committee on the rights of the child

consideration of reports submitted by states parties

under article 44 OF THE CONVENTION

Initial reports of States parties due in 1997

turkey

[17 May 2001]

Supplementary report *

* This report contains information supplementing the initial report submitted by Turkey (CRC/C/51/Add.4). For ease of reference, the subject headings in the present report have the same numbering as in the initial report.

GE.01-45027 (E) 041201

I. PROFILE OF TURKEY

B. History

1.Turkey was recognized as a candidate for membership in the European Union at the European Union Summit held in Helsinki on 9 and 10 December 1999. Turkey has entered into the process of adaptation to the Accession Partnership Document. Within this framework Turkey has submitted its National Programme to the European Union.

D. Economic structure

2.The Planned Development model was introduced, in Turkey after 1960 and the first Five‑Year Development Plan was put into effect in 1963. The seventh Five-Year Development Plan covering the period 1996-2000 ended as of the end of 2000 and the eighth Five‑Year Development Plan covering the period 2001-2005 was put into effect on 1 January 2001. For the first time, the objectives for 2023, the centennial of the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, were also drafted in this plan.

3.The volume of trade, which was US$ 11 billion in 1980, rose to US$ 74,820 billion in 1997, to US$ 72,909 billion in 1998, to US$ 67,275 billion in 1999, and is estimated to be around US$ 80 billion in 2000.

4.The average growth rate of the gross national product (GNP) was 8.3 per cent in 1997, 3.9 per cent in 1998, 6.4 per cent in 1999, and estimated to have been 6 per cent in 2000.

5.Per capita incomes were as follows: US$ 3,247 in 1998, US$ 2,912 in 1999, US$ 3,060 in 2000.

E. Demographic structure

6.The population of Turkey rose to 63.4 million in 1998, to 64.3 million in 1999 and to 65.3 million in 2000. Population growth rates were 1.52 per cent, 1.50 per cent and 1.50 per cent, respectively during the same periods.

7.While the proportion of the 0-18 age group in the total population was 48.3 per cent in 1950, as a result of the population policies implemented the population growth decreased throughout the years and this proportion went down to 38.4 per cent in 2000.

8.The rough birth rate, which was 22.2 per cent in 1997, declined to 21.1 per cent in 1998, to 21.6 per cent in 1999 and to 21.5 per cent in 2000. Similarly, the rough death rate, which was 6.9 per 1,000 in 1997, became 6.3 per 1,000 in 1998, 6.8 per 1,000 in 1999 and 6.7 per 1,000 in 2000, respectively.

9.As of May 2000, the number of Turkish citizens working overseas was 1,180,420, which rises to 3,571,771 when their dependents are included.

F. Labour relations

10.According to the 1999 figures, 7.3 per cent of the total work force of 23,356,000 are unemployed. The unemployment among the educated young is mostly observed in urban areas. The unemployment rate in this group is estimated at 25 per cent among men and 33 per cent among women. In rural areas, this rate decreases to 19 per cent among men but increases to 38 per cent among women.

11.The rate of participation in the labour force is 48.7 per cent for the whole of Turkey. This rate is 70 per cent for men and 27 per cent for women.

12.In Turkey, 8,839,000 people are employed in the agricultural sector and 57 per cent of the agricultural labour force is from the unpaid family workers group. Females make up 70 per cent of this figure.

13.With the Unemployment Insurance Law No. 4447 (Social Insurance Act, Social Security Law for Agricultural Workers, Turkish Republic Government Workers Retirement Administration Law, Social Security Organization for Craftsmen, Artisans and Other Self‑Employed Law, Social Security Law for Self-Employed and Independent Workers in Agriculture, Law for the Amendment of One Article of the Social Security Law and the Addition of Supplementary and Temporary Articles into these Laws, Establishment of Insurance for the Unemployed, Revocation of Two Articles of the Law for Encouraging Workers to Save and the Appraisal of these Savings and the Law for Amendments to the Tables Annexed to the Decree with the Power of Law about General Positions and Procedure), which was enacted on 8 September 1999, the retirement age for men who work under a social insurance institution was increased to 60 and for women to 58. On the other hand, the condition that insurance premiums be paid for 25 years to obtain the right of retirement was sought.

Table 1. Numbers of insured among self-employed persons

in agriculture (as of 31 January 2001)

Self-employed agricultural workers who have insurance	Number of people	Percentage covered in the whole population
Actively insured	889 150	24.2
Paid disability insurance	1 510	0.4
Paid old-age pension	72 144	2
Dependents (spouse, child, parents)	2 654 921	72
Those paid widows and orphans pension	52 133	1.4
Total population covered	3 669 858	100

Table 2. Social security organization for craftsmen, artisans and other

self-employed persons (SSOCASE) (as of 31 January 2001)

Under SSOCASE	Number of people	Percentage in the population covered
Actively insured	2 424 953	21.3
Old-age pension	670 319	5.9
Disability insurance	14 589	0.1
Dependents (spouse, child, parents)	7 793 732	68.5
Those paid widows and orphans pension	470 311	4.2
Total population covered	11 373 904	100

14.With the Unemployment Insurance Law of 8 September 1999, the procedures and implementation principles of Compulsory Unemployment Insurance were regulated and aimed to make payments and provide services as set forth in the Law to those insured in the case of unemployment. The payments and services to the insured who are unemployed are: unemployment payment, premiums for illnesses and maternity, help in finding a new job, professional development, acquisition of skills and further training. The unemployment insurance entered into force on 1 June 2000.

Table 3. Social insurance institution (as of September 1999)

Under Social Insurance Act	Number of people	Percentage in the total population covered
Actively insured	5 832 215	18
Those paid disability pension	107 274	0.3
Those paid old-age pension	2 106 088	6.5
Dependents (spouse, child, parents)	23 419 014	72.3
Those paid widows and orphans pension	935 464	2.9
Total population covered	32 400 055	100

15.For a worker who starts working in 1999 under the Unemployment Insurance Law No. 4447 and the Social Insurance Act he/she secures retirement pay rights:

(a)If she completes 58 or he completes 60 years of age and pays disablement, old‑age and death-risk premiums for not less than 7,000 days; or

(b)If she completes 58 or he completes 60 and is insured for 25 years and pays the above-mentioned premiums for not less than 4,500 days.

16.With the new arrangements made by the Unemployment Insurance Law No. 4447 and the amendments made to the relevant parts of the Government Workers Retirement Fund Law, workers who have already completed 25 years of active work, can retire at her/his own discretion if she completes 58 and he completes 60 years of age.

17.Additionally, with the amendment made to the Social Security Organization for Craftsmen, Artisans and other Self-Employed Law, a woman/man can retire if she/he completes 58/60 years of age, respectively; meanwhile, those subject to the Social Insurance Act for the Self-Employed in Agriculture can secure a retirement pension provided that they have already paid retirement premiums for 25 years.

18.The insured can get a partial retirement pension if she/he completes 60/62, respectively, and has paid retirement premiums for not less than 15 years.

Table 4. Government workers retirement fund

Actively insured	2 197 296
Paid disablement pension	27 735
Dependent paid disablement pension (spouse, child, parents)	78 302
Paid old-age pension (Under Law No. 2022)	951 717
Total number of retired	820 767
Total number of dependents paid pensions (spouse, child, parents)	376 131

G. Human rights

3. Remarks on the current situation

19.Turkey remains fully committed to implementing the constitutional and legal modifications and other changes required in order to remove the shortcomings in its democracy and to improve human rights, including the lifting of barriers to freedom of expression.

20.Turkey is focusing primarily on aligning its domestic laws and regulations with international standards, as well as promoting a thorough understanding of human rights through increased education.

21.The Human Rights Department affiliated to the Office of the Prime Minister was established by the Decree with the Power of Law No. 626 of 5 October 2000. By the same government decree, a Human Rights Consultative Board was set up within the Prime Ministry which will bring together representatives of public institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A Committee for Studies of Violations of Human Rights was set up by Law No. 626.

22.The establishment of Human Rights Councils in provinces and districts in the whole of Turkey was made possible by the Government Regulation of 13 October 2000. These institutions include representatives from relevant State agencies and NGO representatives and are headed by governors and district chief officials.

23.The Human Rights High Council, chaired by the Minister of State responsible for human rights, was also established by government decree in April 1997 and was provided with a legal status by the above-mentioned decree. The Human Rights Department acts as the secretariat for this Council.

24.In order to protect and improve human rights in accordance with contemporary universal criteria, a Human Rights Inquiry Commission of the Turkish Grand National Assembly was established by Law No. 3686 of 5 December 1990.

25.The Human Rights High Council established a National Committee for the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education in 1998 to function as an advisory body. The Committee has prepared the Human Rights Education Programme of Turkey (1998-2007), taking into consideration the relevant needs and principles set forth in the Plan of Action for the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education.

26.The structures established within the framework of the Office of the Prime Minister in the field of human rights by government decrees were given the power of law by the promulgation of Law No. 4643, of 12 April 2001, published in the Official Gazette of 21 April 2001.

II. LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS

OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN TURKEY

Introduction

27.In order to make possible for every segment of society to have access to social services more efficiently and rapidly at the national level, Administrative District Social Service Directorates were established within the structure of the Social Services and Child Protection Agency (SSCPA) in those places where the sectors in need of social services are concentrated, taking into consideration their distance from centres. Presently, local services are carried out through District Social Services Directorates in 35 districts.

A. General implementation measures

28.For the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the Social Services and Child Protection Agency, which is the coordinator agency for the rights of the child in Turkey, a Higher Council and subcommittees for monitoring and evaluation of the rights of the child, consisting of representatives from the relevant State institutions, were established.

29.When needed, representatives of NGOs and scientists are also invited to these two bodies, structured in accordance with the circular issued by the Prime Ministry.

2. Promoting the Convention on the Rights of the Child

30.The purpose of the Campaign for the Introduction of the Rights of the Child, held in cooperation with relevant sectors from 20 November-20 December 2000 on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the signing of the Convention by Turkey, is to increase social awareness, introduce questions pertaining to children at local and central levels, and share examples of positive developments. Children from different backgrounds participated actively in this phase of the campaign.

31.At the end of this campaign, again under the direction of the President of the Republic of Turkey, and with contributions from the Ministry of National Education, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and UNICEF, coordinated by SSCPA, a National Child Congress was held on 20 and 21 April 2000. For presentation during this Congress in the context of this campaign, provincial reports comprising an evaluation of the services for children, their needs, the positive developments in this field and some recommendations, were prepared by the commissions formed by the representatives from relevant State institutions, NGOs, universities, press organizations, the bar, professional associations, trade associations and renowned people in this field.

32.In the context of the efforts to enable children to utilize the right to participate, which is one of the four main principles set forth in the Convention, and to realize articles 12 and 13, commissions formed by children representing every segment of society - in education, employed, disabled, needing protection, in conflict with law and surviving on the streets ‑ prepared child committee provincial reports. These reports were presented to the National Child Congress with the adult committee provincial reports.

33.The proclamation of the “10-article concluding announcement” at the Congress by Turkish children and the adults working with them at national level and its presentation to Suleyman Demirel, the ninth President of the Republic of Turkey, was an important indication of the attitude of Turkey towards the rights of the child and the emphasis laid on this issue.

34.Following the National Child Congress, a schedule consisting of the targets for the year 2000 was requested from 81 provinces in order to be able to monitor the targets of Turkey regularly and to reflect the positive developments during the evaluation meeting to be held at the end of 2000. In that way, a monitoring of the efforts concerning the rights of the child in 81 provinces was achieved under the Campaign for the Introduction of the Rights of the Child and the National Child Congress.

35.Children representing their provinces identified the subtitles, such as family, school, health, media and judgement, under the right to participate during the preparatory Forum held on 6 and 7 October 2000.

36.Similarly, a Child Forum was held with the participation of children from all the provinces on 20 and 21 November 2000 and the children presented their reports to the President of Turkey, Mr. Ahmet Necdet Sezer, on 21 November 2000.

37.In the context of the Introduction Campaign two supplementary large events were held in May and June 2000 in Istanbul, the biggest province of Turkey. First, the Council for the Rights of the Child was convened under the leadership of the Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Social Services on 10 and 11 May 2000 and the children who brought the above-mentioned announcement from Istanbul to Ankara by the Child Rights Train, with the presence of the press, presented it to the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Second, the Office of the Governor of Istanbul and the Istanbul Children Foundation convened the first Istanbul Child Assembly on 26 and 27 June 2001. At this Assembly, children, NGOs, universities, and local and central administrations discussed mainly the problems of children in Istanbul, proposals for solutions and projects. The proceedings were published in three books.

38.For the purpose of evaluating the conformity of the laws with the Convention, a study of the “relevant acts and applicable law of the Turkish Republic” was completed with the participation of the sectors concerned and were printed. This comprehensive study documents all acts, applicable law and international conventions relating to the rights of the children. This study is expected to be a guiding document in the implementation of the Convention in Turkey and to reflect the developments regularly through being updated.

39.Additionally, the Convention on the Rights of the Child Implementation Checklist in the Republic of Turkey was prepared for the implementation of the Convention and the monitoring of the developments under the coordination of the SSCPA with the sectors concerned and was published. The Implementation Checklist is a document to be updated regularly in parallel with the study.

40.In order to make possible the centralization of data concerning children and to utilize them efficiently, Convention monitoring indicators were identified, developed, and the data concerning children began to be compiled under the coordination of the State Institute of Statistics, as was set out in the Turkish Government-UNICEF Cooperation 1997-2000 Country Programme, “The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Monitoring of the National Plan of Action” (Development of the Child Information Network Project). The Child Information Network (CIN) Project will continue in the 2001-2005 period. On the other hand, due to the fact that mothers are the primary factor in the survival, development and protection of children, it was considered necessary to incorporate data regarding women into the Turkish Government-UNICEF Cooperation 2001-2005 Master Plan of Operation and relate them to the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Therefore, the present Child Information Network was redesigned as a Child and Woman Information Network (CWIN) project and was turned into two sub-databases, namely Child Information Network and Woman Information Network. With this project, it is envisaged to reorganize the present Child Information Network as the Child and Woman Information Network, to organize the statistical data in the database so as to include target sub-groups among the children, young people and women, and finally to develop composite indicators which will reveal the different dimensions of the lives of children and women.

41.Mrs. Nane Annan, the wife of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, made a three‑day visit to Turkey on the occasion of the celebration of Children’s Day on 23 April 2001. She participated in the regional launch of a global campaign on behalf of children, urging the

world community to “say yes” to a 10-point appeal for children’s rights. She also signed the pledge form presented by the children within the framework of this campaign. She received on this occasion a joint declaration by children underlining the 10-point appeal.

42.This event is the outcome of the Turkish efforts to further promote the implementation of the Convention in Turkey and its region. The designation of 23 April as the International Day for Children is a part of these efforts.

B. Definition of the child

3. Definition of the child in terms of legal capacity

43.The European Convention on the Exercises of Children’s Rights was signed on 9 June 1999 and ratified on 18 January 2001 with Law No. 4620.

5. Definition of the child in labour legislation

44.The ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour was ratified by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

45.In conjunction with the ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) programme, the Project for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Selected Sectors in the Western Part of Turkey has been implemented since 1 September 2000 under the coordination of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and in cooperation with the public sector and NGOs. By this project, it is envisaged to train as many as 1,500 children below 15 years of age in Izmir in vocations like shoemaking, car-maintenance and cloth‑manufacturing.

46.The Project for the Promotion of Working Children to provide primary education and continuation and enhancement of their success in education was initiated in July 2000 with a protocol signed between ILO and the Ministry of National Education. The situation survey in the pilot provinces has already been started and the studies for the training of the trainers are ongoing.

E. Family environment and alternative care

6. Provision of special assistance and protection services to children

deprived of a family environment (art. 20)

47.The SSCPA provides the children who need protection with services such as nurseries, orphanages, child and youth centres, a protecting family, adoption, youth houses, employment of children who need social aid and protection in State agencies.

48.The number of nurseries and orphanages was increased to 81 and 98, respectively as of 2001. Approximately 17,000 children and young people are being sheltered in these nurseries and orphanages. The physical conditions of the nurseries and orphanages are being improved rapidly and turned into home environments. In addition, effective programmes are being implemented to increase children’s success in school and to promote their participation in social, sports and cultural activities.

49.The duration of protection can be extended after the age of 18 based on the situation of the young person, and also until the age of 20-25 if enrolled in an education institution; it can be unlimited for girls and the disabled, when necessary.

50.There are also seven youth houses for young persons who leave the orphanages at the required age. The young people normally stay at these houses for short periods (6-8 months) while they adapt to social life. These periods are extended when needed, based on the results of social studies of the young people.

51.When the girls who need protection are married, they are granted marriage aid.

52.The young people at age 18 and above whose protection orders are cancelled are offered employment in a public agency. Under Law No. 3413, children who need protection are employed at public agencies and institutions at a certain rate every year. As many as 17,093 children have been employed in this context between 1988 and 2001.

53.The problem of the children who live and work on the streets is closely linked to the agenda of Turkey and multidirectional efforts are pursued to overcome this problem. Various reasons like family conflicts, families who have too many children to support, education, immigration from rural areas to urban areas, problems relating to family negligence/exploitation/violence and distribution of income cause children to work or live on the streets. There has been widespread awareness of this issue among various bodies from the SSCPA to the offices of governors, municipalities and NGOs.

54.In a short time, as many as 22 new centres under the SSCPA were opened for the children who live and work on the streets, with the cooperation of NGOs and the offices of the governors.

55.Counselling, training and rehabilitation services are provided to the children who live and work on the streets and their families at the child and youth centres with boarding and daytime facilities. Through these centres, children who live and work on the streets are enrolled in schools, professional and vocational programmes, and encouraged to return to their families, and those who do not have records are registered and their nutrition and health problems are addressed.

Table 5. Breakdown of children who utilize the child and

youth centres (as of August 2000)

Number of children who utilize these services	Enrolled in schools	Attending schools	Returned to their families
7 416	444	581	550
Employed	Receiving social aid	Under protection	Treated for drug addiction
200	457	33	56

56.All offices of governors, starting from Istanbul, have made and put into practice regulations prohibiting child labour and the sale of alcoholic and other addictive (vapourizing) materials to children. These efforts are maintained effectively with the participation of volunteers.

57.ILO supports the studies at Diyarbakir Child and Youth Centre with a special project.

58.In the Çaldıran district of Van, one of the provinces in the eastern Anatolian region, a Contemporary Child Centre was inaugurated in February 2001, aimed at supporting the education and development of children between the ages of 6-15, enabling them to learn and utilize recent technology, acquainting them with the theatre, arts and sciences and at the same time encouraging families to acquire a vision supporting the development of their children through having these families attend educational meetings, theatres, movies, conferences, handicraft courses, seminars, etc.

59.Two other projects, Rehabilitation of the Children Working on the Streets and Prevention of Child Labour in Yalova in the Marmara Earthquake Region and Rehabilitation of the Children Working on the Streets and Prevention of Child Labour in Gölcük and Adapazarı in the Marmara Earthquake Region, aimed at ending child labour by bringing urgent solutions to the problems caused by the impacts of the earthquake on child labour, have been undertaken by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security in cooperation with the Office of the Governor and were initiated on 1 July 2000. They are progressing with cooperation between the SSCPA and ILO.

60.Within the framework of the project “Executive Survey on Disadvantaged Children”, an action survey with the participation of children living/working on the streets was carried out under the coordination of the SSCPA and in cooperation with the SSCPA-State Institute of Statistics (SIS)-UNICEF. The field application of this survey was performed between December 1998 and January 1999. This survey is the first application for children living and working on the streets in Turkey to include all elements of the participant action survey method and enabling interprovincial comparisons. It is to be completed by the end of 2001.

Table 6. Number of people by duration of aid receiving assistance under

the monetary/kind aid service carried out by the SSCPA

(January-March 2001)

Type of aid	Number of people
Temporary monetary aid	46
Monetary aid for 6 months	2 136
Monetary aid for 1 year	2 105
Monetary aid for longer periods	2 330
People planned to receive aid or who will possibly be aided	1 328
Total	7 945

61.The budget for the monetary/kind aid for 2001 is 2.5 trillion Turkish lira.

62.The number of children who were cared for by their parents supported with assistance in kind and cash grants between the years 1987 and 2000 is 54,504.

63.The SSCPA Early Childhood Development Promotion Programme. The SSCPA started to implement a new model in the field of early childhood development in 1999-2000. With the project initiated with 3,000 children in four provinces in 1999, as many as 10,000 children were reached in 13 provinces in 2000. The project, spending 60 days and US$ 1.5 per day for each child, aims to ensure that the children in the age group of 5-6 years in the disadvantaged areas are prepared for school with programmes appropriate to their ages, benefit from health care and nutrition and receive help with their social development while various problems in their families are addressed.

64.Love Chain Project. This project, initiated with the purpose of taking away the children between 0-6 years of age who need protection and are staying at nursery schools to a different environment for a certain period of time, providing them training, care and nutrition, helping in their physical, mental, emotional and social development and enabling them to acquire basic values and habits, is being carried on.

65.Crèches provide children who need protection with many different stimuli by enlarging their environment. Children who come from a home environment tend to develop more positive behaviours in the crèche environment formed with other adults, secluded from the attitudes and behaviours pertaining to their homes, and influence the other children in the crèche environment by their positive attitudes and behaviours. Approximately 400 children benefited from this service in 1999-2000.

66.The “Kite Not to Be Shot Project” has been introduced to save the children between 0 and 12 years of age of arrested or convicted women prisoners from life in detention by placing them in official and private crèches and daytime nurseries under the inspection of

SSCPC, under the terms of a protocol signed in the SSCPC and the Ministry of Justice. In total 193 children have benefited from the service, 66 of whom in private crèches and daytime nurseries, 14 in crèches and daytime nurseries under the SSCPA, 82 of whom are under protection and 31 of whom receive from kind/monetary aid.

67.The services of the SSCPC social centres are progressing steadily. In the last two years, the number of social centres has reached 39 in 20 cities. Special importance is laid on cooperation with NGOs, including the participation of the local population in these centres.

68.In Turkey, there were two enormous earthquakes in the Marmara Region - in Düzce and in Bolu - in 1999, one on 17 August and the other on 12 November. Following the very first hours of the earthquake, social service offices were created in the crisis centres. All the personnel in the region were assigned. In addition to the deployment of personnel from other regions, more than 1,000 professionals reached the region.

69.In conjunction with the establishment of tent cities, social service centres were also established in those regions. Mainly established to meet specific needs, these centres are as follows: community centre, social centre office, crèche game and recreation centre, psycho‑social information centre, youth centre, garden cafe, sport centre, laundry centre, sewing and handcraft centre. In 54 temporary residential units, more than 100 centres were opened. All of them were created and serviced by volunteers and voluntary organizations. Social organization services to improve the quality of life in these centres were created. On a daily basis, about 2,500 children and teenagers benefıted from these centres. Most of the orphaned children who had lost their families during the earthquake were taken care of by their relatives. Aiming to identify the real situation and the needs of those children, 2,547 children were selected. The situations of most of these children were examined and the services they needed were provided. In child and youth centres located in the earthquake region, children published a newspaper called Kıpır Kıpır regularly and child and teenage theatre groups were created with contributions from NGOs.

70.At the first stage of the project of the Ministry of National Education-UNICEF “Psycho‑Social Support in Schools Affected by the Marmara Earthquake”, 289 psychological instructors (guidance teachers) and 8,235 teachers were debriefed (a method of psychological analysis education) in terms of psychological support services.

71.Mrs. Annan, during her last visit to Turkey, observed the psycho-social activities for children affected by the earthquake in Kocaeli Province.

7.Adoption (art. 21)

72.In 1998-2000, 1,329 families adopted a child, 27 of whom utilized an international adoption service.

F. Basic health and welfare of children

2. Survival and development (art. 6, para. 2)

73.According to the results of the 1998 Turkish Population and Health Care Investigation, the average marriage age of women is 19.5, 63.9 per cent of women are using birth-control methods, the total birth capacity rate is 2.6 and the rough birth rate is 0.023 per cent.

74.According to the research data, in rural regions, the infant mortality rate is about one third higher than it is in urban areas.

75.Each year approximately 72.5 per cent of 1,370,000 live births take place at health institutions. The rate of births attended by a doctor or other trained health personnel is 81 per cent.

76.Although the infant mortality rate has shown a tendency to decrease, the desired level has not yet been achieved. According to the results of the 1998 surveys, the average infant mortality rate is 42.7 per 1,000 live births, but this figure is observed to increase to 60 per 1,000 in some regions. 25.8 per 1,000 of the infant mortalities occur generally in the first four weeks after birth and 52.1 per 1,000 occur in the first five years. It should be remembered that 82 per cent of these deaths occur before the first year of age. Approximately 60 per cent of the child deaths are caused by preventable diseases. In spite of the special health programmes on child survival health protection, the problems stemming from the systemic and infrastructural deficiencies and personnel movements obstruct the achievement of the desired results. 64.7 per cent of children 12-13 months of age were immunized under the expanded immunization programme, decreasing to 40.6 per cent in the eastern part of the country. These figures show that a number of children still cannot be protected from preventable diseases. The other two important reasons for child deaths are acute respiratory system infections and diarrhoea.

3. Disabled children (art. 23)

77.While not definitely known, based on the rates in the world, it is estimated that there are 7.5 million disabled people in Turkey and 3 million of them are children. In recent years, positive improvements have been observed in the services provided to disabled individuals. Beside the establishment of the Administration for the Disabled, important changes have been performed for the disabled on some issues such as making amendments to certain laws and removal of structural obstacles in education, employment, rehabilitation, accessibility, etc.

78.The costs of the services provided by the special and public training and rehabilitation services to disabled children who are dependent under the umbrella of the Social Insurance Institution and the Government Retirement Fund are paid by those agencies. The amount of the money to be paid and the procedure is determined annually by a budget implementation instruction. The children of the retired also benefit from this right.

79.The special training schools and institutions under the Ministry of Education and institutions providing support to special training are as follows:

(a)Guidance and research centre;

(b)School guidance and psychological counselling services centre;

(c)Public and private primary education, secondary education institutions;

(d)Boarding special training schools;

(e)Daytime special training schools;

(f)Vocational schools and vocational training centres.

80.In these schools and institutions, training and educational rehabilitation services are provided to children who are visually, audially or physically (orthopaedically) disabled, children who work on the streets, children with language, speech, learning and adaptation problems, chronically ill and hospitalized children and children who are gifted and who have special talents.

Table 7. Number of schools, students and teachers in special training

academic year 2000/01

School Category	Number of schools and institutions	Number of students	Number of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school class under special training school	30	313	183	130	22
Primary school for the audially disabled	47	6 308	3 816	2 492	897
Primary school for the visually disabled	14	1 105	705	400	286
Primary school for the physically (orthopaedically) disabled	5	195	140	55	40
Primary school for the mentally disabled	39	2 071	1 394	677	330
Multiprogramme high schools for the audially disabled	8	783	560	223	54
Vocational high schools for the physically(orthopaedically) disabled	2	83	67	16	18
Total organic training	145	10 858	6 865	3 993	1 647
Training-application schools	69	3 613	2 452	1 161	592
Vocational training centres	45	1 255	935	320	304
Professional training centres	70	314	242	72	34
Science and art centres	8	115	56	59	26
Total common training	192	5 297	3 685	1 612	956
Grand total	337	16 155	10 550	5 605	2 603

Source: Ministry of National Education, Department of Research, Planning Coordination.

Note: Digital data are temporary data received as of 1 October 2000.

81.In the academic year 2000/2001, as many as 16,155 students are in special education and 2,603 teachers are employed at 337 special training schools and institutions.

Special training in the laws concerning education

82.Basic Law No. 1739 on National Education states in article 8 that “Special measures are taken for the education of the children who need special training and protection”.

83.Law No. 222 on Primary Education and Training states in article 12 that “Children, at the age of compulsory primary education and who are mentally, physically, spiritually and socially disabled, are ensured special training and education”.

84.Law No. 3308 on Apprenticeship and Vocational Training states in article 39 that the “Ministry of National Education arranges special vocational courses for people who need special training to prepare them for jobs applicable in work life. The fields of interest, the needs and the talents of these people are taken into consideration in the arrangement and application of these courses. The participants in these courses benefit from the special rights granted to the students by the Law on Apprenticeship and Vocational Training”.

85.Under Law No. 625 on Special Training Institutions natural and juridical persons can open special schools or institutions for the training/education of individuals who need special training. From this viewpoint, the Decree with the Power of Law on Special Training No. 573 on the training of the individuals who need special training stipulates the following:

(a)Pre-school training is included in the compulsory training period for the children who need special training based on the principle that early childhood training should be developed and during this training families should be informed and supported;

(b)Family training is of high importance and measures to ensure the active participation of families in the training process are being taken. By determining the basic criteria for where, when and how the training to be provided to the families will be executed, the provisions relevant to family training and counselling services are clearly defined;

(c)The integrated training of the individuals who need special training, with those who do not is a high priority and maximum attention must be paid not to separate the former from their social and physical environments by taking into consideration their training performances and making some adjustments in the purpose, scope and periods of training;

(d)The common training programmes for the individuals who need special training are prepared in order to develop their basic life skills in different subjects and for different periods in line with the basic principles of special training, and to meet their learning requirements and to prepare them for a job and a profession; their families and close friends also benefit from these programmes.

Integrated education

86.In accordance with the Special Education Services Regulations, integrated education is given on a half-time and a full-time basis. Article 70 (a) defined integrated education as a “special education practice in which supportive education services are provided and it is based on the principle of the continuation of the education and training of the individuals who need special education together with their peers who do not, in formal and private pre-school education, primary education, secondary education and informal education institutions”.

Special classes

87.A total of 6,862 students are receiving education in 614 special education classes in the academic year 2000/2001.

(a)Education of visually disabled children

88.A total of 1,105 students are receiving education and 286 teachers are working in 14 primary schools for visually disabled children in the academic year 2000/2001.

(b)Education of audially disabled children

89.A total of 7,091 students are receiving education and 951 teachers are working in 55 primary schools and high schools with programmes for students with hearing impairment in the academic year 2000/2001.

(c)Education of mentally disabled children

90.A total of 2,091 students are receiving education and 330 teachers are working in 39 primary schools for students who are mentally disabled in the academic year 2000/2001.

(d)Education of physically (orthopaedically) disabled children

91.A total of 278 students are receiving education and 58 teachers are working in seven primary schools and high schools with programmes for students with orthopaedic handicaps in the academic year 2000/2001.

(e)Education of chronically ill and hospitalized children

92.A total of 56 students are receiving education in seven primary education hospital schools in the academic year 2000/2001.

(f)Education of children with speech difficulties

93.There is no additional information to report.

(g)Education of children with adaptation problems

94.These children are being integrated in mainstream schools through special educational measures. The Centre for Autistic Children has been established in order to develop education models for the education of autistic children and to extend those approved.

95.Also being integrated in mainstream schools through special educational measures are children working on the streets. The “Primary School for the Children of Hope” has been established for the purpose of developing educational models for the education of these children.

(h)Family education

96.These services, established under the education and teaching institutions to provide guidance and psychological consultative care to individuals in the formal and informal education institutions, provide this care to individuals who need special education in their institutions in accordance with their educational needs. A total of 5,350 psychological consultants (guidance counsellors) are working in 5,009 school guidance offices in the academic year 2000/2001.

97.In addition, formal and private pre-schools, primary schools, secondary schools and informal education institutions should provide special education services to those individuals in need of special education in their own environments.

98.Various programmes have been carried out at the community centres under the SSCPA in accordance with the needs of the settlement areas in which they serve for the purpose of the development of the individual, family and society. Programmes include the Mother and Child Education Programme, the Parent School, the project for strengthening interaction in the family, educational meetings, guidance and counselling services, etc.

(i)Guidance

99.The projects for the handicapped and for the families of the handicapped have been implemented and guidance studies have been carried out at the community centres affiliated with the SSCPA.

100.Guidance and research centres have been established to organize the guidance and psychological counselling services at education/teaching institutions, provide coordination in implementation, and monitor and evaluate. The number of guidance and research centres in the year 2000 was 108. These centres identify the individuals in need of special education and monitor, study, diagnose and recommend the most suitable educational environment for them and provide guidance and psychological counselling services as well as supportive education.

(j)Vocational, rehabilitation and employment services

101.There is no new information to report.

(k)Gifted children(new section)

102.As a pilot project, Science and Child Prodigy Art Centres have been established in nine provinces in order to make gifted students aware of their individual capabilities and make use of them to the maximum. Educational activities in these centres have begun in six provinces and infrastructure studies are being carried out in the other three provinces.

4. Legal basis of health services (art. 24)

103.It has been determined that 68.5 per cent of pregnant women enjoy health-care services during pregnancy under the current health system.

104.The under-five child mortality rate in Turkey is 052.1 per cent.

(a)Implementation of health services (art. 24)

105.It is compulsory to iodize all the cooking salt in accordance with the notification on cooking salt set forth in 1998.

106.As a result of the cooperation between the Ministry of Health and the Medical Faculty of the University of Hacettepe, 54.3 per cent of the newborn babies were screened for phenyl ketonuriain 1999.

6. Childcare services and facilities (art. 18, para. 3)

107.The children of the economically poor families benefit from nursing services free of charge in accordance with article 27 of the Regulation on the Establishment and the Management Essentials of Private Crèches, Day Care Centres and Private Child Groups. They benefit from a 5 per cent quota in exercising this right.

Table 8. Children in crèches and day-care centres

	No. of establishments	Total No. of children	No. of children admitted free of charge
SSCPA crèches and day-care centres	17	1 102	105
Private crèches and day-care centres	1 171	28 298	704

108.Various studies have been carried out for the pre-school children and the children between the ages of 6 and 18 years at the 39 community centres affiliated with the SSCPA.

109.In providing these services, the aim is to foster habits of living together, producing, sharing, solidarity and helping each other, and the consciousness of neighbourhood while providing these services.

G. Education, leisure and cultural activities (art. 28)

1. The Turkish national education system

(a)Principles and aims of education

110.More than 17 million students (228,000 in pre-school education, 10.2 million in primary education, 2.1 million in secondary education, 1.5 million in higher education and 3.1 million in informal education) are receiving education at about 60,000 official and private, formal and informal education institutions under the Ministry of National Education in the academic year 2000/01.

111.The national education policy is also supported by civil initiatives. In this regard, the Turkish Foundation of Education Volunteers recently launched a campaign entitled “Education for one million children”. The Foundation aims to accumulate in a fund a total amount of US$ 71 million in five years, 125 million Turkish liras per child, for a five-year period of education. The project to educate 1 million children covers all the regions of Turkey and includes numerous programmes to increase the learning skills and knowledge of Turkish children. A contribution of 1.3 trillion Turkish liras was received during the first three days of the campaign, which is also supported by Turkish people living abroad. This well-placed initiative reveals the level of consciousness of the Turkish people with regard to the education of children, who are considered as insurance for the future of the country.

Table 9. Numbers of schools, students and teachers by stage and

type education, academic year 2000/01

Stage/type of education	No. of classes	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school education	8 996	228 503	120 428	108 075	12 265
Official	8 297	212 272	111 906	100 366	10 901
Private	699	16 231	8 522	7 709	1 364
Primary education	36 047	10 289 233	5 520 004	4 769 229	345 001
Official	35 329	10 102 965	5 417 126	4 685 839	330 811
Private	718	186 268	102 878	83 390	14 190
Secondary education	5 967	2 128 957	1 240 579	888 378	134 815
Official	5 485	2 070 899	1 208 386	862 513	126 216
Private	482	58 058	32 193	25 865	8 599
General secondary education	2 746	1 324 083	727 315	596 768	71 344
Official	2 289	1 267 480	696 107	571 373	62 875
Private	457	56 603	31 208	25 395	8 469
Vocational-technical secondary education	3 221	804 874	513 264	291 610	63 471
Official	3 196	803 419	512 279	291 140	63 341
Private	25	1 455	985	470	130
Formal education total	51 010	12 646 693	6 881 011	5 765 682	492 081
Official	49 111	12 386 136	6 737 418	5 648 718	467 928
Private	1 899	260 557	143 593	116 964	24 153
Informal education total	6 975	3 173 841	1 801 330	1 372 511	51 196
Grand total	57 985	15 820 534	8 682 341	7 138 193	543 277

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

Table 10. Enrolment in education, by stage of education and sex

Stage of education	1995-1996	1999-2000	2000-2005 a
No. of students (‘000)	Enrolment rate (%)	No. of students (‘000)	Enrolment rate (%)	No. of students (‘000)	Enrolment rate (%)
Pre-school education	199	7.7	252	9.8	690	25.0
Primary education	9 564	89.8	10 053	97.6	10 328	100.0
Secondary education	2 223	55.0	2 444	59.4	2 886	75.0
General secondary education	1 277	31.6	1 506	36.6	1 539	40.0
Vocational- technical secondary education	946	23.4	938	22.8	1 346	35.0
Higher education b	1 226	23.8	1 492	27.8	2 002	37.3
Formal education	766	14.9	1 006	18.7	1 519	28.3
Open education	460	8.9	486	9.1	483	9.0

Source: State Planning Organization.

a Target.

b Including the students of higher bachelor’s degree.

112.The enrolment rate reached 9.8 per cent in pre-school education, 97.6 per cent in primary education, 59.4 per cent in secondary education (22.8 per cent in vocational-technical secondary education and 36.6 per cent in general secondary education) and 27.8 per cent in higher education, 18.7 per cent of which is in formal education, in the academic year 1999/2000.

113.The rise in enrolments at all levels of education has brought about a new understanding of and model for schools with a view to raising the quality of education. This new understanding and model envisage a school structure which is student-centred, self-upgrading, continuously developing and has the participation of every individual in education. The continuity of this changing and developing school structure is ensured by means of the “planned school development” model. The studies for the implementation and expansion of this model in pre‑school, primary and secondary schools are ongoing.

114.The application of educational regions is also a result of the new school understanding. Democracy and participation in the education system will be ensured by the application of the principle of educational regions. The educational institutions will integrate with each other and form a unit. A total of 1,899 educational regions have been formed in the whole of Turkey and the committees formed in these regions have started their studies.

(b)Public education institutions

(i)Pre-school education

115.In the academic year 2000/01 a total of 228,503 students are receiving education and 12,265 teachers are working in 8,996 pre-school education institutions under the Ministry of National Education.

Table 11. Numbers of schools, students and teachers in pre-school education

in academic year 2000/01

Type of school	No. of schools/classes	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Kindergarten, total	563	33 066	17 479	15 587	2 101
Official/independent kindergartens	301	26 365	14 005	12 360	1 398
Private kindergartens	262	6 701	3 474	3 227	703
Kindergarten classes, total	8 433	195 437	102 949	92 488	10 164
Kindergarten classes within official schools	7 996	185 907	97 901	88 006	9 503
Kindergarten classes within private schools	437	9 530	5 048	4 482	661
Grand total	8 996	228 503	120 428	108 075	12 265

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

(ii)Primary education

116.In the academic year 2000/01 a total of 10,289,233 students are receiving primary education and 345,001 teachers are working in 36,047 schools. In primary education, 98 per cent of schools and students and 96 per cent of teachers have official status.       

Table 12.Numbers of schools, students and teachers in

primary education in academic year 2000/01

Type of schools	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Official primary schools	35 329	10 102 965	5 417 126	4 685 839	330 811
Private primary schools	718	186 268	102 878	83 390	14 190
Grand total	36 047	10 289 233	5 520 004	4 769 229	345 001

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

117.The duration of compulsory education was increased from five years to eight years beginning from the 1997/98 academic year by Law No. 4306. The “Modernization of Education 2000” project aiming at the establishment of a contemporary educational structure in primary education has been put into practice together with Law No. 4306 in order to realize and implement the regulations of the Law in an effective way. In line with the policies and goals determined and the increase in the number of students, planning studies on the programmes, educational materials, buildings/facilities, equipment and transportation have been carried out for primary schools. Some of these planning studies are listed below:

(a)The contents and the duration of the classes, the textbooks and the curriculum have been reorganized in the primary schools with the implementation of eight-year compulsory primary education, and the following subjects have been added:

“Individual and collective activities” class for grades 1-3;

Foreign language (English, German, French) class for grades 4-5;

“Traffic and first aid” class for grades 6 and 8;

“Citizenship and human rights education” class for grades 7 and 8;

Optional (drama, computer, second foreign language, tourism, fine speaking and writing, agriculture and local handicrafts) classes for grades 4‑8 have been put into practice;

(b)Foreign language education activities have been provided for the students of grades 1-3 and for the volunteer students of 5 and 6 years of age in the pre-school and primary education schools meeting certain conditions;

(c)Educational materials such as textbooks, study manuals and teachers’ guidance books have been prepared again for the 1999/2000 academic year in the light of the student‑centred policy;

(d)Textbooks have been provided to the children of low-income families free of charge, at a cost of 8.7 trillion Turkish liras in 1999/2000 and 5 trillion Turkish liras in 2000/01;

(e)The number of transportation‑centred schools has been increased throughout the country in order to encourage enrolment of the children of the age of compulsory education and 602,643 students have been conveyed to 5,051 schools in 2000/01. The lunch expenses of these students are covered from the national budget. School uniforms, textbooks and stationery needs of the children attending primary schools from low-income families are met from the State budget under the Project of Social Assistance;

(f)The construction of boarding primary schools has been speeded up in order to provide children from the poor families living in villages or smaller population centres in rural areas with primary education. All the expenses of the students attending these schools are covered from the national budget. A total of 130,666 students in 246 regional boarding primary schools and 122,758 students in 205 supported primary schools are receiving education in 2000/01;

(g)In 1997, a three-year infrastructure investment plan was made for the purpose of achieving the goals determined in the seventh Five-Year Development Plan and the Modernization of Education 2000 project, in accordance with the decisions taken to provide education in accordance with contemporary criteria and to increase the duration of compulsory education from five to eight years;

(h)3,188 information technology classrooms were established in 2,802 primary schools with a loan from the World Bank. The studies are going on to establish information technology classrooms also in 3,000 primary schools and in 5,000 rural‑area schools.

(iii)Secondary education

118.Secondary education is classified as either general secondary education or vocational‑technical secondary education. Within the former, there are five kinds of schools, namely the Anatolia High Schools, the Science High Schools, the Anatolia Fine Arts and Teachers High Schools, the evening high schools and private high schools. The vocational‑technical secondary education schools are gathered into seven groups: the technical high schools for girls and boys, the trade and tourism schools, schools for religious education, special training schools, special education and professional health high schools.

119.Along with these, in places with less and scattered population, and in places approved by the Ministry of National Education, high schools that offer vocational-technical education programmes may be opened. Such programmes train students for an occupation or craft with the objective of meeting the need for qualified persons and to prevent too many students from applying to university, besides preparing students for higher education.

Table 13. Numbers of schools, students and teachers in

secondary education in academic year 2000/01

Type of school	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
General secondary education	2 746	1 324 083	727 315	596 768	71 344
Official	2 289	1 267 480	696 107	571 373	62 875
Private	457	56 603	31 208	25 395	8 469
Vocational and technical secondary education	3 221	804 874	513 264	291 610	63 471
Official	3 196	803 419	512 279	291 140	63 341
Private	25	1 455	985	470	130
Secondary education total	5 967	2 128 957	1 240 579	888 378	134 815

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

120.In 2000/01 a total of 1,128,957 students are receiving education and 134,815 teachers are working in 5,967 secondary education institutions.

(iv)Higher education

121.There are 556 faculties, 216 two‑year colleges, 277 institutes and 404 vocational two‑year colleges under the aegis of 73 universities in 2000/01. A total of 1,011 academic personnel, 25 of whom have a bachelor’s degree and 986 of whom have a master’s degree, are receiving education abroad as official scholars in order to meet the academic staff requirements of the universities in 2000/01.

122.The great majority of the students in higher education in Turkey are receiving education and contribution (expenses) loans from the Higher Education Credit and Dormitories Institution (Yurt-Kur). Dormitories are provided to meet the accommodation needs of the students. The monthly student loans and loan allocation quotas are increased annually and it is ensured that more students benefit from this opportunity every year. At present, a total of 274,677 students are receiving education loans and 326,189 students benefit from the contribution loans.

123.A total of 175,561 students, 92,496 females and 83,065 males, benefit from the dormitory services, supported by nutrition, health, guidance and consultation services, and social, cultural and sports activities. Furthermore, the State, the private sector and NGOs provide scholarships for successful students.

(c)Informal education

124.Various programmes have been implemented in order to develop the knowledge, abilities and skills of the young and of women in the community centres affiliated with the SSCPA. (mother-child education programme, programme of education in the human rights of women, literacy courses, vocational courses and courses for success in the schools.)

Table 14. Numbers of schools, students and teachers in

informal education institutions in 2000

Type of institution/centre	No. of institutions	No. of students	No. of teachers
Practical art schools for girls	439	94 462	339
Maturation institutions	12	2 606	311
Technical education centres for adults	12	160	a
Vocational education centres	13	824	a
Public education centres	920	1 018 359	5 430
Apprenticeship education centres	342	218 576	4 840
Private education, total	192	5 297	956
Applied education schools	69	3 613	592
Vocational education centre	45	1 255	304
Job training centre	70	314	34
Science and art centre	8	115	26
Private teaching, total	5 045	1 819 239	39 320
Private courses	3 181	1 295 995	21 145
Private classrooms	1 864	523 244	18 175
Vocational courses (according to Law No. 3308)	b	14 318	b
Grand total	6 975	3 173 841	51 196

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

a Shown under the vocational industrial high schools with which they are affiliated.

b The numbers of institutions and teachers are not given here since they are included with the vocational and technical schools and informal educational institutions.

Public training

125.A total of 1,018,359 participants were trained in 920 public training centres in 2000.

Apprenticeship training

126.Apprenticeship training includes the training of children and young people of the age for secondary education who completed primary education but were not able to attend higher education or who remained outside formal education for various reasons. Among those who already completed primary school, juveniles over 14 and under 19 years old are able to attend the apprenticeship training. The vocational training system has been implemented in three basic areas, namely formal vocational training, apprenticeship training and vocational courses, as brought about by the arrangements set out in the Law on Apprenticeship and Vocational Training.

127.Apprenticeship training lasts for three to four years, depending on the qualifications of the training. This period was determined to be three years for all the areas in which the apprenticeship training is carried out. Those who have completed this training become eligible for the journeymanship examination. Those who deserve to receive a journeymanship certificate can take the mastery examination after three years of work experience if they continue to receive mastery training, or after five years of work experience if they do not. Those who do not have a mastery certificate cannot open a workplace and cannot work as a master. Those who have completed formal vocational training can take the mastery exam after one year of work experience. Vocational courses are arranged for the individuals who have left formal education and who do not have the needed qualifications for employment, in order to prepare them for the jobs that are needed in the business world, through developing the knowledge, skills and work habits needed for working in his/her own job as a master. The participants in the courses can benefit from the advantages that were offered by the Law as long as they continue the classes.

128.Those who work in a workplace and have an apprenticeship contract can benefit from all the student rights in the jobs specified by Law No. 3308, and during the training period the insurance premiums of these people are met by the Ministry of National Education as set forth in article 25 of the Law, based on the 50 per cent of minimum wage according to their ages in accordance with article 33 of the Labour Law No. 1475. As many as 218,576 apprentices were trained in 342 vocational training centres in 2000.

Distance education

129.Distance education is provided for every Turkish citizen in order to create equal educational opportunities and to support the education given at primary and secondary education institutions. The open primary school and open high school are in the context of the distance education services. The open primary school introduced with the eight‑year uninterrupted compulsory primary education was established in order to enable the individuals who graduated from primary schools and were not able to attend secondary school to complete the eight‑year primary education through distance education. A total of 137,847 students were educated in open primary schools in 2000. The open high school serves the students who were not able to continue at formal education institutions for various reasons, or who missed the formal education age, or who want to transfer to an open high school while studying at a formal high school. In 2000, as many as 368,108 students benefited from the open high school opportunity.

(d) Private educational institutions and minority schools

130.Private educational institutions include schools at all levels and of all types in accordance with Law No. 625 on Private Educational Institutions, as well as private classrooms and courses. These institutions carry out their activities under the supervision and control of the Ministry of National Education. In the light of the range of educational activities in the country, it has been considered beneficial that the private sector should undertake some part of the educational services. The students in private schools are presented with comprehensive possibilities, especially in foreign languages and computer‑based education.

Table 15. Numbers of schools, students and teachers in

private education in academic year 2000/01

Stage of education	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school education	699	16 231	8 522	7 709	1 364
Primary education	712	185 904	102 534	83 370	14 185
Secondary education	482	58 058	32 193	25 865	8 599
General secondary education	457	56 603	31 208	25 395	8 469
Vocational-technical secondary education	25	1 455	985	470	130
Formal education, total	1 897	260 193	143 249	116 944	24 148
Private classrooms	1 864	523 244	295 358	227 886	18 175
Private courses	3 181	1 295 995	972 881	323 114	21 145
Informal education, total	5 045	1 819 239	1 268 239	551 000	39 320
Grand total	6 942	2 079 432	1 411 488	667 944	63 468

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

131.In 2000/01 a total of 260,193 students are receiving education in 1,897 schools in the formal education system and 24,148 teachers are working in these institutions. A total of 1,819,239 students are receiving education in 5,045 institutions in the informal education system and 39,320 teachers, specialist teachers and master teachers are working in these institutions.

Private Turkish schools

132.The programmes equivalent to official schools and at the levels of kindergarten, primary education and secondary education are being carried out in schools established by natural or judicial persons who are citizens of the Republic of Turkey.

Table 16. Numbers of students and teachers in private Turkish schools

in academic year 2000/01

Stage of education	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school education	656	15 583	8 204	7 379	1 321
Primary education	658	180 179	99 703	80 476	13 837
Secondary education total	450	51 543	29 233	22 310	7 747
High schools	172	22 605	12 401	10 204	3 407
Anatolian high schools	180	21 401	11 797	9 604	3 618
Science high schools	50	4 500	2 982	1 518	505
Evening high schools	25	1 590	1 075	515	91
Vocational-technical secondary education schools	23	1 447	978	469	126
Grand total	1 764	247 305	137 140	110 165	22 905

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of

National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000

Private schools

Table 17. Numbers of students and teachers in private schools

in academic year 2001/01

Type of school	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Private Turkish schools	1 764	247 305	137 140	110 165	22 905
Private minority schools	87	4 253	2 064	2 189	410
Private foreign schools	38	8 197	3 809	4 388	767
Private international schools	8	438	236	202	66
Total	1 897	260 193	143 249	116 944	24 148

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of

National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

133.In 2000/01 a total of 260,193 students are receiving education and 24,148 teachers are

working in 1,897 private education schools.

Private minority schools

134.These schools were established by the Armenian, Greek and Jewish minorities in the era of the Ottoman Empire and were secured according to the Treaty of Lausanne. The students from the minorities who are citizens of the Republic of Turkey attend these schools at the level of kindergarten, primary education and secondary education.

Table 18. Numbers of students and teachers in private minority

schools in academic year 2000/01

Stage of education	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school education	36	483	231	252	32
Primary education	38	3 126	1 539	1 587	253
Secondary education	13	644	294	350	125
General secondary education	12	636	287	349	121
Vocational - technical secondary education	1	8	7	1	4
Grand total	87	4 253	2 064	2 189	410

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

Private foreign schools

135.These schools were established by the French, Germans, Italians, Austrians and Americans in the era of the Ottoman Empire and have been carrying out their educational activities according to the Treaty of Lausanne. Today, Turkish children attend these schools as well.

Table 19. Numbers of students and teachers in private foreign

schools in academic year 2000/01

Stage of education	No. of schools	No. of students	No. of teachers
Total	Male	Female
Pre-school education	3	134	74	60	8
Primary education	16	2 192	1 069	1 123	32
Secondary education	19	5 871	2 666	3 205	727
General secondary education	18	5 871	2 666	3 205	727
Vocational - technical secondary education	1	-	-	-	-
Grand total	38	8 197	3 809	4 388	767

Source: The Research, Planning and Coordination Committee of the Ministry of National Education.

Note: Numerical data are as of 1 October 2000.

2. Leisure and social activities (art. 31)

136.The activities in the community centres under the SSCPA, aim primarily at ensuring that children, young people and women acquire the skills to be productive and self-sustaining, by raising their self-confidence and ability to express themselves.

3. Cultural activities

(b)Library services

137.In the community centres under the SSCPA, children are provided with library services, courses are arranged to increase success in schools and summertime school activities are carried out.

H. Special protection measures

1. Children in situations of emergency

(b)Children affected by armed conflicts (art. 38)

138.The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict was signed on 8 September 2000, in New York. The ratification process of the Protocol is under way.

2. Children in conflict with the law

(b)Children deprived of their liberty, including any form of detention, imprisonment

or placement in custodial settings (art. 37 (b), (c), (d))

139.Children in the 12‑15 age group who are to be tried under the provisions of Law No. 2253 on the Establishment, Duties and Trial Procedures of Juvenile Courts, and children in the 16‑18 age group who are to be tried under the provisions of article 53 of the Turkish Penal Code, are detained, if arrested, in the parts of adult prisons and detention homes reserved for juveniles.

140.Two juvenile detention centres were activated, one in Istanbul-Bakırköy in 1997 and the other in Ankara-Elmadağ in 1998. These institutions are closed institutions, guarded by the gendarmarie. The children can go out under the control of gendarmarie officers and family visits are carried out as closed visits once or twice a week and open visits on special days.

141.Children in the 12‑18 age group who are sentenced to freedom-restricting penalties and whose sentences are certified at the end of the trial are sent without any delay to one of the Ankara, Elazığ or Izmir Child Correction Houses, depending on the distance from their residence.

142.Female children between 12 and 18 years of age who are sentenced to freedom-restricting penalties are transferred to Izmir Child Correction House which has a section reserved for female children.

143.Within the framework of the reorganization of rehabilitation, the workshops in the Ankara Child Correction House were closed in 1995. In accordance with a new policy initiated in this institution, children who are above 15 years of age and do not have any possibility of continuing their education in the formal education system are orientated towards a suitable profession, taking into consideration their willingness and qualifications and the apprenticeship training centres and job opportunities in the places where they will reside after release; they may attend the apprenticeship training centres under the Ministry of National Education in the context of the Law on Apprenticeship.

144.Students who are employed in accordance with their vocational training utilize some portion of their monthly wages for personal expenses. The remaining portion of the monthly wage is deposited in a bank in a trust account to be returned to them upon their release. This practice has been initiated gradually in Izmir and Elazığ Correction Houses. Children working in the workshops of these two institutions are paid a total wage once a year according to the rate of profit determined by the Ministry of Justice.

145.Children who receive academic or vocational education and training in the reformatory centres and display positive development in their behaviour are able to continue their education in the institution until they have completed 21 years of age.

146.Within the framework of the reorganization efforts, the work at Elmadag Juvenile Detention Home, which had been under restoration, was completed.

147.The architectural work to convert the dormitories of the Bakırköy Juvenile House of Correction into rooms for two, four and six persons and to make the arrangements that will make the rehabilitation work possible are being carried on.

148.Ankara Juvenile Reformatory Centre was under restoration in 2000 and the dormitories were converted into rooms for six persons. Similar improvement works are being carried out also in Izmir Juvenile Reformatory Centre and restoration work is about to be completed. Likewise, it is planned to restore Elazığ Juvenile Reformatory Centre in 2001.

149.A project is being developed to construct a model juvenile detention home in Ankara. This detention home will include facilities like administration and entrance buildings, reception and registration rooms, visitors’ and lawyers’ consultation rooms, multipurpose rooms for health, training and life units, theatre, concerts and similar activities, covered gymnasium rooms, and open sports and walking fields. The people in charge of the security of the facility, which will be monitored by devices, will not have direct contact with the children. In the institution, life and training units and an open sports facility will be constructed in a separate area for the girls. Girls and boys will utilize the buildings and outside areas alternately.

150.One of the most important infrastructural deficiencies is the lack of institutions for the children who will be subjected to a variety of measures. Therefore, another project planned to be realized in 2001 is to construct centres where these measures can be applied and the children monitored.

(c)Administration of juvenile justice (art. 40)

151.Training activities carried out in the detention homes can be summarized as:

(a)Reading and writing and primary school graduation certificate courses;

(b)Preparation and support courses for open education examinations;

(c)Examinations for open primary schools and open high schools;

(d)University entrance examinations;

(e)Vocational training courses;

(f)Socio-cultural activities;

(g)Bookshelf and library activities;

(h)Activities of psycho-social service.

152.The grade-passing examinations of the schoolchildren who were arrested are, where circumstances permit, carried out in the institutions by the commissions formed by their schools. Examinations for open education, university, etc. are also carried out in the institutions.

153.Round‑trip tickets to the examination centre closest to those institutions that do not have examination centres and the travel expenses of the children are met by the Social Solidarity Foundation from the Fund for the Promotion of Social Help and Solidarity.

154.Juvenile houses of correction are open institutions and the children in these institutions are able to attend training/education institutions of academic and professional education outside the correction institution, like their peers.

155.The rehabilitation activities in the closed institutions are carried out also in juvenile houses of correction. Besides, among the children in juvenile houses of correction those who are eligible in terms of age and other requirements can attend primary school, high school and university, participate in social and sports activities at school, as well as follow‑up courses like foreign language, computer, university preparation, vocational training, etc. and take part in social activities like theatre, concerts, sports matches in the society, either as a body or in groups, under the supervision of officials of the institution.

156.The children in the reformatory centres take the open education, university entrance and other examinations outside the institutions just as their peers do.

157.Within the context of protection and assistance following release, the children who return to their families are assisted in areas such as enrolment in school, finding a job, coping with the problems encountered in the society, etc.

158.The children and juveniles who have no place to go after release, cannot return to their families for reasons like hostility and don’t have any chance of pursuing their education with their families, are accepted to the Fatma Üçler Youth Home in order to pursue their academic and vocational education.

159.A second youth home is planned to be put into service by the end of this year.

160.A draft bill has been prepared on the duties and the organization of the General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Centres of the Ministry of Justice. Provisions of this draft bill concern, inter alia:

(a)Establishment of the Department of Child and Juvenile Services in order to provide services related to children in the 12-18 age group and juveniles within the 19‑21 age group, under the control of a sole centre;

(b)Establishment of a centre for the purpose of eliminating the infrastructural deficiencies during the trial phase;

(c)Establishment of open and closed juvenile institutions serving the 19-21 age group;

(d)Naming the institutions of this type observation and education houses instead of detention or correction centres;

(e)Inspection of the services provided by relevant institutions such as educational services by the Ministry of National Education and health services by the Ministry of Health;

(f)Enabling Monitoring Committees, which will be formed with the people known to be impartial and honest, to inspect the practices of the institutions.

161.In-service training seminars were provided for the managers and the officers of the Bakırköy House of Detention for Children in November 1998 and for the managers and treatment personnel of the Ankara House of Correction for Children and the Elmadag House of Detention for Children in September 1999.

162.A seminar on “Judging children and the Convention on the Rights of the Child” was held for public prosecutors, judges and experts working in the juvenile courts, lawyers and other relevant persons in November 1999.

163.The establishment of training centres was considered necessary for all the personnel working in the institutions affiliated with the General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Centres in order to provide pre-service and in-service training, and a draft bill was prepared concerning this topic.

164.Legal counselling for the children under the supervision of the General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Centres was determined to be one of the primary needs of the children. A legal advisers commission was established and affiliated to the Bar of Ankara for the purpose of solving the problem.

165.A protocol was signed with the Bar of Ankara in September 2000 regarding the setting up of a commission which would counsel the children in the Ankara House of Correction for Children and the Elmadağ House of Detention for Children during their stay in these institutions and after release. The preliminary studies have been completed and the commission has begun its work in the above-mentioned institutions. Visiting the institutions periodically, the commission provides assistance to the children to solve their legal problems. This policy will be implemented all over the country with the priority given to the provinces having children’s institutions.

166.Studies have been initiated by the commission for the preparation of a manual for children deprived of their liberty to inform them of the subjects related to the problems they may face in the security units and institutions of detention and correction, the laws that will be applied to them and their rights and responsibilities. The “Manuel for the children brought to the security units, public prosecutors and courts on suspicion of having committed a crime” has been prepared in two steps. This manual will be published in 2001.

167.It is not possible to give definite information on the number of the children headed towards crime in Turkey because of the insufficient statistical data. The determination of the policies and strategies for the prevention of juvenile delinquency depends on accurate data. Studies have been initiated for the purpose of filling the information gap in this area and ensuring the standardization of the information compiled.

168.Forms have been prepared concerning the children who go/are taken to the security units and implementation has been initiated in 27 provinces sampling 50 per cent of the whole country. This will be extended in order to cover all the provinces in a one‑ to two‑year period.

3. Children in situations of exploitation

(a) Economic exploitation (art. 32)

169.The State Institute of Statistics (SIS) carried out the second Child Labour Force Survey in October 1999 (the first one was in October 1994). The main objective of the Survey is to set up a national database on working children in Turkey, to determine the sectors and the working conditions of these children and to determine their social, demographic and economic features and their expectations for the future.

170.In the implementation of the Child Labour Force Survey carried out in October 1999 the sampling coverage was enlarged and the age group was increased from 6-14 to 6-17. According to the results of the Survey, 1,635,000 children within the 6‑17 age group are involved in economic activities (10.2 per cent). The number of children in the 6‑17 age group involved in economic activities represented 7.5 per cent of all employed persons, 5.1 per cent in urban

regions and 9.8 per cent in rural regions. The rate of males is 61.8 per cent and females is 38.2 per cent. Of all the children involved in an economic activity in Turkey, 61.8 per cent are male and 38.2 per cent are female (see table 20).

171.It is noteworthy that there has been a considerable decrease in the number of children employed in the 6‑14 age group compared with October 1994: from 8.5 per cent to 4.2 per cent. It is observed, however, that there has been an increase in the number of children working in domestic service in the same period: from 24.2 per cent in October 1994 to 27.6 per cent in October 1999.

172.When the numbers of children involved in economic activities are examined along with those of children in domestic service, which is another topic covered in the same survey, it can be seen that 29.7 per cent of the children in the 6‑17 age group work in domestic service in the whole of Turkey, 15.7 per cent males and 44.3 per cent females (see tables 21, 22, 23).

(b)Drug abuse (art. 33)

173.The Programme for the Education of Trainers on HIV/AIDS and the other Sexually Transmitted Diseases has been realized with the cooperation of the SSCPA and the Centre for Diagnosis and Research on AIDS (HATAM) of the University of Hacettepe. Social service specialists, pedagogues, psychologists and teachers attending this programme study the children from the community centres and children’s homes.

(c)Sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (art. 34)

174.The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography was signed on 8 September 2000 in New York. The ratification process of the said Protocol is under way.

Table 20. Non‑institutional civilian population by age group, sex and labour force participation (in thousands)

Age group and sex	Non-institutional civilian population	Labour force	Population not in labour force	Labour force participation rate	Employed	Unemployed	Rate of unemployment (%)
Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999
Total
Total	58 765	63 416	22 150	23 460	28 309	32 644	43.9	41.8	20 378	21 746	1 769	1 715	8.0	7.3
0 - 5	8 306	7 311	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6 - 9	4 702	5 225	131	42	4 571	5 183	2.8	0.8	130	42	1	1	0.7	1.3
10-11	2 748	2 906	172	62	2 576	2 844	6.3	2.1	168	60	4	2	2.4	3.4
12 - 14	3 957	3 934	735	431	3 222	3 503	18.6	11.0	675	408	59	23	8.1	5.3
15 - 17	3 758	4 023	1 396	1 290	2 362	2 733	37.1	32.1	1 221	1 125	174	165	12.5	12.8
18 - 20	2 343	2 830	1 297	1 370	1 045	1 460	55.4	48.4	1 068	1 170	229	199	17.7	14.6
20 - 24	4 989	5 431	2 908	2 944	2 082	2 487	58.3	54.2	2 405	2 445	502	499	17.3	17.0
25 - 34	9 478	10 438	6 166	6 679	3 312	3 758	65.1	64.0	5 720	6 208	446	471	7.2	7.1
35 - 54	11 855	13 937	7 269	8 236	4 586	5 701	61.3	59.1	6 953	7 912	316	324	4.4	3.9
55+	6 629	7 381	2 076	2 406	4 553	4 975	31.3	32.6	2.038	2 376	38	30	1.8	1.3
Male
Total	29 524	31 861	15 885	16 828	9 377	11 268	62.9	59.9	14 635	15 617	1 251	1 208	7.9	7.2
0 - 5	4 261	3 764	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6 - 9	2 391	2 711	78	19	2 313	2 690	3.2	0.7	77	19	1	0	1.2	0.0
10 - 11	1 449	1 445	95	27	1 355	1 418	6.5	1.9	91	26	4	1	4.3	3.8
12 - 14	2 015	2 000	460	270	1 555	1 730	22.8	13.5	412	252	48	17	10.4	6.4
15 - 17	1 914	2 048	879	802	1 035	1 247	45.9	39.1	753	712	126	90	14.3	11.2
18 - 20	1 264	1 503	877	931	387	572	69.4	62.0	721	801	157	130	17.8	13.9
20 - 24	2 228	2 493	1 892	1 595	336	598	849	76.0	1 563	1 558	329	336	17.4	17.7
25 - 34	4 825	5 305	4 687	5 049	138	256	97.1	95.2	4 393	4 707	294	342	6.3	6.8
35 - 54	5 997	7 076	5 422	6 255	575	821	90.4	88.4	5 167	5 990	256	265	4.7	4.2
55+	3 179	3 516	1 495	1 580	1 684	1 936	47.0	44.9	1 458	1 552	37	27	2.4	1.7
Female
Total	29 240	31 556	6 264	6 633	18 931	21 376	24.9	23.7	5 744	6 127	521	507	8.3	7.6
0 - 5	4 045	3 547	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6 - 9	2 310	2 515	53	23	2 256	2 493	2.3	0.9	53	22	0	1	0.0	2.5
10 - 11	1 299	1 461	78	35	1 222	1 426	6.0	2.4	78	34	0	1	0.0	3.2
12 - 14	1 942	1 935	274	161	1 667	1 774	14.1	8.3	263	156	11	5	4.2	3.3
15 - 17	1 844	1 974	517	488	1 327	1 486	28.0	24.7	468	413	48	75	9.3	15.4
18 - 20	1 079	1 327	420	438	659	888	38.9	33.0	347	369	73	70	17.3	15.9
20 - 24	2 761	2 938	1 015	1 050	1 746	1 888	36.8	35.7	842	887	173	163	17.1	15.5
25 - 34	4 653	5 132	1 479	1 630	3 174	3 502	31.8	31.8	1 326	1 501	153	129	10.3	7.9
35 - 54	5 858	6 861	1 846	1 981	4 012	4 880	31.5	28.9	1 786	1 922	61	59	3.3	3.0
55+	3 450	3 865	581	827	2 869	3 039	16.8	21.4	580	823	2	3	0.3	0.4

Source: October 1999, Child Labour Force Survey Results, SIS.

October 1994, Child Labour Force Survey Revised Results, SIS.

Note: The total numbers have been rounded off.

Table 21. Working children by age group and sex (in thousands)

Age group and sex	Total number of children	Employed	Unemployed
Total	Employed in economic activities	Employed in household work
Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999
TURKEY
Total	15 164	16 088		6 420		1 635		4 785		9 668
6 - 14 years of age total	11 406	12 065	3 737	3 839	974	511	2 764	3 329	7 670	8 226
6 - 9	4 701	5 225	866	1 147	130	42	736	1 105	3 836	4 078
10 - 11	2 748	2 906	863	909	168	60	695	849	1 885	1 997
12 - 13	2 851	2 648	1 391	1 104	443	176	948	928	1 460	1 544
14	1 106	1 286	617	679	233	233	385	447	489	607
15 - 17 a	3 758	4 023	-	2 581	-	1 125	-	1 456	-	1 442
Male
Total	7 769	8 202		2 300		1 010		1 290		5 903
6 - 14 years of age total	5 855	6 155	1 502	1 305	580	299	923	1 007	4 354	4 850
6 - 9	2 391	2 710	389	452	77	20	312	433	2 003	2 258
10 - 11	1 449	1 445	331	272	91	26	241	246	1 118	1 173
12 - 13	1 448	1 335	546	324	276	107	270	217	902	1 011
14	567	665	236	257	136	146	100	111	331	408
15 - 17 a	1 914	2 048	-	995	-	712	-	283	-	1 053
Female
Total	7 395	7 885		4 121		625		3 496		3 765
6 - 14 years of age total	5 551	5 911	2 235	2 534	394	212	1 842	2 323	3 316	3 376
6 - 9	2 310	2 515	477	695	53	22	424	673	1 833	1 820
10 - 11	1 299	1 461	532	637	78	34	454	603	767	824
12 - 13	1 403	1 313	845	780	166	69	679	711	558	533
14	539	622	381	422	97	87	285	336	158	199
15 - 17 a	1 844	1 974	-	1 586	-	413	-	1 173	-	388

Source: October 1999, Child Labour Force Survey Results, SIS.

October 1994, Child Labour Force Survey Revised Results, SIS.

Note: The total numbers have been rounded off.

a 6-14 years age group included in October 1994 Child Labour Force Survey.

Table 22. Working children by age group and sex, urban (in thousands)

Age group and sex	Total number of children	Employed	Unemployed
Total	Employed in economic activities	Employed in household work
Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999
URBAN
Total	8 048	9 577		3 626		552		3 074		5 951
6 - 14 years of age total	6 067	7 124	1 761	2 192	191	132	1 569	2 062	4 308	4 930
6 - 9	2 486	3 151	431	700	8	3	423	698	2 056	2 450
10 - 11	1 480	1 702	394	512	21	11	373	501	1 086	1 189
12 - 13	1 514	1 527	654	614	106	52	548	563	861	913
14	587	744	282	366	56	66	225	300	305	378
15 - 17 a	1 980	2 453	-	1 433	-	421	-	1 012	-	1 020
Male
Total	4 135	4 926		1 352		415		937		3 575
6 - 14 years of age total	3 089	3 650	667	809	145	99	522	710	2 423	2 840
6 - 9	1 245	1 608	178	291	4	2	173	289	1 068	1 317
10 - 11	765	872	135	179	15	8	121	171	630	693
12 - 13	782	788	254	206	81	41	173	165	528	582
14	297	382	100	133	45	48	55	85	197	248
15 - 17 a	1 045	1 276	-	543	-	316	-	227	-	733
Female
Total	3 912	4 650		2 274		138		2 137		2 376
6 - 14 years of age total	2 977	3 473	1 092	1 384	45	33	1 048	1 351	1 885	2 089
6 - 9	1 241	1 543	253	410	3	1	250	409	988	1 133
10 - 11	715	829	259	333	6	3	253	330	456	496
12 - 13	732	739	399	409	25	11	375	398	333	330
14	289	362	181	232	11	18	170	214	108	130
15 - 17 a	935	1 177	-	890	-	105	-	785	-	287

Source: October 1999, Child Labour Force Survey Results, SIS.

October 1994, Child Labour Force Survey Revised Results, SIS.

Note: The total numbers have been rounded off.

a 6-14 years age group included in October 1994 Child Labour Force Survey.

-----Table 23. Working children by age group and sex, rural (in thousands)

Age group and sex	Total number of children	Employed	Unemployed
Total	Employed in economic activities	Employed in household work
Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999	Oct. 1994	Oct. 1999
RURAL
Total	7 117	6 512		2 795		1 083		1 712		3 717
6 - 14 years of age total	5 338	4 942	1 977	1 648	783	379	1 194	1 267	3 362	3 296
6 - 9	2 215	2 074	435	447	123	39	313	407	1 780	1 628
10 - 11	1 268	1 204	469	397	147	49	322	347	799	808
12 - 13	1 336	1 121	737	490	337	124	400	366	599	631
14	519	543	336	314	176	167	159	147	184	229
15 - 17 a	1 778	1 570	-	1 148	-	704	-	444	-	421
Male
Total	3 634	3 276		948		596		353		2 328
6 - 14 years of age total	2 766	2 504	835	496	434	200	399	297	1 931	2 009
6 - 9	1 146	1 102	211	162	72	18	138	144	935	940
10 - 11	684	572	196	93	76	18	120	74	488	480
12 - 13	666	547	292	118	195	66	96	53	374	429
14	270	283	136	123	91	98	45	26	134	160
15 - 17 a	869	772	-	452	-	396	-	56	-	320
Female
Total	3 483	3 263		1 847		487		1 359		1 389
6 - 14 years of age total	2 574	2 438	1 142	1 150	348	179	795	971	1 430	1 287
6 - 9	1 069	972	224	285	50	21	174	264	845	687
10 - 11	585	632	273	304	72	31	202	273	311	328
12 - 13	671	574	445	371	141	58	304	313	225	203
14	249	260	200	190	85	69	115	121	49	69
15 - 17 a	909	798	-	696	-	308	-	388	-	102

Source: October 1999, Child Labour Force Survey Results, SIS.

October 1994, Child Labour Force Survey Revised Results, SIS.

Note: The total numbers have been rounded off.

a 6-14 years age group included in October 1994 Child Labour Force Survey.