Source:-Labour Force Survey of Pakistan
6.2 Educational Infrastructure - Public Schools
6.2.1 Primary Schools
Primary schools are the main determinant of literacy level as well as great social equalizer. The gender symmetrical expansion in their numbers ushers in deepening of social capital. The boys and girls schools make a secularly ascending time series. Mixed schools-due to their transient status i.e. a mixed school is likely to assume gender tag if enrolment tilts in favor of a gender-form a bumpy trajectory through time though the crests are getting more numerous and elongated.
Table 6.3 Number of Educational Institutions
Year |
Number of Primary Schools |
|||
Male |
Female |
Mixed |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
80291 |
33080 |
7145 |
120516 |
1993-94 |
81089 |
34160 |
7538 |
122787 |
1994-95 |
84199 |
35917 |
7652 |
127768 |
1995-96 |
80262 |
36779 |
13211 |
130252 |
1996-97 |
71885 |
34722 |
28889 |
135496 |
1997-98 |
75493 |
39492 |
18668 |
133653 |
1998-99 |
77882 |
41436 |
16669 |
135987 |
1999-00 |
73463 |
41589 |
16727 |
131779 |
2000-01 |
73541 |
42387 |
16599 |
132527 |
2001-02 |
73520 |
43018 |
16578 |
133116 |
2002-03 |
73722 |
43321 |
16984 |
134027 |
2003-04 |
73783 |
43245 |
16924 |
133952 |
Source:-Academy of educational Planning &Management, Islamabad
Fig. 6.2 (a) Number of Primary Schools by
Gender. Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-2004
Fig. 6.2 (b) Percent Distribution of Primary
Schools by Gender, Pakistan 2003-04
6.2.2 Middle Scho ols
At the out-set, the time series of middle school is, more or less, akin to that of primary schools. However, the number has been rising more consistently. Similarly, mixed schools traverse a bumpy ride through the tabular period. Longitudinally, the number of middle schools speaks of gravitation towards gender poise.
Table 6.4 Number of Educational Institutions
Year |
Number of Middle Schools |
|||
Male |
Female |
Mixed |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
4996 |
4030 |
575 |
9601 |
1993-94 |
4901 |
4066 |
731 |
9698 |
1994-95 |
5051 |
4322 |
268 |
9641 |
1995-96 |
5130 |
4355 |
284 |
9769 |
1996-97 |
5127 |
4259 |
1184 |
10570 |
1997-98 |
5522 |
4766 |
798 |
11086 |
1998-99 |
5853 |
5120 |
499 |
11472 |
1999-00 |
6150 |
5494 |
441 |
12085 |
2000-01 |
6323 |
5777 |
429 |
12529 |
2001-02 |
6595 |
6154 |
451 |
13200 |
2002-03 |
6778 |
6439 |
519 |
13736 |
2003-04 |
6739 |
6426 |
503 |
13668 |
Source: - Academy of educational Planning &Management, Islamabad
Fig. 6.3 (a) Number of Middle Schools by
Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04
Fig. 6.3 (b) Percent Distribution of Middle
Schools by Gender, Pakistan 2003-04
6.2.3 High Sch ools
Longitudinally, number o f high schools follows the over all pattern of primary and secondary schools. Both boys and girls schools have, more or less, been expanding during the tabular period. However, the later fare at less than half the former at any point of time.
Table 6.5 Number of Educational Institutions
Year |
Number of High Schools |
|||
Male |
Female |
Mixed |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
5111 |
2113 |
240 |
7464 |
1993-94 |
5291 |
2264 |
280 |
7835 |
1994-95 |
5534 |
2376 |
168 |
8078 |
1995-96 |
5505 |
2306 |
190 |
8001 |
1996-97 |
5420 |
2290 |
453 |
8163 |
1997-98 |
5640 |
2390 |
370 |
8400 |
1998-99 |
5832 |
2512 |
287 |
8631 |
1999-00 |
5757 |
2498 |
254 |
8509 |
2000-01 |
5827 |
2578 |
247 |
8652 |
2001-02 |
5805 |
2557 |
248 |
8610 |
2002-03 |
5960 |
2632 |
255 |
8847 |
2003-04 |
5937 |
2684 |
247 |
8868 |
Source:-Academy of Educational Planning &Management, Islamabad .
Fig. 6.4 (a) Number of High Schools by Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 203-04
Fig. 6.4 (b) Number of High Schools by
Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04
6.3 Enrolment Status-Public Schools
Enrolment starts from class 1 at primary school, to continue up the ladder to higher level. Some time, though, rarely, students are also enrolled in higher classes of primary schools after getting preparatory coaching at home. For enrollment in primary school, 5 years age is fixed both girl and boys.
6.3.1 Primary Schools Enrollment
Primary school enrollment forms and evenly rising step function of time. It lost some steam just before the turn of century to regain thereafter. From female male perspective the former have always fared at one half the latter. However, incipient twenties do reflect a visible trend towards narrowing down of gender differentials in enrollment.
Table.6.9 Primary School Enrollments
Year |
Enrollment in Primary Stage (I-V) |
||
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
7329739 |
3896447 |
11226186 |
1993-94 |
7300545 |
4222760 |
11523305 |
1994-95 |
7617864 |
4731235 |
12349099 |
1995-96 |
7736894 |
4713666 |
12450560 |
1996-97 |
7468604 |
4606516 |
12075120 |
1997-98 |
7410259 |
4672670 |
12082929 |
1998-99 |
7424885 |
4208059 |
11632944 |
1999-00 |
7722844 |
4757622 |
12480466 |
2000-01 |
7540396 |
4889377 |
12429773 |
2001-02 |
7525134 |
5062966 |
12588100 |
2002-03 |
7722583 |
5309334 |
13031917 |
2003-04 |
8097218 |
5570266 |
13667484 |
Source:-Academy of educational Planning &Management Islamabad
Fig. 6.5 Number of enrollment in Primary Schools By Gender, Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04
6.3.2 Middle and High Schools Enrollment
Middle school enrolment form a segmented trajectory, a rising early nineties, flat later nineties and an ascending incipient twenties. As for boys and girls enrollment in the same periods, the former’s trajectory remained more than two times higher than that of the latter’s. This gulf began to narrow down in mid nineties continued as such steadily in latter nineties nascent twenties. In general, pattern of enrollment by gender is sync with that of the overall enrollment. As middle school enrollment later on continues almost all of high school enrollment, the latter’s profile both into and by gender is akin to that of the former’s.
Table 6.10 Middle School Enrollments
Year |
Enrollment in Middle Stage (VI-VII) |
||
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
1866115 |
823958 |
2690073 |
1993-94 |
1966182 |
918761 |
2884943 |
1994-95 |
2210029 |
1102207 |
3312236 |
1995-96 |
2023742 |
975852 |
2999594 |
1996-97 |
2027153 |
1033496 |
3060649 |
1997-98 |
1986441 |
1047138 |
3033579 |
1998-99 |
1998619 |
1081646 |
3080265 |
1999-00 |
1973941 |
1099997 |
3073938 |
2000-01 |
1559121 |
1288496 |
2847617 |
2001-02 |
1795749 |
1068173 |
2863922 |
2002-03 |
1821483 |
1091491 |
2912974 |
2003-04 |
1907113 |
1171104 |
3078217 |
Source: Academy of Educational Planning &Management. Islamabad
Fig. 6.6 Middle School Enrolment by Gender,
Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04
Table 6.11 High School Enrolments
Year |
Enrollment in High Stage (IX-X) |
||
Male |
Female |
Total |
|
1992-93 |
716450 |
291879 |
1008329 |
1993-94 |
789247 |
343017 |
1132264 |
1994-95 |
895681 |
420421 |
1316102 |
1995-96 |
840980 |
368367 |
1209347 |
1996-97 |
862594 |
396983 |
1259577 |
1997-98 |
845904 |
419796 |
1265700 |
1998-99 |
856124 |
439985 |
1296109 |
1999-00 |
860737 |
450370 |
1311107 |
2000-01 |
718937 |
531004 |
1249941 |
2001-02 |
750773 |
492658 |
1243431 |
2002-03 |
743368 |
498265 |
1241633 |
2003-04 |
841488 |
499192 |
1340680 |
Source: Academy of Educational Planning & Management, Islamabad
Fig. 6.7 Number of Enrolment in High Schools by Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04
Gender Disaggregated Data on Labour Force
Annex-II
Gender Disaggregated Data on Labour Force
The most common indicators of participation in economic activities are the Crude Activity Rate, the Refined Activity Rate and the Age Specific Activity Rate. IN order to reckon with the influence of cultural, socio-economic a nd geographical factors, it is often recommended to calculate these rates by sex. They are defined as :-
Crude Activity (Participation) Rate (CAR) is the percentage of persons in labour force to the total population.
Refined Activity (Participation) Rate(RAR) is the percentage of persons in labour force to the population 10 years of age and above.
Specific Activity (Participation) Rates are the percentage of persons in the labour force with a specific characteristic (age level of education, marital status, etc.) to the total population with the specific characteristics. For example, if we want to have the age specific activity rate for females in the age group of 20-24 years old, we must divide the number of active females 20-24 years old by the total number of women in that age group.
A comparative picture of crude participation rate based on current and 2001-02 Labour Force Survey is given in table-7.1. The crude activity rate ascends marginally from 29.6% in 2001-02 to 30.4% in 2003-04. Rural rates have scaled up higher relative to urban rates, which adumbrate osmosis of more activities into informal sector. The same observations hold with respect to area and gender as well. Punjab ’s crude participation rates for both sexes are the highest among the provinces. Crude participation rates for Pakistan by sex, rural/urban areas and provinces are presented in table-7.1.
For obtaining a better measure of the labour participation, especially of females, a few new questions to net in a set of economic activities likely to be carried out within house premises were introduced in Labour Force Survey, from 1990-91 onwards. Table-7.1 shows that the augmented female participation rates ( i.e. 26% in 2001-02 Vs 28% in 2003-04) are substantially higher than shown b y the extant methodology (10% and 11%). This ratchets up the overall participation rates significantly (37% in 2001-02 Vs 39% in 2003-04) without altering the relative profile overtime. However, due to steeper decline in the urban women’s participation, the new urban rate loses a wee bit to level down during the comparative periods. The same generally holds for provinces as well.
Table 7.1 Crude Activity (Participation) Rates: Pakistan And Provinces
Province/ Area |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
*Improved Participation Rate |
Total |
Male |
Female |
*Improved Participation Rate |
|||
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
|||||||
Pakistan |
29.6 |
48.0 |
9.9 |
37.4 |
25.8 |
30.4 |
48.7 |
11.2 |
38.5 |
27.5 |
Rural |
29.9 |
47.6 |
11.1 |
40.3 |
32.3 |
31.0 |
48.2 |
13.2 |
42.2 |
35.8 |
Urban |
29.1 |
48.9 |
7.3 |
31.4 |
12.0 |
29.2 |
49.8 |
7.0 |
31.1 |
10.8 |
Baluchistan |
25.3 |
44.5 |
3.6 |
36.0 |
25.8 |
25.7 |
45.0 |
4.8 |
36.2 |
26.5 |
Rural |
25.7 |
45.3 |
3.5 |
38.1 |
29.3 |
26.4 |
46.1 |
5.0 |
39.3 |
31.8 |
Urban |
23.8 |
41.3 |
4.1 |
27.1 |
11.0 |
23.4 |
41.3 |
3.9 |
26.0 |
9.3 |
NWFP |
23.5 |
41.7 |
4.7 |
36.9 |
31.6 |
24.6 |
42.3 |
6.9 |
38.1 |
33.8 |
Rural |
23.1 |
41.1 |
4.6 |
38.3 |
35.1 |
24.5 |
41.8 |
7.3 |
39.8 |
37.7 |
Urban |
25.8 |
45.0 |
5.0 |
29.0 |
11.6 |
25.1 |
44.8 |
5.1 |
29.1 |
13.1 |
Punjab |
32.5 |
50.1 |
14.0 |
38.3 |
25.9 |
33.4 |
50.6 |
15.6 |
39.1 |
27.1 |
Rural |
33.0 |
49.6 |
15.8 |
40.6 |
31.1 |
34.5 |
50.3 |
18.4 |
42.2 |
33.9 |
Urban |
31.3 |
51.0 |
9.9 |
33.2 |
13.9 |
30.9 |
51.3 |
9.4 |
32.3 |
12.1 |
Sindh |
27.3 |
47.8 |
4.1 |
35.6 |
21.8 |
27.9 |
48.8 |
4.6 |
37.6 |
24.9 |
Rural |
27.6 |
48.4 |
4.1 |
41.9 |
34.4 |
27.8 |
48.3 |
4.7 |
45.0 |
41.0 |
Urban |
26.9 |
47.3 |
4.0 |
29.4 |
9.2 |
28.1 |
49.3 |
4.4 |
30.2 |
8.7 |
Note:- *According to extant methodology , persons 10 years of age and above reporting housekeeping and other related activities are considered out of labour force. However, they are now indentified as employees if they have spent time on the specified fourteen agricultural and non-agricultural activities.
Source :- Labour Force Survey, w001-02 & 2003-04
FIGURE 7.1 Crude Activity (Participation) Rates By Sex For Pakistan , Rural And Urban .
2001-02
2003-04
IPR:- Improved Participation Rates: are based on additional probing questions asked from persons especiall y females engaged in housekeeping and other related activities as per old methodology.
Ala crude activity rate(s), refined activity rate has increased from 43% in 2001-02 to 44% in 2003-04. Provinces also line up in the same order and, male’s participation rate (71%) is over four-times higher than that of females (16%). Similarly, female refined participation rates obtained through augmentation are substantially higher. The new refined rates behave in line with their crude twins along the area, province and gender. Rising rural ( and stagnating urban rates) bespeak expanding frontiers of informal sector. A comparative picture of refined activity rates for Pakistan and its provinces by rural and urban areas for the current and 2001-02 surveys are given in table 7.2.
Table 7.3 (and figure 7.2) presents a comparative picture of age specific participation rates for Pakistan by sex based on 2001-02 and 2003-04 Labour Force Surveys. The rates appear to follow a platty kurtic dome-shaped trajectory through the age intervals with relatively flatter tail for later part of life. This observation holds irrespective of gender. Invariably, this pattern befits the government’s delimitation of productive life years. Further, female participation in all age groups have leveled higher in 2003-04 which may be due to increase in informal particularly, farming activities.
Table 7.2 Refined Activity (Participation) Rates: Pakistan And Provinces
Province/ Area |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
*Improved Participation Rate |
Total |
Male |
Female |
*Improved Participation Rate |
|||
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
|||||||
Pakistan |
43.3 |
7.03 |
14.4 |
54.7 |
37.7 |
43.7 |
70.6 |
15.9 |
55.3 |
39.3 |
Rural |
45.2 |
72.2 |
16.8 |
60.9 |
48.7 |
46.3 |
72.6 |
19.5 |
62.9 |
52.7 |
Urban |
39.9 |
66.9 |
10.0 |
43.0 |
16.4 |
39.2 |
67.1 |
9.4 |
41.7 |
14.5 |
Baluchistan |
40.2 |
68.0 |
6.0 |
57.2 |
43.0 |
40.0 |
68.1 |
7.6 |
56.4 |
42.6 |
Rural |
41.5 |
70.1 |
6.0 |
61.6 |
50.0 |
42.0 |
71.5 |
8.2 |
62.6 |
52.1 |
Urban |
35.2 |
59.8 |
6.2 |
40.0 |
16.6 |
34.0 |
58.1 |
5.9 |
37.8 |
14.0 |
NWFP |
36.4 |
65.2 |
7.2 |
57.1 |
48.3 |
37.2 |
65.7 |
10.2 |
57.7 |
50.0 |
Rural |
36.5 |
65.8 |
7.2 |
60.4 |
54.3 |
37.5 |
66.0 |
10.8 |
61.1 |
56.2 |
Urban |
36.1 |
62.4 |
7.0 |
40.6 |
16.4 |
35.7 |
64.3 |
7.1 |
41.4 |
18.5 |
Punjab |
46.3 |
71.6 |
19.9 |
54.7 |
36.8 |
47.0 |
71.8 |
21.8 |
55.0 |
37.8 |
Rural |
48.2 |
72.9 |
22.9 |
59.3 |
45.1 |
49.9 |
73.6 |
26.4 |
61.1 |
48.5 |
Urban |
42.4 |
69.1 |
13.4 |
45.0 |
18.8 |
41.0 |
68.5 |
12.3 |
42.8 |
16.0 |
Sindh |
40.5 |
70.4 |
6.1 |
52.9 |
32.7 |
40.5 |
70.8 |
6.6 |
54.5 |
36.1 |
Rural |
44.3 |
76.6 |
6.8 |
67.4 |
56.4 |
43.9 |
75.8 |
7.4 |
70.5 |
64.3 |
Urban |
37.2 |
65.1 |
5.5 |
40.7 |
12.8 |
37.8 |
66.4 |
5.9 |
40.6 |
11.7 |
Note:- *According to extant methodology, persons 10 years of age and above reporting housekeeping and other related activities are considered out of labour force. However, they are now indentified as employed if they hove spend time on the specified fourteen agricultural and non=agricultural activities.
Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
(%) Table 7.3 Age Specific Activity (Participation) Rates By Sex For Pakistan
Age Groups |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
10 – 14 |
12.0 |
17.2 |
6.3 |
12.8 |
18.5 |
6.7 |
15 – 19 |
37.2 |
57.6 |
13.8 |
37.4 |
59.0 |
14.5 |
20 – 24 |
51.2 |
87.0 |
15.9 |
51.5 |
85.7 |
18.0 |
25 – 29 |
54.3 |
95.9 |
15.9 |
55.6 |
96.2 |
17.7 |
30 – 34 |
53.9 |
97.3 |
16.3 |
55.3 |
96.3 |
19.1 |
34 – 39 |
59.5 |
97.4 |
19.5 |
59.0 |
97.7 |
20.9 |
40 – 44 |
59.8 |
97.6 |
20.4 |
60.1 |
97.0 |
22.6 |
45 – 49 |
60.2 |
96.8 |
20.0 |
59.8 |
96.5 |
20.9 |
50 – 54 |
59.5 |
94.1 |
18.6 |
58.1 |
94.5 |
21.0 |
55 – 60 |
53.9 |
88.2 |
14.5 |
55.9 |
89.7 |
18.6 |
60+ |
37.4 |
56.6 |
11.4 |
38.7 |
58.4 |
12.9 |
Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
Figure 7.2 Age Specific Activity Rate (ASAR) By Sex for Pakistan
7.2 Labour Force: Absolute Figures
The absolute figures of labour force have been calculated by multiplying crude participation rate of the respective survey year with the estimated population as on 1 st January of that year. The numbers of employed and unemployed persons have been obtained by multiplying the labour force with percentages of employed and unemployed persons.
It is observed that 45.23 million of the total population are currently active, turned as Labour
Force”. The labour force has increased from 42.39 Million in 2001-2 to 45.23 million in 2003-04. The volume of labour force has increased in all provinces irrespective of area and gender. However, the volume of male labour force has shrunk slightly in rural NWFP, probably, due to declining farming opportunities and, rural pathan’s historical penchant for breading new ground especially in trade and commerce. Absolute figures of labour force for Pakistan and its provinces by rural and urban areas for the current and 2003-04 surveys are given in table below.
(Million) Table: 7.4 Civilian Labour Force Of Pakistan And Provinces By Rural, Urban and Sex.
Province/Area |
Labour Force |
|||||
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
|||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pakistan |
42.39 |
35.57 |
6.82 |
45.23 |
37.13 |
8.10 |
Rural |
28.84 |
23.63 |
5.21 |
30.71 |
24.30 |
6.41 |
Urban |
13.55 |
11.94 |
1.61 |
14.52 |
12.83 |
1.69 |
Baluchistan |
1.71 |
1.60 |
0.11 |
1.91 |
1.74 |
0.17 |
Rural |
1.41 |
1.32 |
0.09 |
1.50 |
1.36 |
0.14 |
Urban |
0.30 |
0.28 |
0.02 |
0.41 |
0.38 |
0.03 |
NWFP |
4.86 |
4.38 |
0.48 |
5.07 |
4.35 |
0.72 |
Rural |
4.06 |
3.66 |
0.40 |
4.24 |
3.61 |
0.63 |
Urban |
0.80 |
0.72 |
0.08 |
0.83 |
0.74 |
0.09 |
Punjab |
26.54 |
20.96 |
50.58 |
27.85 |
21.44 |
6.41 |
Rural |
18.70 |
14.31 |
4.39 |
19.76 |
14.54 |
5.22 |
Urban |
7.84 |
6.65 |
1.19 |
8.09 |
6.90 |
1.19 |
Sindh |
9.28 |
8.63 |
0.65 |
10.41 |
9.60 |
0.80 |
Rural |
4.67 |
4.34 |
0.33 |
5.21 |
4.79 |
0.42 |
Urban |
4.61 |
4.29 |
0.32 |
5.19 |
4.81 |
0.38 |
Note:- Absolute estimate of labour force 2001-02 has been calculated by using the revised population estimates of 1 st January, 2001 and will not tally with the absolute figures published in the report on LFS,2001-02
Source:- LFS.2001-02 and 2003-04
7.3 Employed: Absolute Figures
The number of employed persons has increased from 38.88 million in 2001-02 to 41.75 million in 2003-04. This increase has been noted across the board irrespective of gender, area and province. However, the volume of male employment in
rural NWFP remained at the same level in the comparative years. It be-speaks that farming has progressively been losing its capacity to keep the incremental labour force productively in situ. The details are given in Table 7.5
Table 7.5 Employed : Pakistan and Provinces
(Million)
Province/Area |
Employed |
|||||
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
|||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pakistan |
38.88 |
33.19 |
5.69 |
41.75 |
34.69 |
7.06 |
Rural |
26.66 |
22.19 |
4.47 |
28.64 |
22.93 |
5.71 |
Urban |
12.22 |
11.00 |
1.22 |
13.11 |
11.76 |
1.35 |
Baluchistan |
1.58 |
1.51 |
0.07 |
1.75 |
1.63 |
0.12 |
Rural |
1.32 |
1.26 |
0.06 |
1.39 |
1.29 |
0.10 |
Urban |
0.26 |
0.25 |
0.01 |
0.36 |
0.34 |
0.02 |
NWFP |
4.22 |
3.90 |
0.32 |
4.41 |
3.91 |
0.50 |
Rural |
3.54 |
3.26 |
0.28 |
3.71 |
3.26 |
0.45 |
Urban |
0.68 |
0.64 |
0.04 |
0.70 |
0.65 |
0.05 |
Punjab |
24.28 |
19.50 |
4.78 |
25.80 |
20.01 |
5.79 |
Rural |
17.29 |
13.43 |
3.86 |
18.55 |
13.74 |
4.81 |
Urban |
6.99 |
6.07 |
0.92 |
7.25 |
6.27 |
0.98 |
Sindh |
8.80 |
8.28 |
0.52 |
9.79 |
9.14 |
0.65 |
Rural |
4.51 |
4.24 |
0.27 |
4.99 |
4.64 |
0.35 |
Urban |
4.29 |
4.04 |
0.25 |
4.80 |
4.50 |
0.30 |
Note:- Absolutes estimates of employed 2001-02 has been calculated by using the revised population estimates of 1 st January, 2001 and will not tally with the absolute figures published in the report on of LFS, 2001-02
Source: LFS, 2001-02 and 2003-04
Table 7.7 Distribution of employed: Major industry division
(%)
Major Industry Divisions |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing |
42.1 |
38.2 |
64.6 |
43.1 |
38.1 |
67.3 |
Manufacturing |
13.8 |
13.6 |
15.2 |
13.7 |
13.5 |
14.7 |
Construction |
6.1 |
7.0 |
0.3 |
5.8 |
7.0 |
0.3 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
14.8 |
17.1 |
1.9 |
14.8 |
17.5 |
1.7 |
Transport, storage and communication |
5.9 |
6.9 |
0.4 |
5.7 |
6.9 |
0.1 |
Community, social and personal services |
15.5 |
15.2 |
17.4 |
15.0 |
14.8 |
15.8 |
Others (includes mining & quarrying, electricity, gas & water, financing, insurance, real estate & business services and activities not adequately defined) |
1.8 |
2.0 |
0.2 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
0.1 |
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Source: - Labour force survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
Figure 7.3 Distribution of employed: Major Industry Division,
7.6 Employed: Major occupation Group
As per comparative Labour Force Surveys, employment in all occupational groups has, more or less, flattened/stagnated except in “skilled agricultural and fishery workers” (34.7 versus 34.9%) followed by “elementary (unskilled) occupation” (19.4 versus 20.3%), together accounting for more than half of the employed labour force. It seems that former is home to Incremental female labour force as its growth is female-led exclusively. Obverse dynamics of growth prevails in the latter one. Female
employment has scale down across- the board except in “skilled agriculture and fishery workers various mens employment notached up in the top (legislators, senior officials and managers) and bottom (elementary occupation) rung of the occupational hierarchy percentage distribution of employed persons by major occupational groups for the years 2001-02 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.8 Occupational pattern of employed person is indicated in Fig. 7.4.
(%) Table 7.8 Distribution of employed Major occupational Groups
Major Occupational Groups |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Legislators, senior officials and managers |
11.6 |
13.2 |
1.9 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
1.4 |
Professionals |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
Technicians and associate professionals |
4.7 |
3.9 |
9.5 |
4.9 |
4.1 |
8.7 |
Clerks |
1.7 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
0.2 |
Service workers and shop & market sales workers |
5.7 |
6.4 |
1.3 |
5.2 |
6.1 |
0.8 |
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers |
34.7 |
33.0 |
44.3 |
34.9 |
32.2 |
48.4 |
Craft and related trades workers |
16.2 |
16.4 |
14.9 |
15.9 |
16.2 |
14.3 |
Plant and machine operators and assemblers |
3.9 |
4.6 |
0.2 |
3.7 |
4.5 |
0.1 |
Elementary (unskilled) occupations |
19.4 |
18.5 |
25.1 |
20.3 |
19.5 |
24.2 |
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Source:-Labour force survey 2001-02 and 2003-04
Figure 7.4 Distribution of Employed: Major Occupational Groups
7.7 Employed: Employment Status
Employed person are denominated mainly as employees, self-employed, unpaid family helpers and employers. During the comparative periods, the two foremost categories have receded whereas the last one nigh fared at the same level. Thus, the profile of activities likely to siphon labour force from unorganized into organized sector has weakened comparatively. A conspicuously women-led surge in the third one (unpaid family worker) gives credence to the aforementioned observation. Majority (38%) constitutes employees followed by self-employed (37%), unpaid family helpers (24%) and employers (1%). As expected, more female workers are engaged as unpaid family helpers (53%) compared to male workers (18%). Contrarily more male workers are engaged in the category of self-employed, employees and employers. Comparative data for the current and 2001-02 surveys is given in table-7.9.
Table 7.9 Distribution of Employed:
(%) Employment Status And Sex
Employ ment Status |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Employers |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
Self-employed |
38.5 |
42.4 |
15.7 |
37.1 |
41.4 |
15.9 |
Unpaid family helpers |
20.8 |
16.4 |
46.9 |
24.1 |
18.3 |
52.8 |
Employees |
39.9 |
40.3 |
37.1 |
37.9 |
39.2 |
31.2 |
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
7.9 Employed: Informal Sector
Currently, true to the often-held contention, informal sector accounts for 70% of the employment in main jobs outside agriculture sector. In the same refrain, percentage of employed involved in informal sector (73%), in rural area, is higher compared to that of urban areas (67%). As expected, formal sector activities are more concentrated in urban areas (33%) as compared to rural areas (27%). Since informal activities are predominantly non-agrarian, male workers are relatively more concentrated in informal sector both in rural and urban areas of the country. Informal sector’s employment has surged by five percentage points from 65% in 2001-02 to 70% in 2003-04, irrespective of gender and area. For explanation, the aggressive consumer finance schemes launched by various financial institutions are one of the important reasons. However, inhibiting influence of government’s long held predilection to generate revenue by hook or crook can not be discounted altogether as a reason for surge in informal activities. A comparative picture of the proportions of persons employed in non-agriculture sector into formal and informal for the current and 2001-02survey is given in table 7.11
(%) Table 7.11 Distribution Of Non-Agriculture Workers Into Formal And Informal Sector
Sector |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Formal |
35.4 |
35.3 |
37.0 |
30.0 |
29.6 |
34.3 |
Informal |
64.6 |
64.7 |
63.0 |
70.0 |
70.4 |
65.7 |
Rural |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Formal |
31.7 |
31.5 |
34.3 |
27.1 |
26.7 |
30.1 |
Informal |
68.3 |
68.5 |
65.7 |
72.9 |
73.3 |
69.9 |
Urban |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Formal |
38.9 |
38.9 |
39.3 |
32.8 |
32.2 |
38.4 |
Informal |
61.1 |
61.1 |
60.7 |
67.2 |
67.8 |
61.6 |
Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
7.10: Informal Sector: Major Industry Divisions
According to classification of the informal sector employment by major industry divisions, the largest slice (35%) goes to wholesale and retail trade. Manufacturing sector ranks second with about one- fifth ( 21%) followed by community, social and personal services (19%), construction (13%) and transport (11%). The other categories including mining & insurance, real estate & business services account per less than 2%. Comparative Labour force surveys indicate
relative decline in an categories except “wholesale and retail trade” and “others” grouping. Both groups reflects relative rise in the male employment. Males employment forms a bit skewed unimodal pattern peaked in wholesale and retail trade while females employment is bimodally apportioned with maximas lying in manufacturing (57%) and community and social services (34%). Percentage distribution of informal sector workers by major industry divisions for the year 200-102 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.12.
(%) Table 7.12 Distribution of Informal Sectors Workers: Major Industry Divisions
Major Industry Division |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Manufacturing |
20.9 |
17.3 |
57.5 |
20.6 |
16.9 |
57.3 |
Construction |
13.9 |
15.1 |
1.3 |
13.4 |
14.6 |
1.2 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
34.0 |
36.5 |
7.6 |
34.6 |
37.3 |
7.6 |
Transport, storage and communication |
11.7 |
12.7 |
1.0 |
11.2 |
12.3 |
0.3 |
Community, social and personal services |
18.9 |
17.6 |
32.4 |
18.7 |
17.2 |
33.5 |
Others (includes mining & quarrying; electricity, gas & water and finance, insurance, real estate & business services |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
Source: - Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04
7.11 Informal Sector: Major Occupational Groups
Majority (31%) are reported as craft and related trade workers. Nigh a quarter (25%) are legislations, senior officials & managers. About one-fifth (23%) are engaged in elementary (unskilled) occupations. Services workers, shop and market sales workers rank fourth (10%) followed by plant & machine operators & assemblers (6%), technicians & associate professionals (4%) and professionals (2%). As expected, occupational distribution of workers is marked by wide sex differentials. Figures on males sit in the vicinity of overall pattern at wide variance with that of females. Further, apportionment of number among activities is, relatively, more even for men than for women.
Craft & related trade activities, home to three-fifth (59%) of female and more-than one quarter male workers (28%), constitute peak irrespective of gender. Among the sizeable groupings “plant and machine operators & assemblers” and “legislators, senior officials and managers” reflect male dominance in the same order. “Professionals” and “technicians and associate pro fessionals” are more tuned to women. “Elementary Occupations” tend to be gender neutral. Except the grouping of legislators, technicians, clerks and elementary occupations, all reflect relative decline during the comparative period. A comparative picture of the informal sector workers classified by major occupational groups for the current and 2001-02 surveys is given in table 7.13
(%) Table 7.13 Distribution of Informal Sectors Workers: Major Occupational Groups
Major Occupational Groups |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
Legislators, senior officials & managers |
24.6 |
26.3 |
6.8 |
24.9 |
26.7 |
5.9 |
Professionals |
1.8 |
1.7 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
Technicians and associate professionals |
2.8 |
2.3 |
8.5 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
9.8 |
Clerks |
0.2 |
0.2 |
- |
0.4 |
0.5 |
- |
Service workers and shop & market sales workers |
9.5 |
9.9 |
5.2 |
9.5 |
10.1 |
3.1 |
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers |
0.1 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Craft and related trade workers |
32.3 |
29.6 |
59.9 |
31.1 |
28.4 |
58.6 |
Plant and machine operators and assemblers |
6.4 |
7.0 |
0.6 |
6.1 |
6.7 |
0.2 |
Elementary (unskilled) occupations |
22.4 |
22.9 |
16.5 |
22.6 |
22.9 |
19.9 |
Source:- Labour Force Survey 2001-02 & 2003-04
7.12 Informal Sector: Employment Status
The employment status categorizes majority (44%) as self-employed followed by employees (43%). The former, embracing majority (45%) of women, and latter, containing better parts (46%) of women, are mutually obverse in gender skew ness. About one in ten workers (12%) are reported as unpaid family helpers and one & a half percent are identified as employers. The former is home to two-time more women vis-à-vis men while the latter in acutely men centric. As far change in the comparative periods, unpaid family workers, employees and self-employed reflect a modicum of ascent in the same order while employees category a bit recedes. It seems that organized activities tend to concede ground to unorganized ones during the referred periods. Percentage distribution of informal sector workers by employment status for the years 2001-02 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.14.
Table 7.14 Distribution Of Informal Sectors Workers: Employment Status
(%)
Employment Status |
2001-02 |
2003-04 |
||||
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Employer |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.2 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
Self-employed |
43.6 |
44.8 |
31.0 |
43.7 |
44.7 |
34.0 |
Unpaid family helpers |
10.9 |
10.1 |
19.1 |
11.7 |
10.9 |
19.5 |
Employees |
44.5 |
44.0 |
49.7 |
43.1 |
42.8 |
46.3 |
Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04