(Millennium Development Goals report)
Salary levels
2000 |
2004 |
|
Salary level — women (purchasing power parity in US dollars) |
1 931 |
1 385 |
Salary level — men (purchasing power parity in US dollars) |
2 958 |
2 099 |
(Millennium Development Goals report)
Gender breakdown of the working population of the Republic of Uzbekistan — 2004
Total |
Men |
Women |
|
Total employed persons |
9 910.6 |
4 768.7 |
5 141.9 |
of which: |
|||
Employed in the informal sector |
5 112.9 |
2 665.6 |
2 447.3 |
(Figures from the State Statistics Committee)
In 2004, 4,356,300 women (44 per cent) were employed in various sectors of the economy. Around 4 million women are employed in the Republic of Uzbekistan; their employment rate is 15.8 per cent lower than that for men.
The Businesswomen’s Association of Uzbekistan, Tadbirkor ayol, is running a series of training courses, including “How to launch one’s own business”, “How to devise a business plan”, “The fundamentals of marketing”, “Woman and society”, “Small and medium-sized business” and “Women and their rights”, aimed at developing female entrepreneurship. Over 6,500 women enrolled in the courses, as a result of which over 1,000 launched their own business. More than 300 women received training aimed at developing local handicrafts and cottage industries. As a result, up to 2004, more than 1,985 women had founded home-based businesses and 1,276 had established private firms.
At the outset of 2004, over 5,000 women, gathered together in 121 women’s business associations, were employed in small and medium-sized businesses. The number of women entrepreneurs obtaining credit rose from 2 per cent in 1997 to 20 per cent in 2005.
Every year in Uzbekistan, around 400,000 new jobs become available, with 40 per cent being assigned to women.
Source: State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Millennium Development Goals report.
21. The report states that women comprise 43. 9 per cent of the workforce (p. 28). It also indicates that women are well represented in secondary and higher education (p. 21). However, a very small percentage of women are in managerial positions (annex 5). Please indicate the measures that are being taken to bridge the gap between women’s qualifications and their appointment to key management and policymaking positions.
Response: In the elections of 26 December 2004 and the second round of voting on 9 January 2005, all 120 deputies of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan were elected and registered. During the election campaign, the legally established procedure (article 22 of the Act on elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan), which provides that at least 30 per cent of the candidates fielded by the political parties must be women, worked as intended. The total of 159 women on the ballot for the Legislative Chamber demonstrated great purpose and professionalism, and in no way fell short of their opponents in terms of political maturity, erudition or intellect. As a result, almost 18 per cent of the deputies elected to the Legislative Chamber were women, two-and-a-half times more than in the 1999 elections to the Oliy Majlis.
Of the 120 deputies in the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis, 21 (17.5 per cent) are women.
Of the 100 members of the Senate, 15 (15 per cent) are women.
The representation of women in the executive authorities is 3.4 per cent, and in the judicial authorities is 22.7 per cent.
The Women’s Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan has the main responsibility for formulating and implementing Government policy for addressing women’s issues in the country. The chairperson of the Women’s Committee is also a deputy prime minister. In order to preserve a balance in decision-making across the country by ensuring that women are involved, the leaders of regional women’s committees are simultaneously appointed deputy khokims, and are responsible for advancing the interests and potential of women locally.
Source: National Centre for Human Rights.
Education
22. The report indicates that the choice of specialized study differs noticeably between men and women, influenced by standard stereotypes of thinking, namely, the division of labour into “feminine” and “masculine”, as well as traditions in the family and economic factors (p. 21). Please provide information, disaggregated by sex and field of study, regarding the student body in institutions of higher education.
Response: Although stereotyped divisions of labour into “masculine” and “feminine” exist everywhere in the world, the choice of profession rests with the individual. There are no discriminatory or restrictive standards in the education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A positive example is the 2005/2006 academic year, in which women account for 40.9 per cent of students in institutions of higher education, compared with 37.8 per cent in 2000/2001.
In the 2005/2006 academic year, 47.9 per cent of students in vocational colleges and academic high schools are girls. Women account for 40.7 per cent of students in institutions of higher education, 45.3 per cent of postgraduates and 37.1 per cent of doctoral students.
Students in institutions of higher education, by sex and field of study (at the beginning of the academic year; per cent)
2000/2001 |
2001/2002 |
2002/2003 |
2003/2004 |
2004/2005 |
||||||||||
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
|||||
Total |
37.8 |
62.2 |
38.7 |
61.3 |
38.9 |
61.1 |
38.8 |
61.2 |
40.7 |
59.3 |
||||
of which: |
||||||||||||||
Manufacturing and construction |
21.9 |
78.1 |
19.9 |
80.1 |
19.1 |
80.9 |
18.4 |
81.6 |
19.0 |
81.0 |
||||
Transport and communications |
16.3 |
83.7 |
16.2 |
83.8 |
15.4 |
84.6 |
16.1 |
83.9 |
13.1 |
86.9 |
||||
Agriculture |
14.1 |
85.9 |
14.7 |
85.3 |
12.6 |
87.4 |
14.8 |
85.2 |
14.8 |
85.2 |
||||
Economics and law |
23.1 |
76.9 |
23.3 |
76.7 |
23.6 |
76.4 |
22.7 |
77.3 |
21.8 |
78.2 |
||||
Health care, physical education and sport |
51.1 |
48.9 |
50.3 |
49.7 |
49.3 |
50.7 |
46.8 |
51.4 |
48.6 |
51.4 |
||||
Education |
46.5 |
53.5 |
48.1 |
51.9 |
49.2 |
50.8 |
48.8 |
51.2 |
53.2 |
46.8 |
||||
Art and cinematography |
41.2 |
58.8 |
40.0 |
60.0 |
43.5 |
56.5 |
42.3 |
57.7 |
43.5 |
56.5 |
Students in institutions of higher education, by sex and field of study (at the beginning of the academic year; thousands)
2000/2001 |
2001/2002 |
2002/2003 |
2003/2004 |
2004/2005 |
||||||||||
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
|||||
Total |
69.4 |
114.2 |
80.1 |
127.1 |
90.4 |
141.9 |
98.8 |
155.6 |
107.3 |
156.3 |
||||
of which: |
||||||||||||||
Manufacturing and construction |
6.0 |
21.4 |
6.0 |
24.1 |
6.6 |
28.0 |
7.1 |
31.4 |
7.5 |
31.9 |
||||
Transport and communications |
1.6 |
8.2 |
1.7 |
8.8 |
1.8 |
9.9 |
1.9 |
9.9 |
1.6 |
10.4 |
||||
Agriculture |
1.8 |
11.0 |
2.1 |
12.2 |
2.0 |
13.9 |
2.5 |
14.4 |
2.3 |
13.3 |
||||
Economics and law |
2.8 |
9.3 |
3.0 |
9.9 |
3.3 |
10.7 |
3.4 |
11.6 |
5.1 |
18.4 |
||||
Health care, physical education and sport |
9.2 |
8.8 |
9.9 |
9.8 |
10.3 |
10.6 |
10.8 |
11.4 |
11.1 |
11.7 |
||||
Education |
47.3 |
54.5 |
56.6 |
61.1 |
65.4 |
67.5 |
72.0 |
75.3 |
78.7 |
69.2 |
||||
Art and cinematography |
0.7 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
1.0 |
1.4 |
Source: Ministry of Higher Education and Specialized Secondary Education; Gender Equality in Uzbekistan: Facts and Figures 2000-2004 statistical bulletin.
Health care
23. The report indicates that while the maternal mortality rate declined steadily from 1993 (51.0 per 100,000) to 1997 (20.7 per 100,000), it increased steadily from 1997 to 2001 (34.5 per 100,000) (annex 2). Please provide the reasons for this increase in maternal mortality and ways in which the problem is being addressed.
Response: It is true that official statistics showed a steady decline in maternal mortality until 1996. Figures fell from 65.4 in 1990 to 20.7 in 1996. The trend temporarily worsened between 1997 and 2001, with maternal mortality rising to 34.1 in 2001. The mortality rate began to fall in 2002, and reached 30.2 in 2004.
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births)
Region |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
Karakalpakstan |
41.9 |
26.6 |
25.0 |
22.9 |
Andijan |
20.5 |
17.3 |
23.2 |
25.7 |
Bukhara |
54.4 |
37.3 |
18.0 |
23.4 |
Jizzakh |
42.5 |
29.7 |
35.2 |
24.5 |
Kashkadarya |
40.6 |
37.1 |
31.5 |
24.4 |
Navoi |
91.5 |
51.5 |
71.9 |
58.8 |
Namangan |
29.3 |
18.4 |
31.8 |
21.0 |
Samarkand |
17.9 |
21.9 |
42.2 |
20.9 |
Surkhandarya |
19.3 |
20.4 |
24.1 |
19.5 |
Syrdarya |
35.7 |
26.4 |
14.5 |
21.0 |
Tashkent region |
44.2 |
59.8 |
52.7 |
43.6 |
Fergana |
25.3 |
25.8 |
28.4 |
31.6 |
Khorezm |
36.2 |
32.3 |
27.1 |
54.5 |
C ity of Tashkent |
36.4 |
59.9 |
51.4 |
52.3 |
Total for Uzbekistan |
41.9 |
26.6 |
25.0 |
22.9 |
(Millennium Development Goals report)
The Ministry of Health has recently taken steps to establish a new practice, centred on confidential clinical investigation (auditing), and using evidence-based medicine. Use of such investigative techniques will help the study of all factors contributing to maternal mortality, in the context of individual clinics, and the determination of factors reducing maternal mortality overall.
Causes of maternal mortality in Uzbekistan (per cent) in 2004
Pregnancy-related hypertension |
37 |
Haemorrhage |
26 |
Infection |
22 |
Other causes |
15 |
(Millennium Development Goals report )
The Government of Uzbekistan is taking concerted action to provide universal access to services to improve the quality of maternal protection. Examples of such efforts include the programme for the reform of the health care system and the proclamation of 2005 as the “year of health”. The programme for the reform of the health care system for 1999 to 2005 seeks to protect maternal health by strengthening emergency delivery assistance and restructuring reproductive health services at primary health-care facilities.
On 5 July 2002, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted a programme of measures for implementation of the priorities for enhancing a culture of health in the family, improvement of women’s health and the production and upbringing of healthy children for 2002-2007. Expenditure on that programme is 95 billion sum, or $122 million.
In April 2005, implementation of two projects began simultaneously: the World Bank’s “Health-2” project, and the Asian Development Bank’s woman and child health care improvement project. The projects aim to improve the operation of primary health care facilities in six regions, to provide them with the necessary equipment for maternity services and for training medical personnel, and to provide better care.
Uzbekistan is making targeted efforts focusing on prevention and on protecting women’s health, specifically during the childbearing years. Steps are being taken to prevent early marriage and marriage between close relatives; attention is being concentrated on preventing unwanted pregnancies; on increasing the interval between births; on training and improving the qualifications of medical staff and on strengthening the logistical base of maternity and children’s departments.
Source: Women’s Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Millennium Development Goals report.
24. The report notes that the National Programme to Combat HIV/AIDS 2002-2006 was adopted in 2002 (p. 26). Please indicate whether and how this programme integrates a gender perspective and also provide information on the number of women currently infected with HIV/AIDS and the availability of antiretroviral medication and psychosocial services for women with HIV/AIDS and their children.
Response: The number of women with HIV registered in Uzbekistan stood at 1,490 on 1 January 2006.
An increase in mother-to-child transmission has been observed in recent years. The first case of HIV found in a pregnant woman was in Namangan in 1999; by the end of 2005, the overall number of cases had reached 171, with 59 new cases reported in 2005.
In 2003, the Government of Uzbekistan adopted a strategic programme to combat the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic for 2003-2006, which took account of gender issues as follows:
1.Prophylaxis for perinatal transmission of HIV;
2.Full access to antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission;
3.Availability of voluntary anonymous testing for pregnant women.
In order to implement the programme, counselling is arranged at women’s clinics, family polyclinics, reproductive health centres, maternity hospitals, drop-in centres and anonymous clinics.
There are plans to develop a new HIV/AIDS strategic programme in 2006.
All women with HIV, including those who are pregnant, have free access to health care facilities and counselling. Counselling, free testing and treatment with antiretroviral drugs are provided to address mother-to-child transmission. Access to the following drugs is provided in Uzbekistan: Zidovudine, Nevirapine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Didanosine.
In Uzbekistan, a number of non-governmental organizations provide humanitarian aid in the form of clothing and allocations of food. A non-governmental and non-commercial organization, Ishonch va Hayot, works on employment and vocational training and advocacy for people living with HIV and AIDS. Psychosocial assistance for mothers and children with HIV is supplied at prevention and treatment facilities of all levels, through the provision of psychological support and determination of degrees of disability.
Source: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Marriage and family relations
25. The 2005 report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences draws attention to the practice of kidnapping of brides in order to marry them without having to pay the high bride price. It further indicates that the police do little to prevent such abductions and forced marriages, that the men are rarely held accountable for their actions and that those convicted are sentenced only to the payment of a small fine (E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.1, para. 476). Uzbekistan ’s combined second and third periodic report indicates that the traditions and culture of Uzbekistan foster practices such as polygamy and forced and early marriages despite legislation prohibiting such practices (pp. 12-13). Please indicate the steps the Government has taken to enforce the minimum age for marriage and laws against polygamy and forced marriages, indicating the number of cases prosecuted and the number resulting in convictions.
Response: As stated in the combined second and third periodic report, a minimum age for marriage is enshrined in Uzbek law: 18 years of age for men and 17 for women. If there are valid reasons or exceptional circumstances, the khokim of the district, city or town where the marriage is being registered may, at the request of the persons wishing to marry, reduce the age of marriage by up to one year (article 15 of the Family Code). A marriage which is contracted in violation of the minimum age requirement, by force or between persons one or both of whom is already registered as married shall be deemed invalid by the courts (article 49 of the Family Code). In 2005, the civil courts of Uzbekistan considered 16 requests for annulment of marriage under this article, of which 10 were granted.
In addition, forced marriage is a criminal offence under Uzbek law: article 136 of the Criminal Code states that “forcing a woman to enter into marriage or to continue living together in marriage or abducting a woman to enter into marriage against her will, as well as preventing a woman from entering into marriage, shall be punishable by a fine of up to 25 times the minimum wage or punitive deduction of earnings for up to three years, or by detention for up to six months or deprivation of liberty for up to three years”.
Polygamy is also a criminal offence and is punishable by deprivation of liberty for up to three years (article 126 of the Criminal Code).
It should be noted that, in recent years, significant positive changes have occurred in marriage and family relations. For example, the public’s general attitude towards the minimum age for marriage has changed. According to data from research conducted by the Oila (Family) national practical science centre, in 2002 44.7 per cent of respondents considered 19 to 20 years to be the optimal age for young women to marry, while in 2004 this age was mentioned by 52.1 per cent of respondents. For men, the optimal age for marriage was considered to be 21 to 24 years of age. In 2002, 13.7 per cent of respondents believed that it was appropriate even for girls aged 16 to 18 to be given in marriage, but in 2004 the sample contained no one who held that view. This change is due primarily to a series of awareness-raising measures carried out by civic organizations in collaboration with State educational institutions.
Statistics indicate that one third of women marry at the age of 19 and 56 per cent marry between the ages of 20 and 24, which is appropriate from the point of view of fertility and preparedness for family life.
A comparison of data from 1991 and 2000 shows that the number of women marrying after the age of 20 has tripled. Surveys have shown that the average desired age of marriage for women is 21 and, for men, 24.3.
Given the negative consequences of early marriages, State and civic organizations in Uzbekistan have proposed to the Cabinet of Ministers and the Oliy Majlis that the marriage age enshrined in the Family Code for both women and men be reviewed. This proposal is now under consideration and there is reason to expect a positive outcome.
Uzbekistan is a multi-ethnic country where representatives of over 100 ethnic groups and nationalities reside, including Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks and others. The customs of abducting brides and paying a dowry persist to some extent in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where indigenous Karakalpaks live, and in the Tamdin and Kanimekh districts of Navoi region, and the payment of the “kalin” (a monetary form of dowry) persists in Khorezm region. However, these customs are now dying out, particularly among the younger generation. Even if they are practised, they assume a symbolic form. In all cases, however, the bride and groom officially register their marriage at a civil registry office, which did not always happen in the past.
Source: Oila (Family) practical science centre; National Centre for Human Rights.
26.Describing a poll in which 54.7 p er cent of urban women and 61.4 per cent of rural women felt that women did not have equal rights due to men considering themselves the heads of the family, the report states that “ among women themselves — and this is especially characteristic of rural women — mental inertia persists regarding the dominant role of men in the family and society ” (p. 32). Please explain this statement and also provide detailed information on the measur es being taken to change perceptions and stereotypes of men as dominant in the family and to change behaviour.
Response : Specific work is being done by the media to educate the public on gender issues. A “positive image of Uzbek women”, based on positive Eastern traditions, is being established in the media, but at the same time work is under way to promote an image of the contemporary woman who is well educated, aware of her rights and competent in using information technology, and plays an active role in the socio-economic and political life of society.
There has been an increase in the number of publications covering both achievements and problems related to discrimination against women, maternal and child health care, trafficking in human beings and women’s entrepreneurship.
The units of the women’s committees in rural areas and women’s non-governmental and civic organizations are actively engaged in raising public awareness of gender issues.
As part of the National Platform for Action, the national television and radio company has produced special programmes on the formation of a new image of the Uzbek woman. One priority of these television and radio programmes is to improve women’s legal literacy. Their main purpose is to promote on a broad scale the equal rights of women in the family and in public life, to survey the situation of women in rural areas on the basis of letters received and to create a favourable environment for women to assume the place they deserve in society and fully realize their potential and capabilities.
Thus, extensive work is being done to raise awareness of these issues in Uzbekistan.
Source : National Centre for Human Rights.
Rural women and ethnic minorities
27. The Committee, in its concluding comments in 2001, requested more quantitative and qualitative data on rural women. However, the report provides no information about issues relating to rural women. Please provide detailed information on the health, educational and economic situation of rural women, as well as their political participation in decision-making.
Response: It should be noted that women account for 44 per cent of economic participation, while men account for 56 per cent. Because women continue to play a smaller role in the economy than men, the Government of Uzbekistan, the Women’s Committee, NGOs and political parties have directed their efforts towards enhancing the economic situation of rural women.
The Government has created legal guarantees to provide mothers and working women with social protection in the workplace and in their daily lives. Moreover, all of these guarantees are set forth in the Labour Code, decrees of the President and other laws and regulations.
In order to foster entrepreneurship among women, the Businesswomen’s Association of Uzbekistan is holding a series of training courses and workshops on such issues as setting up one’s own business, drawing up a business plan, the fundamentals of marketing, small and medium-sized business and legal aspects of running a business.
Women who are starting out as entrepreneurs are granted a 50 per cent discount on self-employment licences during their first year in business.
The Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan, the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Businesswomen’s Association are working to improve rural women’s knowledge of economic and legal matters and to get unemployed women involved in entrepreneurship.
Through a number of Government programmes, rural women have received microcredits and family credits. The khokimiyats of the regions are working to improve the economic situation of rural women. Some families are provided with cows, together with a week’s worth of feed, and families living in apartment buildings receive items such as sewing machines for the launch of their own businesses.
Special programmes have been set up in Uzbekistan to support girls. A Decree of the President was enacted on 10 June 1999 in support of the proposal to institute the state Zulfiya Prize, a prize conferred upon gifted girls and young women who have demonstrated talent in the areas of literature, art, culture, education or science. Particular emphasis is placed upon raising a healthy family, fostering and developing sports activities for women and families, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Girls also receive support from non-governmental organizations, various foundations and charitable organizations.
To improve the health of rural women and to provide them with medical services, rural health posts have been set up.
28. Uzbekistan ’s initial report indicated the multi-ethnic population mix of the country (CEDAW/C/UZB/1, p. 3). However, the combined second and third periodic report does not show whether certain ethnic or religious groups are particularly challenged in various areas or whether particular measures have been taken to address such challenges. Please provide such information.
Response: It is indeed the case at present that women account for some 52 per cent of the population of Uzbekistan and that they represent a variety of ethnic groups. However, since the country became independent, there have been no ethnic conflicts in Uzbekistan.
Recent years have witnessed the broad expansion of national cultural centres for the ethnic groups living in Uzbekistan. The establishment and activities of cultural centres for the minority peoples of Uzbekistan help members of national minorities from various social backgrounds to become more active and boosts the revival and preservation of ethnic and cultural traditions and identity. The national cultural centres, whose activities are coordinated by the Uzbekistan Inter-Nations Centre, play a positive role in involving national and ethnic groups in the political, economic and cultural restructuring of life in Uzbekistan’s multi-ethnic society.
The cultural centres maintain extensive links with their ethnic homelands through close contacts with various artistic associations, cultural and educational organizations, ministries of culture, higher education institutions, parliaments and the business community.
Source: Committee for Religious Affairs of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Optional Protocol
29. The report indicates that the Government is studying the question of acceding to the Optional Protocol to the Convention (p. 33). Please indicate the progress made towards the decision to accede to the Optional Protocol.
Response: Important work is being done in Uzbekistan to implement the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which has led to tangible progress in ensuring real gender equality, eliminating discrimination against women and effectively protecting their rights.
Specifically, as part of the Plan of Action adopted in Uzbekistan for fulfilling the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, work continues on improving national law and implementing it in the main provisions of the document.
Given the need for Uzbekistan to work progressively towards achieving its objectives in the implementation of the Convention, the question of Uzbekistan’s accession to the Optional Protocol is under consideration.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Annex 1
Information about women victims of crimes committed in 2005 (sentences that have entered into legal force)
Article of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan * |
Convictions |
Women victims |
of whom |
Scene of crime |
Victim’s place of residence |
Victim’s ethnicity |
Penalty to which the convicted person was sentenced |
||||||||||||||||||||
Cases |
Individuals |
Minors |
Aged over 55 |
Disabled |
Mentally ill |
Town |
Country |
Town |
Country |
Uzbek |
Tajik |
Kyrgyz |
Kazakh |
Karakalpak |
Turkmen |
Korean |
Tatar |
Russian |
Other |
Deprivation of liberty |
Detention |
Punitive deduction of earnings |
Suspended sentence |
Fines |
Other |
||
115 |
11 |
13 |
11 |
3 |
— |
— |
— |
7 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
— |
— |
2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3 |
— |
12 |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
118 |
229 |
290 |
246 |
64 |
7 |
2 |
3 |
134 |
95 |
150 |
96 |
147 |
4 |
2 |
11 |
11 |
— |
4 |
16 |
46 |
5 |
248 |
— |
15 |
22 |
— |
5 |
119 |
59 |
76 |
68 |
33 |
1 |
1 |
— |
37 |
22 |
45 |
23 |
49 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
— |
— |
1 |
4 |
9 |
— |
67 |
1 |
— |
8 |
— |
— |
121 |
7 |
9 |
8 |
1 |
— |
— |
— |
5 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
3 |
— |
2 |
2 |
— |
2 |
126 |
16 |
16 |
10 |
— |
2 |
— |
— |
8 |
8 |
10 |
9 |
18 |
— |
— |
1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8 |
— |
6 |
2 |
148.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Total |
322 |
404 |
352 |
101 |
10 |
3 |
3 |
191 |
131 |
217 |
135 |
227 |
6 |
3 |
16 |
11 |
— |
5 |
21 |
58 |
5 |
330 |
1 |
25 |
33 |
6 |
9 |
*Article 115, “Forcing a woman to have an abortion”; article 118, “Rape”; article 119, “Gratification of unnatural sexual desires by force”; article 121, “Forcing a woman to have sexual intercourse”; article 126, “Polygamy”; article 148, “Violation of the right to employment”, paragraph 2 (knowingly unlawful refusal to hire a woman or dismissal of a woman on the grounds of pregnancy or childcare).
Source: Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan.