy for the Elimination of Violence Against Children;

(j)Presidential Regulation No. 72/2021 on Acceleration of Stunting Reduction;

(k)Minister of Religious Affairs (MoRA) Regulation No.73/2022 on Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence in Educational Units at the MoRA;

(l)MoWECP Regulation No.4/2024 on Services of Children’s Rights Fulfillment;

(m)MoWECP Regulation No.1/2022 on the Implementation of Children’s Forums;

(n)Joint Decree of the Minister of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration (MoVDDRT) and MoWECP No. 329/2023 on Guidelines for the Implementation of Women-Friendly and Child-Caring Villages (DRPPA);

(o)Other relevant laws and regulations will be incorporated in Annex 2.

5.The GoI, through the Ministry of National Development Planning (MoNDP), has included the Category of the KLA Program in the 2025-2029 National Medium-Term Development Planning (RPJMN) to ensure the sustainability of the development process and system that guarantees the fulfillment of children’s rights and special protection for children. As of 2023, 459 out of 514 cities/municipalities have conducted evaluation on the implementation of the KLA clusters adopted from the Convention, an increase from the 435 cities/municipalities reported in 2019.

6.Government Regulation No. 78/2021 on Special Protection for Children has identified 15 categories of Children Needing Special Protection (AMPK) which specify the roles and responsibilities of various line ministries in the provision of care and fulfillment of their specific needs.

7.To strengthen Indonesia’s child protection system under the 2020-2024 RPJMN, the GoI has focused on efforts to address policy gaps, enhance service delivery, and foster a child-centered culture through targeted improvements identified by mapping system progress. Key measures include mainstreaming child-friendly approaches across governance levels, strengthening frameworks to prevent and respond to violations of children’s rights, and allocating special funds for integrated protection services, supported by standards, monitoring, and capacity-building initiatives.

8.The GoI has established clear regulatory frameworks, including the Government Regulation No. 59/2019 on Child Protection Coordination which aims to promote synergy across institutions, facilitate data collection, and strengthen efforts to fulfill children’s rights and special protections.

9.The MoWECP Regulation No. 5/2022 on Procedures for Coordinating Monitoring of the Implementation of Child Protection provides guidelines of coordination among ministries/agencies and subnational governments on monitoring child protection coordination and ensuring systematic implementation through observation, identification, and documentation led by dedicated coordination forums. The National Child Protection Coordination Team has been established through the MoWECP Decree No. 12/2023 to implement the guidelines.

10.Indonesia has mandated the establishment of Subnational Technical Implementation Units for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) in 38 provinces and 514 regencies/cities that provide integrated support for victims of violence, including shelter, counseling, legal aid, and healthcare.

11.In October 2024, MoWECP in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and UNICEF Indonesia has launched Fiscal Information Analysis and Services (ALIFA), a system for monitoring Subnational Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) allocations related to children, including on health issues amounting to IDR 81.5 trillion.

12.The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) in collaboration with UNICEF has developed and launched the Guidelines for the Integration of Development Planning and Regional Budgeting for Special Protection Programs for Children in 2023.

13.The Ministry of Health (MoH) allocates the state budget (APBN) to strengthen policies, improve cross-sector coordination, support regional development, enhance human resource capacity, promote public education, and facilitate research and program evaluation. It implements various programs focused on children’s rights through a life-cycle approach, known as ILP (Integrated Primary Service).

14.The GoI has consistently allocated significant funds to support programs focusing on fulfilling children’s rights and enhancing their well-being. From 2022 to 2024, the budget allocations were maintained at substantial levels, with Rp26.93 trillion in 2022, Rp24.47 trillion in 2023, and Rp25.91 trillion in 2024.

15.A significant increase of funds allocated is projected in 2025 by the MoF, attributed to the inclusion of funding for the National Nutrition Agency to address national nutrition goals through Free Nutritious Meal Program. It targets students from early childhood education to high school; toddlers; pregnant women; and nursing mothers. The budget raise also supports health screening initiatives for toddlers, including SHK, HAK, G6PD, and BMHP screenings.

16.The budget for child health programs has consistently increased over the past three years, reflecting the government’s commitment to supporting the mandates of the MoH, the Food and Drug Authority (BPOM), and the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN). In 2022, the total budget allocated towards these institutions has amounted to Rp7.89 trillion, rising to Rp8.29 trillion in 2023 and to Rp8.97 trillion in 2024.

17.In 2023 alone, the MoF has allocated Rp112 billion for basic immunization and Rp1.8 trillion for disease prevention and control that targets children. Additionally, Rp1.3 trillion is allocated for initiatives such as BPJS program subsidies, maternal and child health services, and nutrition improvement.

18.The GoI has also allocated Rp17.6 billion in 2022 to fund the BPOM to ensure the safety of commonly prescribed children medication.

19.APBN provides funding to accelerate stunting reduction through three intervention strategies (specific, sensitive, and support intervention). These interventions are implemented with a cross-sectoral approach, with a total budget of IDR 34.15 trillion in 2022 and IDR 30.4 trillion in 2023.

20.MoWECP collaborates with the Statistics Indonesia (BPS) to prepare and disseminate “The Indonesian Child Profile” every year, which describes the condition of Indonesian children aged 0 - 17 years disaggregated by age group, sex, area of residence, other categories in various fields according to the clusters in the KLA.

21.The Indonesian Child Profile was later used as a reference in developing policies across various clusters outlined in the CRC, including civil rights and freedoms, family environment and alternative care, basic health and welfare, education, and special protection.

22.The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) operates as an independent national human rights institution. Its commissioners are appointed through a transparent and rigorous selection process to ensure their competency, integrity, and accountability.

23.To further support its operations, the Commissioners receive assistance from staff assigned by the MoWECP that primarily handle administrative tasks. This administrative support enables KPAI commissioners to focus on their substantive responsibilities, such as formulating policy recommendation and advocating for systemic reforms to advance children’s rights.

24.In terms of resource management, the Commissioners of KPAI operate their own secretariat to oversee Rp15.5 M budget in 2024. The budget has been consistently increasing since 2021, reflecting the GoI’s commitment to strengthening KPAI’s functions.

25.Although the budget allocation is administered under the MoWECP, the secretariat retains full autonomy in managing these funds. This arrangement provides KPAI with the financial independence required to execute its programs and initiatives.

26.Furthermore, in ensuring that business enterprises and their subsidiaries operations are in line with the Convention and the Optional Protocols, Indonesian Association of Child‑Friendly Companies (APSAI) developed Child Friendly Company indicators adopted from Child Rights Business Principles. Currently, there are 2,297 companies that are members of APSAI supporting the implementation of KLA.

27.The provisions regarding the criminal act of exposing children to contraceptive devices regulated in Articles 408-410 of the Criminal Code are not new. Similar provisions are also found in Articles 534 and 535 of the Criminal Code. This provision was made to protect children from premature exposure to sexual activity, a manifestation of the State’s obligation to “...take all appropriate legislative measures...to protect children from...sexual abuse...”.

28.Apart from the Criminal Code, similar provisions can also be found in Article 28 of Law No. 52/2009 concerning Population Development and Family Development which indeed limits the delivery of information and/or demonstrations of contraceptive methods. Contraceptive drugs and methods can only be delivered by health workers and other trained personnel and carried out appropriately.

29.Within 30 years since the adoption of the CRC, Indonesia has enacted various policies and programs to strengthen three policy pillars, such as legal framework, institutional capacity, and implementation mechanisms. Progressive efforts in providing sexual and reproductive healthcare services across the nation have been made, with particular attention to improving maternal and child health. The GoI is also regulating, implementing, and providing age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health education.

30.The MoHA established a review mechanism to ensure that local laws and by-laws comply with statutory regulations at the national and sub-national levels and uphold human rights principles. This review process prevents the issuance of discriminatory sub-national regulations during the drafting stage, or if necessary, revokes or amends existing/enacted laws.

31.To strengthen this existing mechanism, the MoHA developed and launched an online application, “e-Perda”, in 2021 to streamline the drafting, review, facilitation of sub-national regulations; enhance efficiency; reduce the time and costs associated with physical documentation and meetings; and promote greater accessibility and transparency for sub‑national governments.

32.This mechanism allows the MoHA to coordinate with the MoWECP regarding drafts and/or adopted local regulations concerning women and children, amounting to 294 regulations in 2024.

33.The MoLHR regularly reviews discriminatory and/or intolerant contents reported by the public, CSOs, and national human rights institutions. They also have the rights to request the Constitutional Court and/or the Supreme Court to invoke a judicial review against these laws.

34.The GoI continues to improve the guiding and monitoring mechanisms to prevent discriminatory and/or intolerant local laws and by-laws. The Human Rights Mainstreaming Policy has become one of the programs in the 2025-2029 RPJMN. Through the MoLHR Regulation No. 16/2024 on Guidelines for Mainstreaming Human Rights in the Formation of Legislative Regulations, the MoLHR ensures that the statutory regulations uphold human rights principles, including the principle of non-discrimination for all.

35.The Ministry of Social Affairs (MoSA) Regulation No.2/2024 on Rehabilitation Assistance includes special protection for children, including children with disabilities. The assistance is carried out through Social Rehabilitation Assistance (ATENSI) program including social assistance, social care, capacity building for family, psychosocial rehabilitation, vocational training, and accessibility for persons with disabilities.

36.The MoSA provides social assistance services to refugee children, in the form of social, psychosocial and educational support and temporary shelter through MoSA Center. Moreover, awareness raising is conducted through education and campaigns, such as the ‘Social Worker Goes To School’ and ‘Social Worker Goes To Community’ programs.

37.The GoI through Regulation No. 54/2007 on Adoption affirms that the purpose of adoption is the best interests of the child in the context of realizing child welfare and child protection, based on local customs, and provisions of laws and regulations. The adoption process is carried out under strict conditions and through court decisions.

38.In the provisions for child adoption in Indonesia, religion is an important aspect in considering the best interests of the child. It is in line with the freedom of religion and belief as a fundamental right recognized by the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia and must be guaranteed by the state. Article 28E, paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution affirms that every individual has the right to embrace a religion and worship according to their faith, while Article 29, paragraph (2) ensures that the state guarantees the freedom of every citizen to practice their religion and worship according to their faith and belief.

39.For children, these constitutional principles are translated into the State’s responsibility to safeguard their rights. By ensuring that a child’s religion is respected in the adoption process, the GoI seeks to preserve their identity, provide continuity in their upbringing, and ensure the compatibility with their familial environment. Additionally, it also upholds the child’s rights and other legal entitlements that are often tied to religious practices.

40.With regards to children’s rights to express opinion, the GoI has continuously worked to improve the quality of children’s participation in the national development through the Children’s Forum, among others by:

(a)Implementing policies and programs to ensure that children’s voices receive feedback and are taken seriously by respective authorities and decision makers. Examples are children’s participation indicator in KLA and development of Monitoring Information System (MIS) in Voice of Indonesian Children (SAI) program;

(b)Ensuring inclusiveness of children’s participation, including for AMPK, occupying 10% of members in the Children’s Forum at various levels.

41.The MoHA issued Regulation No. 9/2016 governs the Legal Status of the Child on their Birth Certificate, for children of married couples, children with single parents, children with unknown origin, and children from unregistered marriage. For undocumented foreigners, the GoI will provide an Official Statement of Important Events in accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 96/2018 and MoHA Regulation No. 108/2019. BPS recorded increased proportion of children aged 0-17 who have birth certificates from 88.42% in 2021 to 91.79% in 2023.

42.Certain sub-national governments, including Yogyakarta and Surakarta, have successfully streamlined birth registration processes. This involves integrating birth services provided by hospitals with the population and civil registration system. This ensures that every newborn automatically receives a birth certificate, a child identity card, updated family card, and enrollment in BPJS.

43.The GoI and sub-national governments have carried out advocacy and outreach programs to provinces and districts/cities with birth certificate achievements below the national target.

44.The GoI carried out Project for Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students (P5). P5 aims to implement the values of Pancasila among the students. Through P5, Indonesian children are expected to be able to maintain their virtuous culture, locality, and identity, while remain open-minded in interacting with other cultures, thereby fostering a sense of mutual respect and positive character in line with the nation’s cultural values.

45.The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (MoECRT) has implemented strategies to create educational content on social media, empower the educational ecosystem by using module training for teachers in the Global Plurality Insights Module, and collaborate with several community organizations in prevention campaign efforts.

46.The Religious Moderation Strengthening (PMB) program by the MoRA aims to reinforce perspectives, attitudes, and religious practices that promote human dignity and public welfare based on principles of fairness, balance, and adherence to the constitution. This initiative is implemented in educational institutions, including religious-based boarding schools.

47.Under the framework of the Children’s Forum, children are encouraged to be Pioneers and Reporters (2P) at the provincial, district/city, sub-district, sub-district/village levels on various issues, including intolerance on the grounds of religion or other beliefs.

48.To strengthen the protection of the rights and privacy of children in the digital environment, the GoI has prepared the Draft Government Regulation on Child Protection Governance in Electronic System Operators. The law regulates Electronic System Operators’ responsibilities in protecting Children who access Online Products, Services, and Features, and will serve as a basis for relevant policies, creating a safer digital space for children. The GoI has also prepared the Draft Presidential Regulation on Child Protection in the Online Sphere, and it will establish a relevant road map.

49.The MoCI implements various strategies to protect digital space from negative content through Regulation No. 5/2020 on Private Electronic Systems. This regulation establishes complaint mechanisms and administrative procedures for blocking illegal content, including the formation of a content complaint coordination body consisting of various ministries and institutions. From 2020 to 2024, MoCI blocked 6,670,929 websites and social media platforms containing illegal and harmful content, including child pornography and violence against children.

50.The MoCI issued Regulation No. 2/2024 on Game Classification, which outlines procedures classifying games, encourages public participation in monitoring and providing feedback on classifications, and establishes administrative sanctions for noncompliance.

51.The MoCI has implemented the Digital Literacy for Children program to provide children with knowledge and skills to use digital technology responsibly and wisely, including to prevent and address cyberbullying, encourage awareness on data protection, and provide understanding of forms of digital crimes.

52.The Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law (UU SPPA) and UU TPKS form a robust legal foundation for protecting child and ensuring the best interest for child victims and addressing cases of sexual violence. These laws prioritize restorative justice, minimize trauma during investigations, and provide comprehensive support for victims. Further, Supreme Court Regulation No. 1/2024 on restorative justice underscores the principle that no individuals, particularly children, should be subjected to deprivation of liberty. This regulation applies to juvenile cases that emphasize the protection of children’s rights and the promotion of non-custodial alternatives.

53.The justice system incorporates distinct processes for recording and managing cases involving children to prevent stigmatization and re-victimization. Child defendants and victims are treated with dignity, and measures are taken to ensure confidentiality and a trauma-informed approach throughout the legal process.

54.Indonesia’s court system incorporates child-friendly facilities. Judges handling children’s cases refrain from wearing formal robes to minimize intimidation and trauma, and cases are managed separately from adult cases to avoid delays and prolonged exposure to court environments. Parental or guardian accompaniment is mandatory for children during court proceedings, ensuring emotional support and safeguarding their rights.

55.According to SPPA report, as of 2023, 1,535 judges, 1,056 police officers, and 120 prosecutors have received a comprehensive training on SPPA. Out of 382 courts in Indonesia, 377 courts have provided child-friendly court rooms, 357 courts have provided diversion rooms, and 353 courts have provided waiting rooms for child-witness and child‑victims. There are 23 Child-Friendly Religious Courts in Aceh Province.

56.In addition, capacity-building programs for healthcare workers, social workers and community leaders are regularly conducted to ensure they are well-equipped for handling sensitive cases involving children.

57.The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) has recently established the Directorate of Child and Women Protection and Trafficking in Person. The unit adopts a multidisciplinary approach to handle cases involving children and women, ensuring investigations are conducted using a victim-centered approach and efficiently to prevent re-victimization.

58.The MoH and MoSA provide initiatives to strengthen trauma-focused services, including through increased access to preventive and curative healthcare, integrated early detection systems, mandatory reporting of cases by healthcare professionals, child and gender-sensitive social and psychosocial assistance.

59.Children’s information, such as their identities, are strictly safeguarded to prevent stigmatization under Supreme Court Regulation No. 2-144/KMA/SK/VIII/2022 on Public Information Service Standards in Courts. They also have the legal right to request the removal of any public data related to their cases, ensuring long-term privacy protection.

60.Judicial decisions prioritize the best interests of the child while adhering to objectivity and the rule of law, free from societal biases or public pressure. This principle reflects the judiciary’s commitment to impartiality and fairness, particularly in sensitive cases like sexual exploitation and abuse.

61.Based on Government Regulation No. 28/2024 and related policies issued by MoH, community health centers (Puskesmas) and hospitals are equipped to handle cases of violence against children by providing integrated care, trauma-informed support, and safe shelters.

62.The Bunga Tanjung Program at RSUD Tarakan, has provided comprehensive services for women and children affected by violence, including specialized medical treatment, forensic and legal assistance, psychological counseling, and social support. Victims benefit from holistic care through streamlined reporting systems like Jakarta Siaga 112 and coordinated referrals with UPTD PPA for additional assistance.

63.Since its inception, the program has handled 323 cases of violence against children in 2022, 424 in 2023, and 566 in 2024. Recognized as a national pilot project, the Bunga Tanjung Program has been replicated into similar initiatives in 32 provinces.

64.The MoWECP, through platforms such as Children’s Forum, actively promotes child participation for reporting incidents of violence and ensures their safety through a mandatory Code of Ethics.

65.The GoI has successfully decreased the national child marriage rate from 9.23% in 2021 to 8.06% in 2022 and 6.92% in 2023. This has surpassed the RPJMN target for 2024 (8.74%) and the SDG target for 2030 (6.94%).

66.To fully combat child marriage, several measures have been put in place, such as providing advocacy to parents and putting additional requirements for marriage dispensation requests, to include physical and psychological health assessments from health authorities. MoWECP, in collaboration with the Supreme Court, has also established an assessment format of key risks related to child marriage in deciding dispensation requests.

67.Preventive measures also include integrating age-appropriate reproductive health education into school curricula and providing training for teachers at various educational levels, alongside outreaching efforts to communities by relevant units.

68.BKKBN has developed the Electronic Certificate of Marriage and Pregnancy Readiness (ELSIMIL) to certify physical health, and readiness of prospective brides and grooms for marriage and parenthood, through health screenings, health referrals, and counseling. This certificate serves as a prerequisite for marriage registration, and an additional effort to combat child marriage.

69.The 2024 National Women’s Life Experience Survey (SPHPN) shows a decline in the practice of female circumcision among women aged 15-49 in Indonesia from 50.8% in 2021 to 46.3% in 2024. Given Indonesia’s cultural and societal diversity, the forms of female circumcision practiced across communities vary significantly, with 58.6% done to carry out “symbolism”, rather than undergoing invasive procedures.

70.Government Regulation No. 28/2024 explicitly mandates the eradication of Female Genital Mutilation Practices (P2GP) and categorizes it as a harmful practice. The government has integrated P2GP prevention into the RPJPN and the RPJMN, and mandated sub-national governments to incorporate P2GP elimination strategies into their development plans.

71.The government has mapped out a detailed 2020-2030 roadmap for the prevention of P2GP and harmful practices that emphasizes integrated advocacy for stronger legal measures, awareness raising, and sustainable cultural engagement among ministries and stakeholders.

72.A draft MoH Regulation is currently prepared to strengthen the accountability of medical practitioners and institutions to prohibit P2GP and the provision of such services. In addition, health workers receive regular training and awareness-raising to prevent P2GP practices.

73.Advocacy efforts have included collaboration with religious leaders to align religious interpretations with health and human rights principles. For example, the haram fatwa of P2GP by Indonesia Women’s Ulema Congress (KUPI).

74.Effort to create quality families is outlined in the RPJMN 2020-2024 through the Family Development Index (IBangga), comprises the dimensions of harmony, independence, and happiness, carried out by: (1) preparing family life by providing marriage guidance, family support, and counseling services; (2) educating the public on the importance of delaying the age of marriage; (3) offering education on parenting and child development; and (4) strengthening family data as a basis for family development interventions.

75.Indonesian families were categorized as “developing”, with the IBangga score increasing from 56.07 in 2022 to 61.43 in 2023.

76.Under the Presidential Instruction No. 3/2022, the Family Quality Village (Kampung KB) program is strengthened to improve family welfare through community-based groups, and efforts to increase their household-incomes. By 2024, 75,521 Kampung KB have been established across Indonesia. To support families, modules such as BKB HI and BKB Emas have been developed to provide parents with essential knowledge and assistive tools for early childhood development and to prevent stunting.

77.While the Child Care Bill is still in the process in parliament, matters related to child care are incorporated among various laws and regulations.

78.In the meantime, MoWECP Regulation No. 4/2024 provides a critical platform for the fulfillment of the child’s rights, including child care through Family Learning Centers (PUSPAGA) and Child Friendly Care Center (TARA).

79.The PUSPAGA provides holistic services, including counseling, training, and public awareness programs, to equip families with skills to meet children’s rights to care, safety, and welfare. PUSPAGA offers assessments and recommendations in cases such as child marriage.

80.The GoI prioritizes family-based care as the main approach to reduce institutionalization, especially for children with disabilities. According to the 2021 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), a majority of children with disabilities are cared for within their immediate families, showcasing the critical role of family support in their lives. A significant 93.51% of these children live with their nuclear families, with 80.14% residing with both biological parents, 10.08% living solely with their mother, and 2.75% living only with their father. These figures highlight the strong familial ties that serve as a foundation for nurturing and care.

81.Meanwhile, an estimated 7.02% of children with disabilities live outside their immediate families, often with extended family members or alternative care settings which are regularly monitored to maintain care standards and support children’s holistic development.

82.The GoI supports the social integration for children with disabilities, including by offering physical and psychological therapy, providing assistive devices, and delivering tailored support to meet their needs in alternative care settings. Social workers and child welfare personnel are equipped with intensive training and competency assessments to ensure quality care.

83.The National Standard for Child Care (SNPA) is applied to cover essential aspects such as health, education, safety, child-friendly care, and child protection against violence in Child Welfare Institutions (LKSA) and alternative care institutions. It emphasizes a safe and supportive environment for children to foster their physical, emotional, and psychosocial development, including those with disabilities or special needs.

84.To ensure the adherence of SNPA, regular supervision and monitoring are conducted towards child care institutions, child welfare institutions, and alternative care settings. This includes assessing physical environments, health conditions, the quality of education, and quality of care, to ensure children’s psychological and social well-being. Childcare institutions are accredited based on their adherence to SNPA to promote continuous improvement in the quality of care services.

85.ATENSI provides comprehensive social rehabilitation services to vulnerable groups, including for children leaving care, to empower individuals in achieving independence and improving quality vocational skills.

86.Children leaving alternative care are offered vocational training available at MoSA’s centers to prepare them for independent living by further equipping them relevant skills, including technical and specialized training aligned with their interests and potentials. It includes skills such as sewing, graphic design, computer skills, and three-wheel motorcycle design.

87.The Law No.8/2016, National Action Plan on Human Rights as well as National Medium-Term Development Plan have provided comprehensive foundation for Indonesia on the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities through a human rights-based approach.

88.A more rights-based approach has been mainstreamed through various policies and programs from national to sub-national levels, ensuring their basic needs are fulfilled, from accessibility, education, health, as well as social assistance to guarantee their participation in all stages of development and support their independence in the society.

89.The GoI has also developed a strong policy framework in reducing MMR through various laws and regulations such as:

(a)UU KIA, to improve access to quality healthcare services for pregnant women, childbirth and children, including in remote areas;

(b)The Presidential Instruction No. 5/2022, further enhances financial support for essential maternal and neonatal care services for pregnant women, those in labor, and newborns through the Maternity Insurance (Jampersal);

(c)The MoH Regulation No. 21/2021, establishes the Minimum Service Standards for maternal and child health, ensuring that every region provides essential, quality healthcare services for pregnancy, childbirth, and neonatal care;

(d)The MoHA Regulation No. 13/2024 focuses on improving the role of Integrated Health Post (Posyandu) to monitor and deliver nutrition interventions, immunization services, and health education, especially in rural areas.

90.Life-cycle-based services are integrated into the healthcare delivery model, addressing both maternal and child health needs. These services include provision of vitamin A, blood supplement tablets, anemia therapy, additional nutritious food to pregnant women, antenatal care services, neonatal emergency care, and essential screening for newborns, such as for thyroid hormone abnormalities and congenital heart defects, to ensures that services are aligned with the needs of both the mother and children at critical life stages.

91.MoVDDRT, in collaboration with SurfAid, launched the Maternal and Child Health Program from 2022-2025 that focuses in improving nutrition for mothers and children in remote villages. The program also includes distribution of Posyandu tools, training health cadres, and conducting family health monitoring.

92.The “Kintal Gizi Family” training program reached 344 households, aiming to improve knowledge about balanced nutrition, encourages behaviors that break the cycle of malnutrition across generations, providing nutritious food for pregnant women and young children.

93.The Family Companion Team (TPK), developed by BKKBN, plays a critical role in providing information, education, and communication about maternal and child health. TPK members support prospective couples, pregnant women, postpartum mothers, and infants by facilitating health referrals, social assistance, and regular health monitoring to ensure continuity of care.

94.Postpartum Family Planning (KBPP) by BKKBN encourages family planning immediately up to the 42 days after childbirth, to space pregnancies, reduce maternal and child mortality, and strengthen maternal-child bonding. It also enhances the quality of life and supports family health planning for sustainable well-being.

95.Law No. 52/2009 and Government Regulation No. 87/2014 prioritize youth development by ensuring access to information, education, counseling, and services on family life and reproductive health. BKKBN established the Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R), a youth-led platform that operates in various settings, including schools and communities. By 2024, 33,178 PIK-R groups had been established across the country, reaching 87.22% of youth through the “Guidance for Family with Youth (BKR)” program and related outreach initiatives.

96.The MoECRT integrates reproductive health education into school curricula through the School Health Unit (UKS), which includes tailored materials for different age groups, providing accurate and age-appropriate information on reproductive health, encouraging menstrual hygiene, and preventing early marriage.

97.The MoH facilitates Posyandu for youth in rural and urban areas in approximately 25 provinces. It serves as accessible community centers offering counseling, education, and basic reproductive health services tailored to youth’s needs.

98.Abortion services are restricted to cases of medical emergencies and sexual violence, per Law No. 17/2023 on Health and Government Regulation No. 61/2014 on Reproductive Health. These services are provided exclusively in government hospitals under strict supervision, alongside post-abortion care integrated into maternal and neonatal health services.

99.The MoH has integrated reproductive health education into the “Kurikulum Merdeka,” and conducted training for teachers on topics covering the anatomy and functioning of the reproductive system, maintaining reproductive health, family planning, identifying and avoiding risky sexual behaviors, self-respect and mutual respect, combating sexual violence, and child-friendly content.

100.Efforts are underway to expand the number of trained educators, supported by accurate data on teacher training participation, ensuring the success and sustainability of these initiatives.

101.Reproductive health education is also delivered in a manner that is adjusted to students’ age and educational levels. It is also incorporated into co-curricular and extracurricular activities, through engaging methods such as games and case discussions to make the learning process interactive and effective.

102.Measures to ensure education on reproductive health in school are implemented through UKS, which includes health education, health services, and healthy environment development, and covers seven key topics tailored for school-aged children: fundamental concepts of reproductive health education; values and norms in interpersonal relationships; student growth and development; reproductive health issues; prevention of violence against women and girls; technology and communication; and support services for reproductive health. 

103.The GoI has established the Psychological First Aid Program (P3LP), a community-based approach to provide immediate psychological support and enhance resilience of child survivors of violence through activities that encourage soft and hard skills.

104.The BKKBN collaborates with UNICEF to implement the ‘Help Youth Thrive’ module, which supports the development of socio-emotional skills and mental health care for youth age 15–19. This program trains facilitators from the GenRe Indonesia community to assess the module’s implementation in schools.

105.To improve social and emotional competencies, BKKBN works with the Ministry of Youth and Sport (MoYS ) to introduce the Olah Rasa module to encourage support system among the youth and “I’m Proud to be Myself” (Aku Bangga Jadi Diriku) initiative, a peer facilitator guide for life skills training.

106.To protect children from exposure to tobacco, policies like smoke-free learning environments and restrictions on tobacco advertising are enforced. Preventive measures focusing on education and awareness-raising campaigns, through seminars, webinars, and training sessions on drug management and recovery are also implemented. Additionally, counseling services are made available through programs such as “Efforts to Quit Smoking” (Upaya Berhenti Merokok).

107.The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) implements programs like Prevention and Eradication of Abuse and Illicit Trafficking of Narcotics (P4GN) and Drug-Free Village (Bersinar). Sub-national governments have introduced regulations on smoke-free areas, also serving as one of the key indicators of KLA.

108.The Children’s Forum actively supports prevention against tobacco-use through advocacy and campaigns targeting children. Through GenRe, youth receive dissemination of the “Tentang Kita” module that highlights peer-to-peer support on health education, self-empowerment, and meaningful participation in their environment. Youth-focused initiatives include the promotion of “GenRe Slogan” that advocates against early marriage and substance abuse.

109.The Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture (CMoHDC) reported that the rate of extreme poverty decreased to 0.83% in the first quarter of 2024 from 2.5% in 2022.

110.The Presidential Instruction No. 4/2022 on the Acceleration of Extreme Poverty Eradication ensures target accuracy and program integration across ministries/agencies, involving community, and supporting the mandate of the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), established in 2010. Key strategies include reducing the community’s expenditure burden, increasing community income, and reducing the number of poverty pockets.

111.Efforts to reduce poverty and improve living standards, particularly in remote and rural areas, are being implemented through multi-sectoral programs, such as the Village Fund Direct Cash Assistance (BLT Dana Desa) and Cash for Work Program (Padat Karya Tunai Desa) that provide direct financial support and create temporary employment through village infrastructure projects, boosting incomes and purchasing power.

112.The GoI has allocated Village Fund to facilitate essential infrastructure development in rural areas, such as access to clean water (1.5 million units), sanitation facilities (444,000 units), and health posts (14,400 Village Maternity Clinic and 42,300 posyandu). Empowering Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) further enhances sustainable income generation. Village-level data collection based on SDGs ensures targeted interventions for addressing poverty, health, and education needs.

113.Programs, such as community-based sanitation systems, rural clean water projects, and social and economic infrastructure development are developed. Key programs include KOTAKU, which improves access to basic WASH infrastructure and services in urban slum. Clean water access is enhanced via the Drinking Water Supply System for urban areas and the Pamsimas program for rural areas. Meanwhile, Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat/Sanimas focuses on building Local Domestic Waste Water Treatment Systems (SPALD-S) through Regional Infrastructure Development Agencies (BPPW).

114.The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer initiative directed at impoverished households, particularly those with expectant mothers and young children. As the second-largest income support program, PKH receives allocation 0.08% of GDP. PKH targeted beneficiaries increased from 6 million households in 2017 to 10 million per year in 2018 – 2023.

115.The MoECRT ensures access to education through School Operational Assistance Fund (Dana BOS) and the Indonesia Smart Card (KIP) for students in vulnerable situations. These efforts are complemented by teacher training, digital learning resources, and infrastructure development.

116.The MoSA launched the National Economic Heroes (PENA) program in 2022, targeting Beneficiary Families (KPM) of social assistance to attain self-sufficiency and transition out of poverty through entrepreneurial training and provision of necessary capital to initiate their own businesses. As of March 2024, PENA had successfully facilitated 21,333 KPMs in launching their own businesses, representing 98.9% of its recipients. Post graduation, beneficiaries’ business development is monitored to ensure sustained income growth and stability.

117.In line with the Paris Agreement, Indonesia prioritizes children’s right within its climate action framework. By integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into its RPJMN, the GoI ensures children’s participation as agents of change to address the impact of climate change.

118.The GoI has also launched the National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change that also encourages children’s participation in climate actions. It ensures children have the opportunity to learn about climate change and participate in decision-making, and their rights to health, education and a safe environment are protected.

119.The Green Youth Movement (GYM), initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), provides a platform for youth to exchange knowledge on environmental protection and climate change. With 130 learning hubs spanning 34 provinces, it engages up to 2,600 participants to drive an inclusive and innovative environmental recovery movement.

120.The Climate Generation Action campaign, led by youth, raises awareness about the impact of climate change on children’s rights and mobilizes action on issues such as air pollution and water crises. This campaign has engaged up to 2,500 children.

121.To prioritize child safety in disaster risk reduction, the Disaster-Resilient Educational Institutions (SPAB) framework aims to make schools’ infrastructure safer and its human resources better prepared during natural disasters. Additionally, the National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure (BNPB), in collaboration with UNICEF Indonesia, has published Child-Centered Contingency Planning Guidelines to ensure children’s needs are prioritized in disaster preparedness and response efforts.

122.According to the MoECRT data, school enrollment in primary education from 2011 to 2023 exceeded 90%, with a total of 52.608.826 students across 443.833 educational institutions in 38 provinces. The GoI continues to promote and support children and youth in pursuing higher education.

123.The Indonesia Smart Program (PIP) ensures children in vulnerable situations complete their education, in either formal or non-formal settings, by providing financial assistance, school supplies, and relevant educational expenses. PIP also supports school re-entry for dropouts. In 2024, 18.899.557 beneficiaries have received PIP assistance, spanning from primary to secondary education.

124.The Indonesia Maju Scholarship (BIM) supports higher education by providing opportunities for bachelor’s and master’s program to students with academic or non-academic achievements, benefiting 1,810 in 2024.

125.Guru Penggerak Program (PGP) provides a nine-month leadership program for teachers, headmasters and educational personnel to increase their skills in decision making, teaching, social and emotional engagement with students, administrative management, planning and budgeting. More than 100,000 headmasters, supervisors, and teachers have received this training.

126.Newly-recruited teachers received various trainings including practice-oriented learning method and mentoring. The numbers of teachers recruited are adjusted to the numbers of students enrolled, ensuring a balanced distribution and alleviating the workloads of teachers. In 2023 – 2024, more than 57.000 teachers have been recruited and trained.

127.The GoI has developed a community-based peer sharing to enhance teacher’s professionalism. Around 307.000 school-based communities and 114.000 online communities have been established to promote and facilitate peer-learning and collaboration and improve the quality of learning by setting a clear target and impact to students.

128.In ensuring the rights of children in education, the Child Friendly Schools (SRA) establish indicators to ensure special protection for pregnant students and/or children who are victims of violence. Pregnant student’s rights to education are fulfilled by providing alternative education options, including formal and non-formal education.

129.As of December 2024, UNHCR in Indonesia reports a total of 3,620 child refugees and asylum-seekers aged 0-17 in Indonesia consisting of 1,774 girls and 1,846 boys.

130.Among the registered child refugees, 3,282 are registered with a parent or traditional caretaker, while 186 are unaccompanied by a parent or other adult relative, and 152 are separated from their parents but living with an adult caregiver.

131.As a non-party to the Refugee Convention 1951, Indonesia has done extra miles in providing necessary assistance for refugees. With regard to child refugees, the GoI, in cooperation with the UNHCR and IOM, has provided special protection measure to ensure their safety and well-being. As of November 2024, some 748 refugee children are enrolled in accredited national schools.

132.Cases of violence against refugees, particularly women and children, are addressed in accordance with prevailing Indonesian law. POLRI and MoSA provide psychosocial support, assistance, and interpretation services to refugee victims of violence throughout legal proceedings. Incidents occurring within refugee shelters are subject to prosecution under applicable Indonesian laws.

133.For religious minority, PMB promotes the ‘middle way’ for people to live peacefully, promoting religious tolerance and protecting religious minorities. This program is based on the 2020-2024 Roadmap for Strengthening Religious Moderation and has been included in the RPJMN.

134.The GoI not only recognizes 6 official religions but also traditional beliefs. As mandated by the Constitutional Court’s decision, followers of the traditional belief system can state the information of their belief in ID Cards and Family cards.

135.The policy has restored the dignity of and stopped discrimination against followers of traditional beliefs, ensuring their equal rights as citizens with equal access to public services such as education, civil registration for marriage, school services, and health and other public services.

136.In line with the Merdeka Belajar program, the GoI supports the incorporation of local wisdom in the relevant curriculum. Approaches such as Sekolah Adat (Adat School) and Sekolah Lapang Kearifan Lokal (Local Wisdom-based Open School) promote the inter‑generational transfer of knowledge from elders to younger generations. By integrating culturally relevant curriculum that respect local traditions, languages, and knowledge systems, the GoI aims to foster pride in cultural and local heritage while equipping students with the skills needed to thrive in the future.

137.The Presidential Regulation No. 24/2023 on Papua Development Acceleration Master Plan (RIPPP) 2022-2041 recognizes that children’s well-being is fundamental for the long‑term development and addresses key areas such as education, healthcare, child protection, cultural preservation, and social inclusion. By focusing on these areas, the RIPPP seeks to create a brighter future for children in Papua, ensuring that they grow up in an environment that supports their development, respects their rights and cultural identity, and provides them with opportunities.

138.Building Prosperous Papuan Generations and Families (BANGGA Papua) is a social protection program fully funded by special autonomy funds, providing cash assistance to families. It provides Papuans or children under 4 years old whose parents are Papuans access to funds aimed at improving child nutrition and health. The program’s pilot areas include Asmat, Paniai, and Lanny Jaya Regencies, benefiting over 23,000 mothers and 32,000 children. BANGGA Papua has also enhanced civil registration by facilitating the issuance of birth certificates, ID cards, and other essential documents.

139.The GoI has implemented a National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor as a main instrument to eradicate child labor. In July 2024, the GoI has launched the Indonesia Free-Child Labor Program Phase, as a continuation of the previous Roadmap.

140.The GoI also imposes sanctions for those who violate provisions related to child labor. Law No. 13/2003 on Manpower (Article 183) regulates imprisonment for 2 – 5 years and/or a fine of Rp200 million–Rp500 million.

141.While the GoI continues to work to achieve the target of “Indonesia Free of Child Labor by 2022” program, the GoI records significant decrease on the number of child labor from 2008 to 2020. The Child Labor Reduction Program has successfully reintegrated 143,456 child labor, enabling them to access formal education in schools and vocational training.

142.The GoI continues to intensify efforts such as conducting labor inspection and guidance. In 2022, 734 companies/institutions were inspected, increasing to 808 in 2023, and up to 1.395 in 2024.

143.From 2022 onwards, the focus to eliminate child labor and worst forms of child labor has been carried out through: awareness-raising among stakeholders, mapping on the issues related to child labor, as well as eliminating worst forms in the offshore, mining industry, plantation, and small-scale manufactures.

144.To eliminate child labor in the palm oil plantation sector, advocacy activities have been conducted by the GoI in 2021, involving 287 companies in 7 provinces across 35 districts/cities. In 2023, 423 companies joined the initiative across 88 districts/cities in 16 provinces. In 2022, inspections of child labor norms were conducted in 21 companies in the service and palm oil plantation sectors, along with guidance and supervision of child labor norms involving relevant companies, agencies, and institutions.

145.The GoI will continue to implement strategies to address the worst forms of child labor, including by:

(a)promoting the formulation and adoption of sub-national regulations to eliminate worst forms of child labor, and incorporating the issues into child protection policies and programs;

(b)establishing Guidelines for the Implementation of Women-Friendly and Child‑Caring Villages (DRPPA) to facilitate better monitoring and prevention efforts, focusing on four priority sectors: agriculture, fisheries, services, and tourism;

(c)strengthening databases to enable the government to identify and enhance coordination and cooperation among stakeholders in preventing child labor;

(d)using a community-based approach to continue raise awareness on the negative impacts of child labor on their social, physical, and emotional development; and

(e)strengthening legal and institutional frameworks to address underlying factors such as poverty and access to education.

146.Efforts to combat Trafficking in Persons (TIPs) require coordinated measures among line ministries, including POLRI, MoWECP, the Ministry of Manpower (MoM), MoSA, MoFA, and the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Board (BP2MI) through Task Force on TIPs (Gutas TPPO). The GoI launched the National Action Plan on the Prevention and Eradication of TIPs (RAN TPPO) to ensure comprehensive protection towards the victims.

147.Through RAN TPPO, the GoI provide a wide-range of services, including law enforcement, legal assistance, rehabilitation, and social services. The GoI continues to improve its efforts to combat trafficking through both legal and practical reforms, such as:

(a)Law enforcement training, to enhance the capacity of the police and other officials to identify trafficking and properly handle trafficking cases;

(b)Improving victim support, by expanding social support systems for survivors, including the provision of shelters, vocational training, and reintegration programs;

(c)Campaigns to increase public awareness on the dangers of trafficking and how to report suspected trafficking activities.

148.Although age of criminal responsibility is set at 12 years old, SPPA requires that in order to be detained, children must be (i) at least of the age 14 years old and (ii) sentenced for serious offenses that carry a minimum sentence of 7 years.

149.In line with the GoI’s commitment to prioritizing the best interests of the child, the process of Diversion serves as a preferred approach in juvenile justice cases. In 2024 and 2023 respectively, the MoLHR recorded 4,511 and 4,721 diversion cases successfully reaching agreements, a significant increase from 2,405 successful cases in 2022.

150.To further enhance the system of rehabilitation and protection for children, the GoI has established 33 Youth Correctional Institutions (LPKA) to provide wider access for children needing rehabilitation and prevent the detention of children alongside adults.

151.This effort is also complemented by continuous efforts to strengthen the capacity of law enforcement officers in handling cases involving children. By 2022, a total of 3,462 police officers have been trained to manage such cases, alongside 1,063 prosecutors, 1,829 certified judges at the district court level, and 263 certified judges at the appellate court level.

152.As a reference, the MoF allocates budget for the MoSA to address issues related to specialized child social assistance programs. These programs include the provision of social rehabilitation for orphaned and vulnerable children, educational support for family in need, and supplementary aid for health and nutrition. Allocation in the consecutive years amounted to Rp18.68 trillion in 2022, Rp16.92 trillion in 2023, and Rp16.57 trillion in 2024.

153.The GoI has also prioritized the protection of women and children from violence by establishing the Special Allocation Fund for Women and Child Protection Services (DAK PPA). Since 2021, DAK PPA has disbursed Rp617.7 billion to 304 regions to fund non‑physical interventions, including prevention, response, services, and capacity strengthening.

154.The GoI has developed ALIFA, a comprehensive platform that collects, manages, and analyzes regional financial data to track sub-national budget allocations for children. ALIFA is integrated into the MoF’s Sub-National Financial Information System (SIKD) to ensure strategic use of public funds towards the fulfillment of children’s rights. This system provides essential information to the public and supports government decision-making processes related to planning, implementation, and accountability of sub-national government programs.

155.As of 2024, a significant portion of the APBD has been allocated to children’s needs, totaling Rp290.1 trillion. This includes Rp76.8 trillion from provincial budgets and Rp213.3 trillion from district/city budgets.

156.Data from the Online System for Women and Children Protection (SIMFONI PPA) shows an increase of reported cases on violence against children from 12,106 in 2020 to 17,639 in 2023, reflecting improved reporting mechanisms and awareness.

157.National Survey on Children’s and Adolescents’ Life Experiences (SNPHAR) reveals a decreasing trend in the prevalence of violence against children aged 13–17 years in the past 12 months. In 2024, the prevalence was 36.31% for girls and 31.11% for boys, showing a decline from the 2018 survey figures of 42.78% for girls and 40.59% for boys.

158.However, despite this decline in prevalence, by 2024, it is estimated that approximately 51.78% girls and 49.83% boys of the 13–17 age group, have experienced at least one form of violence over their lifetime. These figures highlight the continued need for stronger efforts to bolster child protection and create a safer environment.

159.According to records from religious courts, a positive trend is evident in the reduction of child marriage dispensation cases. Religious court data shows a decrease from 61,695 granted child marriage dispensation in 2020 to 39,704 in 2023. This decline is observed across all age groups.

160.The GoI observes that child marriage is more significant among females, highlighting the need for continued efforts to address gender disparities in child marriage. In 2020, 59,362 child marriage cases involved females, compared to 18,786 for males. By 2023, these numbers decreased to 38,695 and 11,819, respectively. Despite the overall decline, this gap remains a significant concern, necessitating continued efforts to address the root causes of child marriage, particularly among females.

161.The 2024 SUSENAS indicates a trend of decreasing percentage of individuals aged 20-24 who were married before the age of 18, from 8.06% in 2022, to 6.92% in 2023, and reaching 5.90% in 2024. Although the rate remains higher in rural areas and among poorer households, this trend reflects progress towards delaying early marriages and promoting better opportunities for education and personal development among youth.

162.According to the SUSENAS, teenage pregnancy rates has declined from 18.22% 2020 to 14.72% 2022. A disparity persists between urban and rural areas, with higher rates in urban areas of 18.36% in 2020, to 18.60% in 2021, and 16.17% in 2022, compared to rates of 18.16% in 2020, 15.90% in 2021, and 13.92% in 2022 in rural areas.

163.The data from the National Labour Force Survey (SAKERNAS) indicates a slight decrease in child labor aged 10-17 from 2021 to 2023. In 2021, 2.63% of children in this age group were working, declining to 2.44% in 2022 and further to 2.39% in 2023.

164.According to 2024 SUSENAS, approximately 11.44% of children aged 0-17 live in poor households. This percentage has shown a declining trend over the past three years, from 11.80% in 2022 to 11.78% in 2023, and 11.44% in 2024. However, poverty rates remain higher for children in rural areas compared to urban areas. These findings highlight the ongoing efforts and improvements in addressing poverty through a basic needs approach, ensuring better access to essential resources for vulnerable populations.

165.SIMFONI PPA recorded trafficking cases involving children with the following trends over the past few years based on reporting years: 407 cases in 2021, 210 cases in 2023, 203 cases in 2022, and 163 cases in 2024. Notably, girls were disproportionately affected by this crime, amounting to 312 in 2021, 203 in 2022, and 200 in 2023.

166.In 2024, SIMFONI PPA recorded 117 cases of child trafficking reported through its complaint service. Of these cases, 35 received health-care services, 20 received legal assistance, 9 received law enforcement intervention, 26 received social rehabilitation, 2 were undergoing social reintegration, and 19 received repatriation services.

167.The Supreme Court has reported child adoptions validated in court amounting to 1.759 in 2021, 2.532 in 2022, 2.036 in 2023, and 1.446 in 2024. Meanwhile, rejected adoption cases due to the judge’s consideration, amounted to 38 in 2021, 47 in 2022, 32 in 2023, and 58 in 2024.

168.According to SUSENAS 2021, a majority of children with disabilities in Indonesia are cared for within their immediate families, highlighting the critical role of family support in their lives. A significant 93.51% of these children live with their nuclear families, with 80.14% residing with both biological parents, 10.08% living solely with their mother, and 2.75% living only with their father. Meanwhile, an estimated 7.02% of children with disabilities live outside their immediate families, often with extended family members or in institutional settings.

169.In 2024, a total of 245,350 students with disabilities are enrolled in formal and non-formal education programs. This includes 218,725 students in special schools (SLB), and the remaining students attending regular schools under the inclusive education scheme or participating in alternative learning programs such as community learning centers, homeschooling, and similar programs (SKB/PKBM).

170.Most recent data shows that 18,710 children with disabilities are enrolled in Early Childhood Education programs. At the Basic Education level, the number reaches 67,862 children, while 151,785 children with disabilities are attending Secondary Education. Additionally, 6,993 children participate in Non-Formal Education programs.

171.The GoI provides a wide range of educational facilities to support children with disabilities through a total of 6,996 SLBs at various levels. Currently, there are 482 Special Kindergartens (TKLB), 2,304 Special Primary Schools (SDLB), 2,198 Special Junior High Schools (SMPLB), and 2,012 Special Senior High Schools (SMLB).

172.In 2024, the GoI recorded a total of 27,684 specialized teachers and 8,819 additional educational staff, providing dedicated support for the education and development of students with disabilities.

173.According to the 2023 SPPA report, the number of child offenders handled by Polri has decreased from 5,237 children in 2021 to 4,050 in 2022, and further to 2,317 in 2023. This downward trend suggests a significant reduction in the number of child offenders processed by law enforcement over the past three years.

174.In October 2024, the MoLHR recorded a total of 2,147 children were placed in the care of LPKA, comprising of 2,098 boys and 49 girls. A majority of children, amounting to 755, served 1-2 years of detention period.

175.Since the enactment of the SPPA Law, the number of children in LPKA has experienced a downward trend from 5,018 in 2012 to 2,147 in 2024. This is due to diversion efforts and more effective preventive efforts, such as educational, rehabilitation programs, and crime prevention programs targeting children.

176.Indonesia incorporates a children’s rights-based approach into the planning, implementation, and monitoring of measures for achieving the SDGs by its integration into our national development frameworks through the RPJMN. Specifically, 124 SDG targets were integrated into both the RPJMN 2020–2024. These targets prioritize goals that directly impact children, such as health, education, and protection.

177.Sub-national governments are also mandated to integrate SDGs into their development plans, by conducting Child Development Planning Meetings. Such meetings, facilitated by sub-national governments, are conducted using different approaches, some being led by children to ensure that their needs are addressed in diverse socioeconomic contexts across the country.

178.Meanwhile, children’s participation in sub-national development planning are also encouraged through the Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan (Musrenbang) and showed significant progress. In 2021, 115 cities/districts have involved children in their Musrenbang, increasing to 222 in 2022 and 280 in 2023. This growing involvement reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring that children’s voices are considered in the formulation of policies and programs that directly impact their lives and well-being.

179.Another key platform for advancing children’s participation is the Children’s Forum, which serves as a channel for children to voice their opinions, contribute to decision-making, and influence policies that affect their lives. Currently, Children’s Forums have been established in 34 provinces, 486 districts/cities. 3,073 sub-districts and 13,273 villages/sub‑districts throughout Indonesia.

180.Through the Children’s Forum, children engage directly in consultations, advocacy campaigns, and monitoring initiatives related to the SDGs. Their participation ensures that policies and programs address issues critical to children, such as access to quality education, healthcare, and protection from violence.

181.The Children’s Forum also promotes awareness among children about their rights and the importance of the SDGs, to empower each other in becoming active agents of change in their respective communities.

182.The GoI has also shown a strong commitment to fostering child and youth participation in policy planning and decision-making by incorporating dedicated youth sessions on a variety of critical inter-generational global issues, including sessions during Indonesia’s G20 Presidency in 2022 and ASEAN Chairmanship in 2023 as well as the hosting of the ASEAN Children Forum in 2022, ASEAN ICT Forum in 2024, and World Water Forum in 2024.

183.These platforms provided avenues and highlighted the critical role of young people in shaping global and regional policies to address key challenges such as climate action, sustainability, digital transformation, economic inclusion, education, and water governance, by prioritizing youth-driven recommendations and underscore the importance of inter‑generational perspectives in fostering resilient, inclusive, and sustainable communities.

184.Indonesia conducts annual reporting at both national and sub-national levels to assess the effectiveness of SDG-related measures, including those targeting children’s well-being. The country has also participated in the Voluntary National Review process, including in 2017, 2019, and 2021, to present its progress on SDGs implementation. Several sub-national governments, such as Jakarta, Jambi, West Java, and City of Surabaya have also submitted Voluntary Local Reviews.

185.To facilitate transparent and data-driven monitoring, Indonesia has developed an SDGs Dashboard, an analytical and visualization platform that tracks the progress of the 299 indicators derived from targets in RPJMN. This platform enables stakeholders to monitor the realization of children’s rights, among other development goals, effectively.

186.The data for these indicators are categorized into three types, reflecting the collaborative and systematic approach to data management, namely (i) direct BPS data, (ii) sectoral data from line ministries or regional agencies, (iii) indicators that require further computation by the relevant working groups based on raw data provided by agencies.

187.Alongside ongoing efforts to boost ease of access to the dashboard and ensure the relevancy and accuracy of data presented, the GoI still faces several challenges in SDG data collection and monitoring. Basic statistical data from the BPS, often obtained through national censuses or surveys conducted every 3–5 years, are hindered by significant time lags. While data at smaller administrative levels, such as districts, often have limited disaggregation and high Relative Standard Error rates exceeding 25%.

188.Challenges also persist in the attainment of sectoral data from line ministries, sub-national agencies, and other institutions, which experience delays due to the hierarchical reporting systems and require extensive validation to ensure consistency between national aggregates and regional data.

189.Going forward, Indonesia remains steadfast in its commitment towards the implementation of the CRC with a focus on several key priorities.

190.The Asta Cita vision places a significant emphasis on improving the quality of human resources, including through the fulfillment and promotion of the rights of Indonesian children, integral in achieving the nation’s Vision of Golden Indonesia 2045.

191.Asta Cita highlights the importance of education in securing a brighter future for Indonesia’s children. The vision stresses improving access to high-quality education at all levels, from early childhood to higher education. This commitment is not merely about expanding infrastructure; but also includes enhancing teacher quality, innovating learning methods, and strengthening education, science, technology, and digitization.

192.Beyond education, Asta Cita also prioritizes the health and well-being of Indonesian children by aiming to reduce stunting and malnutrition, recognizing the crucial role of nutrition in their development. Free Nutritious Meals program was introduced to provide free nutritious meals to students, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and toddlers. As of January 2025, trials have already been carried out in schools ranging from elementary level to high schools in several parts of the country.

193.Asta Cita demonstrates a strong commitment to child protection, by prioritizing efforts to protect children from violence and exploitation, including in digital spaces. This commitment is pursued by enhancing the prevention strategies, the providing comprehensive services, and strengthening the data systems, coordination mechanisms, and institutionalization.

194.Through the MoWECP, GoI will continue to enhance the Child-Friendly Services, including through the establishment of data recording and reporting systems, community‑based initiatives, and encourage the enforcement of child protection laws, as well as the implementation of child protection legislation and juvenile justice systems, aims to improve access to child protection services and foster child-friendly environments.

195.The MoWECP will continue to expand and improve SAPA 129 service to address cases of violence against women and children, including the development of a ‘panic button’ feature for easier access. Additionally, MoWECP and MoH will continue to enhance the quick access feature for domestic violence emergency contacts in SATUSEHAT Mobile, including by expanding its utility beyond health services to include urgent assistance for issues like domestic violence.

196.The GoI has established and remains committed to expanding the Indonesia’s Common Ground (RBI), an inclusive ecosystem designed to empower women to reach their full potential and support children to grow and develop optimally. Launched in December 2024 across six provinces, RBI serves as a collaborative platform involving the government, academia, media, and private sectors to strengthen participation, protection and provide educational space of women and children at the village level. RBI will be replicated across Indonesia as a flagship program for women and children.