Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Concluding observations on the combined eighth and ninth periodic reports of Kenya *

1.The Committee considered the combined eighth and ninth periodic reports of Kenya, submitted in one document, at its 3123rd and 3124th meetings,held on 4 and 5 December 2024. At its 3133rd meeting, held on 11 December 2024, it adopted the present concluding observations.

A.Introduction

2.The Committee welcomes the submission of the combined eighthand ninth periodic reports of the State party. The Committee also welcomes the constructive dialogue with the high-level delegation and wishes to thank the delegation for the information that it provided during the Committee’s consideration of the reports and after the dialogue.

B.Positive aspects

3.The Committee welcomes the following legislativemeasures taken by the State party:

(a)The Refugees Act (No. 10 of 2021);

(b)The Public Finance Management (Equalization Fund Administration) Regulation, in 2021;

(c)The Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act (2018);

(d)The National Coroners Service Act (2017);

(e)The Kenya Information and Communication Act (2015);

(f)The Small Claims Act (2016).

4.The Committee also welcomes the following institutional and policy measures taken by the State party:

(a)The Refugees (General) Regulations (2024);

(b)The National Action Plan against Hate Speech (2022);

(c)The adoption of the Shirika Plan, in 2022;

(d)The National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2022–2027);

(e)The development of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, in 2020;

(f)The National Action Plan on Legal Aid (2017–2022);

(g)The launch of standard operating procedures on the investigation and prosecution of serious human rights offences committed by police officers, in 2021;

(h)The decision to resolve the statelessness of the Shona and other communities, in 2020;

(i)The Historical Land Injustices Rules, in 2016;

(j)The establishment of the National Legal Aid Service Board, created by the Legal Aid Act (2016).

C.Concerns and recommendations

Statistics

5.The Committee acknowledges the efforts made to strengthen the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, including through the implementation of the 2022 Statistical Quality Assurance Framework. It also takes note of the statistics provided by the State party, including those from the 2019 census, on socioeconomic conditions and representation in education, employment, health, housing, access to cultural activities, and public spaces. However, the Committee is concerned that these statistics lack the necessary disaggregation to offer a comprehensive assessment of the enjoyment of rights guaranteed under the Convention across the multiracial, multi-ethnic, multicultural and multireligious Kenyan society. Moreover, the Committee is concerned about reports of challenges in assigning ethnic self-identification codes consistent with the 2019 census in the public sector, resulting in the conflation of Indigenous Peoples with other ethnic communities, which further marginalizes these groups. The Committee is also concerned about the lack of disaggregated statistics on the situation of non-citizens.

6. The Committee recommends that the State party :

(a) Intensify efforts under the Strategy for Development Statistics to collect reliable, updated and comprehensive statistics on the demographic composition of the population, ensuring the principle of self-identification. This should include ethnic groups, Indigenous Peoples, and non-citizens, such as migrants, refugees, asylum ‑ seekers and stateless persons ;

(b) Produce disaggregated statistics on the socioeconomic conditions of ethnic groups, Indigenous Peoples and non-citizens, including their rights to work , social security, housing , water and sanitation, health and education , to provide an empirical basis for evaluating the equal enjoyment of rights under the Convention ;

(c) Align ethnic self-identification codes with those used in the 2019 census, particularly in the public sector, to enhance data collection accuracy and ensure proper identification of Indigenous Peoples.

Convention in the domestic legal order

7.The Committee notes that, pursuant to article 2 (6) of the Constitution, ratified international treaties are part of the domestic legal order. However, the Committee regrets that the information on cases where the provisions of the Convention were invoked before or applied by domestic courts is limited.

8. The Committee recommends that the State party intensify its efforts to train judges , prosecutors, lawyers , public officials and law enforcement agents to ensure that the provisions of the Convention are invoked by and before domestic cour ts when relevant and to enhance awareness among rights holders. It requests the State party to include in its next periodic report specific examples of the application of the Convention by domestic courts .

Legal framework for combating racial discrimination

9.The Committee notes constitutional provisions and relevant legislation, such as the Employment Act (2007) and the National Cohesion and Integration Act (2008), which address equality and non-discrimination. However, it is concerned that the existing sectoral legal framework does not fully align with the principles of the Convention and lacks a clear definition of racial discrimination consistent with article 1 (arts. 1 and 2).

10. The Committee recommends that the State party enact comprehensive anti ‑ discrimination legislation that includes a clear definition of racial discrimination consistent with article 1 of the Convention, expressly prohibiting direct, indirect and intersectional discrimination in the public and private spheres, and that, for this purpose, it consider the guide to developing comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation.

National human rights institution

11.While welcoming the accreditation with A status of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights and the measures adopted to strengthen it, the Committee is concerned that the human, technical and financial resources allocated to the Commission remain insufficient for it to effectively execute its mandate (arts. 1 and 2).

12. The Committee recommends that the State party continue strengthening the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights by providing it with adequate human, technical and financial resources to ensure that the Commission can execute its mandate effectively, independently and in full compliance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles).

Acts of racial discrimination, racist hate speech and incitement to racial hatred

13.The Committee takes note of section 13 of the National Cohesion and Integration Act (2008), which outlaws hate speech and provides for punitive measures. It also notes statistics on complaints related to ethnic or racial discrimination and the State party’s explanation attributing low prosecution rates to the use of alternative conflict resolution mechanisms, with punitive measures as a last resort. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned about:

(a)The fact that the current sectoral legislative framework is fragmented and does not fully align with article 4 (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention;

(b)Reports of the use of racist hate speech by politicians, particularly in the context of electoral processes;

(c)The lack of comprehensive information on measures to systematically monitor and address hate speech in the media, on the Internet and in social media, notwithstanding the legislative and policy measures adopted;

(d)The low number of complaints for the period 2016–2021, and the absence of detailed, disaggregated information on cases of racial discrimination, racist hate speech, and hate crimes, including those occurring in the media and on the Internet, as well as on sanctions imposed on perpetrators and remedies provided to victims;

(e)The lack of updated, disaggregated information on cases of racial discrimination, racist hate speech, and hate crimes, including those occurring in the media and on the Internet, as well as on sanctions imposed on perpetrators and remedies provided to victims for the period 2022–2024 (arts. 4, 5 and 6).

14. R ecalling its general recommendation s No. 7 (1985) relating to the implementation of article 4 of the Convention, No. 15 (1993) on article 4 of the Convention and No. 35 (2013) on combating racist hate speech, the Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) Amend its legislative framework to explicitly criminalize racist hate speech and hate crimes in line with article 4 (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention , and ensure that it includes all the grounds of racial discrimination recognized in article 1 of the Convention ;

(b) Condemn any form of racist hate speech, distance itself from racist hate speech expressed by politicians and public figures and ensure that such acts are investigated and appropriately sanctioned;

(c) S trengthen the application of the Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act and the Kenya Information and Communication Act (2015) and adopt measures to systematically monitor and address the spread of racist hate speech in the media, on the Internet and in social media, in close cooperation with media outlets, Internet service providers and social media platforms;

(d) Collect detailed statistics on the number and types of complaints of racial discrimination, racist hate speech and hate crimes , including those occurring in the media , on the Internet and in social media , on the number of investigations, prosecutions and convictions, and on the remedies provided to victims, disaggregated by the age, gender and ethnic or national origin of the victims . In this regard, the Committee requests that the State party include such statistics in its next periodic report;

(e) Conduct specialized training programmes for police officers, prosecutors and other law enforcement officials on the identification and registration of incidents of acts of racial discrimination, racist hate speech and hate crimes;

(f) Adopt measures to assess the systems for reporting and registering complaints of racial discrimination, racist hate speech and hate crimes to examine and ensure their availability and accessibility to those who are vulnerable to racial discrimination , and undertake public education campaigns on the rights enshrined in the Convention and on how to file complaints of racial discrimination, racist hate speech and hate crimes.

Special measures

15.The Committee takes note of measures adopted, such as section 65 (1) (e) of the County Governments Act (2012), which requires the County Public Service Board to ensure that at least 30 per cent of entry-level posts are filled by candidates from non-dominant ethnic communities, as well as the ethnic quota system introduced by the Public Service Commission. It also notes the Equalization Fund established to improve access to public services in marginalized counties. Nonetheless, the Committee is concerned about reports that fewer than half of the counties comply with the 30 per cent recruitment quota, that challenges in achieving equitable ethnic representation in public service persist, and that insufficient allocation of resources for the Equalization Fund are compounded by weak accountability in its implementation. Furthermore, it is concerned that these measures are limited to certain sectors, and underlines the absence of information on legislation and policy measures that address racial discrimination in the context of efforts to realize other economic, social and cultural rights (arts. 2 and 5).

16. Recalling its g eneral r ecommendation No. 32 (2009) on the meaning and scope of special measures in all areas of the Convention, the Committee recommends that the State party :

(a) Adopt a national action plan to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and ensure that the plan includes measures to combat structural racial discrimination;

(b) Conduct a comprehensive assessment , in consultation with marginalized ethnic communities , including women, youth, pe rsons with disabilities , p ersons with albinism , Indigenous Peoples and other relevant stakeholders, to identify the barriers to implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of current special measures ;

(c) Establish oversight and enforcement mechanisms to ensure consistent application of section 65 (1) (e) of the County Governments Act (2012) and the Public Service quota system , including regular reporting requirements and the imposition of administrative sanctions for non-compliance ;

(d) Launch or i mprove the disbursement process and accountability for the Equalization Fund to ensure timely and effective application in marginalized counties;

(e) Expand the scope of special measures in line with article 56 of the Constitution, integrating age and disability in addition to gender and ethnicity across all sectors.

Situation of Indigenous Peoples

17.While noting the Forest Conservation and Management Act (2016) and the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework, the Committee is concerned about:

(a)Reports of the eviction, dispossession and displacement of Indigenous Peoples, including the Endorois, Ogiek and Sengwer, involving the use of force and lethal force, as well as the destruction of property and seizure of livestock, without adherence to free, prior and informed consent, and of the failure to apply safeguards under section 152G of the Land Laws (Amendment) Act (2016), in the context of climate change and conservation efforts, compounded by insufficient access to justice, compensation and resettlement;

(b)The complex and slow process of registering and demarcating Indigenous Peoples’ lands, despite the Community Land Act (2016) (arts. 2 and 5).

18. Re calling its general recommendation No. 23 (1997) on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, t he Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) In consultation with Indigenous P eoples , adopt legislation on free, prior and informed consent, and establish an effective consultation mechanism that aligns with the principles of the Co n vent ion, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other international standards ;

(b) I n consultation with Indigenous P eoples and with their free, prior and informed consent, expedite the delimitation of lands and territories that they have traditionally owned, occupied or used, and grant titles pertaining to such lands, according to customary laws and land-tenure systems, and involve them in the management, exploitation and conservation of the associated natural resources;

(c) Ensure that Indigenous P eoples are not dispossessed or displaced from their customary lands, territories and resources without their free, prior and informed consen t, and guarantee that those affected by climate change and conservation measures are properly consulted and compensat ed for any damage or loss suffered ;

(d) Improv e compensation and resettlement among those affected by evictions, including by enacting the Evictions and Resettlement Bill of 2012.

Land rights and land restitution

19.While noting the Land Laws (Amendment Act) 2016 and the Community Land Act (2016) and the establishment of the National Land Commission, the Committee remains concerned about the persisting inequality in access to land, particularly for women, and the slow progress achieved in implementing land restitution policies and resolving overlapping claims under formal and customary systems, which continue to fuel inter-ethnic conflicts (arts. 2, 5 and 6).

20. Reiterating its previous recommendation, t he Committee urges that the S tate party:

(a) Enhance coordination between formal and customary land-tenure systems to harmonize land governance, particularly in areas prone to land disputes, while ensuring that women ’ s rights are fully respected in both systems;

(b) Expedite the resolution and implementation of land claims by the National Land Commission, ensuring restitution or adequate compensation for affected communities ;

(c) E stablish comprehensive land titling and registration systems to secure titles for both individual and communal landowners, transparent mechanisms to resolve overlapping claims between formal and customary land-tenure systems , and measures to address historical land injustice s.

Situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless persons

21.The Committee acknowledges the State party’s long-standing tradition of hosting refugees, and the challenges it faces. However, it expresses concern about:

(a)Clause 19 (2) of the Refugee Act of 2021, which allows for broad exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement on the basis of public morality, and the inclusion of prisons, police stations and remand homes in the definition of transit centres;

(b)Reports of significant access barriers and prolonged delays in refugee status determination procedures and in obtaining appropriate documentation for asylum-seekers;

(c)Reports of continued high levels of statelessness, particularly among the Nubian community;

(d)Reports of a considerable number of children, including refugee children, without birth certificates, which increases their risk of statelessness (arts. 2 and 5).

22. The Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) Strictly uphold the principle of non-refoulement in both law and practice;

(b) Amend the Refugees Act, including section 19 (2) and provisions that include prisons, police stations and remand homes in the definition of transit centres to e nsure its full compatibility with the Convention,

(c) E nsure the provision of adequate, fresh, clean drinking water, food, and health care and services in transit centres;

(d) Guarantee that all applicants for international protection at the border and in reception centres are promptly registered and referred to the appropriate asylum authorities and refugee status determination procedures ;

(e) Establish a dedicated and effective determination procedure in relation to statelessness , paying particular attention to the Nubian community;

(f) Guarantee birth registration without discrimination, irrespective of whether mothers possess identity documents.

Persons with albinism

23.While noting the information provided by the State party’s delegation during the dialogue, the Committee remains concerned about reports of discrimination and stigmatization in respect of persons with albinism in various areas of daily life, as well as extreme physical attacks against them, often motivated by witchcraft-related beliefs and the colour of their skin, particularly in border regions. It is further concerned that no complaints of such attacks have been registered in the reporting period, according to the information provided by the State party’s delegation (arts. 2, 5, 6 and 7).

24. The Committee recalls that the absence of complaints, prosecutions and convictions related to acts of racial discrimination does not necessarily indicate a lack of such discrimination within the State party. Instead, this may reflect the victims ’ unfamiliarity with available judicial recourse, a lack of trust in the legal system or fear of reprisals. In this regard, the Committee recommends that the State party :

(a) Guarantee, as a matter of priority, the right to life of persons with albinism and adopt more effective measures to protect them from violence, abductions and discrimination;

(b) E nsure equal access to employment , social security, health care and services, and education for persons with albinism;

(c) Adopt a comprehensive strategy, in line with the recommendations in the report of the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism and the Regional Action Plan on Albinism in Africa (2017–2021);

(d) Conduct full and thorough investigations into all reported cases of attacks on persons with albinism, including those identified by civil society organizations, and end impunity for perpetrators;

(e) Carry out information campaigns to combat prejudices and misconceptions about albinism and on the judicial and non-judicial remedies available ;

(f) Provide , in its next periodic report, information on the steps taken in this regard, including statistics on complaints filed with all competent authorities and their outcomes.

Trafficking in persons

25.The Committee is concerned about:

(a)Reports of abuse and exploitation of overseas Kenyan workers, particularly women domestic workers, who are subjected to trafficking, including forced and bonded labour, physical, psychological and verbal abuse, and sexual violence, with impunity for the perpetrators;

(b)Reports of inadequate identification procedures for trafficking victims, including those with international protection needs, and the lack of information on the assistance and rehabilitation services provided to them;

(c)The absence of statistics from the State party on investigations, prosecutions and sanctions for criminal offences involving human trafficking (arts. 2, 5, 6 and 7).

26. The Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) Ensure that all bilateral agreements concluded with destination countries engaging overseas Kenyan workers , including women domestic workers, contain protocols for investigating and prosecuting all violations of the Convention , provide redress for victims and secure their right to frequent and substantial home visits;

(b) Strengthen legal protections for overseas Kenyan women workers, prosecute offenders, including recruiters, raise awareness by overseas women workers with regard to their rights, and adopt specific measures for the return and reintegration of trafficking victims, considering their economic, social and emotional needs ;

(c) Enhance early identification procedures for trafficking victims, including migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, and establish a comprehensive referral system to ensure access to appropriate support services, with targeted measures to protect the most vulnerable ;

(d) Provide in its next periodic report statistics on human trafficking cases, disaggregated by nationality or ethnicity of the victims , covering the number of cases identified, investigated, prosecuted and sanctioned, as well as remedies and assistance provided to victims.

Counter-terrorism measures and racial profiling

27.While acknowledging the State party’s national security concerns, the Committee is concerned about reports that counter-terrorism measures have created an atmosphere of suspicion and marginalization towards ethno-religious minorities, particularly Muslim communities in the coastal region, negatively affecting their rights to freedom of expression, freedom of religion and freedom of peaceful assembly. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned by reports of arbitrary arrest and detention, extortion, forced relocation, refoulement, extrajudicial killings, torture and enforced disappearances committed by State officials in the context of counter-terrorism operations. It also regrets the lack of statistics on complaints, investigations and sanctions by the Independent Policing Oversight Authority (arts. 2, 5, 6 and 7).

28. In light of its general recommendation s No. 31 (2005) on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system , and No. 36 (2020) on preventing and combating racial profiling by law enforcement officials, the Committee recommends that the State party :

(a) Ensure that the measures taken to combat terrorism are in conformity with the Convention and strictly necessary considering the situation and the requirements of the principle of proportionality , and that they do not result, in purpose or effect, in profiling and discrimination against ethnic and ethno-religious minorities ;

(b) Guarantee that the Independent Policing Oversight Authority carries out prompt, impartial and effective investigations into all allegations of human rights violations, including acts of torture and ill-treatment, committed in the context of counter-terrorism operations, prosecute and punish those responsible , ensure that victims have access to effective remedies and full reparation , and systematically compile relevant statistics ;

(c) Provide adequate and continuing human rights training for law enforcement officials, in accordance with its general recommendation No. 13 (1993) on the training of law enforcement officials in the protection of human rights.

Access to justice

29.The Committee is concerned about:

(a)Reports on shortcomings in the provision of legal aid and the insufficient geographical coverage and resources available, which prevent full access to justice for victims of racial discrimination;

(b)The lack of information on measures adopted to regulate and harmonize the functions, competences and responsibilities of customary law and alternative justice systems with the ordinary justice system;

(c)Reports of excessive use of force, arbitrary detention, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, extrajudicial executions, and failure to observe due process, against ethnic and ethno-religious groups, as well as against non-citizens, by State law enforcement agents;

(d)The absence of detailed information on the implementation status of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission’s recommendations, coupled with the continued delay in operationalizing the Restorative Justice Fund under the Public Finance Management (Reparations for Historical Injustices Fund) Regulations of 2017;

(e)The insufficient access to justice and implementation of decisions, compensation and redress for Indigenous Peoples’ land rights;

(f)The slow and limited progress in implementing reparations for historical injustices, particularly concerning land rights violations against the Kipsigis and Talai communities (arts. 2, 5, 6 and 7).

30. Recalling its general recommendation No. 31 (2005) on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system, t he Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) Endow legal aid services with adequate financial and human resources to guarantee the proper functioning of the National Legal Aid Service that operates in all counties, conduct a detailed assessment of the National Legal Aid Plan that expired in 2022 and adopt a new national plan, r aise public awareness to ensure that legal aid is effectively available to all , and b ring the domestic courts closer to the regions where ethnic minority groups live, including by building the capacity of the court system in rural and hard-to-reach areas ;

(b) D evelop procedures for regularizing and harmonizing the functions, competencies and responsibilities of customary law with the ordinary justice system, ensuring alignment with international human rights law ;

(c) Conduct prompt, thorough and effective investigations, with an intercultural approach, into cases of violations of the right to life and personal integrity committed by State law enforcement agents, as well as in all cases of excessive use of force and arbitrary detention committed against persons belonging to ethnic and ethno ‑ religious groups, and ensure that those responsible are brought to justice and, if convicted, punished with appropriate penalties;

(d) Intensify efforts to ensure the full and effective implementation of all the recommendations of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, including expediting the process of making the Restorative Justice Fund fully operational and making public the full report of the Commission ;

(e)F ully implement African Commission on Human and People s ’ Rights decision No. 276/2003 in the case of Endorois Welfare Council v. Kenya; the African Court on Human and People s ’ Rights judgment in case No. 006/2012 of the African Commission on Human and Peoples ’ Rights v. Kenya regarding the Ogiek people ; and the High Court decision concerning the Sengwer people , ensuring their participation and free, prior and informed consent ;

(f) Fully implement the recommendations made by the National Land Commission in the case of the Kipsigis and Talai communities .

Combating racist prejudice and stereotypes

31.While noting the various measures to promote education on remembrance of the colonial period and the struggle for independence, the Committee regrets the lack of information on efforts to educate about the transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans. It also expresses concern over the insufficient details regarding initiatives aimed at fostering understanding and tolerance among the different ethnic and ethno-religious groups within the territory, particularly as a means to combat prejudice and marginalization (art. 7).

32. The Committee recommends that the State party:

(a) Strengthen general education on human rights and remembrance of the transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans, both in schools and among the general public;

(b) P romote and protect the culture of the various ethnic, ethno-religious and ethno-linguistic groups that make up its population, ensuring the preservation, expression and dissemination of their identity, history, culture, languages, traditions and customs;

(c) Ensure the preservation of the traditional ways of life of the various ethnic, ethno-religious and ethno-linguistic groups, and combat prejudice and eliminate discrimination against them.

D.Other recommendations

Ratification of other treaties

33. Bearing in mind the indivisibility of all human rights, the Committee encourages the State party to consider ratifying those international human rights treaties that it has not yet ratified, in particular treaties with provisions that have direct relevance to communities that may be subjected to racial discrimination, including the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) of the International Labo u r Organization. The Committee encourages the State party to accede to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.

Amendment to article 8 of the Convention

34. The Committee recommends that the State party accept the amendment to article 8 (6) of the Convention adopted on 15 January 1992 at the fourteenth meeting of States parties to the Convention and endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/111.

Declaration under article 14 of the Convention

35. The Committee encourages the State party to make the optional declaration provided for in article 14 of the Convention recognizing the competence of the Committee to receive and consider individual complaints.

Follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action

36. In light of its general recommendation No. 33 (2009) on the follow-up to the Durban Review Conference, the Committee recommends that , when implementing the Convention in its domestic legal order, the State party give effect to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in September 2001 by the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, taking into account the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, held in Geneva in April 2009 . The Committee requests that the State party include in its next periodic report specific information on action plans and other measures taken to implement the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action at the national level.

International Decade for People of African Descent

37. In light of General Assembly resolution 68/237, in which the Assembly proclaimed 2015–2024 the International Decade for People of African Descent, and Assembly resolution 69/16 on the programme of activities for the implementation of the International Decade, and considering that the International Decade is coming to an end, the Committee requests the State party to include in its next periodic report information on the outcome of the measures taken to implement the programme of activities and on the sustainable measures and policies put in place in collaboration with people of African descent and their organizations, taking into account the Committee ’ s general recommendation No. 34 (2011) on racial discrimination against people of African descent.

Consultations with civil society

38. The Committee recommends that the State party continue consulting and increasing its dialogue with civil society organizations working in the area of human rights protection, in particular those working to combat racial discrimination, in connection with the preparation of the next periodic report and in follow-up to the present concluding observations.

Dissemination of information

39. The Committee recommends that the State party ’ s reports be made readily available and accessible to the public at the time of their submission and that the concluding observations of the Committee with respect to those reports be similarly made available to all government bodies entrusted with the implementation of the Convention, including counties, and publicized on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the official and other commonly used languages, as appropriate.

Paragraphs of particular importance

40. The Committee wishes to draw the attention of the State party to the particular importance of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 18 (a), (b), (c) and (d) (situation of Indigenous Peoples), 10 (legal framework for combating racial discrimination ) and 30 (a), (d) and (f) (access to justice) above and requests the State party to provide detailed information in its next periodic report on the concrete measures taken to implement those recommendations.

Follow-up to the present concluding observations

41. In accordance with article 9 (1) of the Convention and rule 65 of its rules of procedure, the Committee requests the State party to provide, within one year of the adoption of the present concluding observations, information on its implementation of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 24 (d) (persons with albinism), 26 (b) and (c) (trafficking in persons) and 30 (e) (access to justice) above.

42. The Committee regrets that the State party did not submit the follow-up report requested in its previous concluding observations .

Preparation of the next periodic report

43. The Committee recommends that the State party submit its combined tenth and eleventh periodic reports, as a single document, by 13 October 2028, taking into account the reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee during its seventy-first session and addressing all the points raised in the present concluding observations. In the light of General Assembly resolution 68/268, the Committee urges the State party to observe the limit of 21,200 words for periodic reports.