Source : Statistical Office of Estonia .

17. The report states that on the basis of a study on gender roles in school textbooks, “it appeared that textbooks of different topics and of different levels construct and support stereotypical gender roles, do not reflect equally the experiences of men and women and do not teach contemporary ideology of human rights and the distribution of roles between men and women”. What measures have been taken in response to this assessment, and is there a timeline for expected results?

On 4 October 2005 the Minister of Education approved the regulation on The conditions and procedure for the approval of conformity of textbooks, workbooks and study books to the national curriculum and the requirements for textbooks, workbooks, study books and other educational literature”, which also provides for the requirement to avoid approaches in teaching materials that emphasise gender prejudices (see § 3(4) Texts and illustrations in textbooks shall avoid stereotypes that emphasise gender based, ethnic, cultural or racial prejudices ) .

The conformity of teaching materials to the requirements is monitored by the syllabus councils at the National Examination and Qualification Centre, where experts of various subjects assess the new teaching materials , and on the basis of this permission is given to use the materials as the core teaching materials. In the recent past no studies about the teaching materials used at schools have been carried out, thus it is not possible to elaborate on to which extent the requirements provided for in the regulation are complied with.

Employment

18. The report indicates that both Estonian women and men share the view that there is a clear distinction between the so-called men ’ s and women ’ s jobs . The report further indicates that horizontal and vertical gender segregation has not declined since the submission of the previous report. Please elaborate further on the efforts being made to address this situation.

The efforts to address the problem have mainly focused on the first stage – raising awareness of the problem in the context of gender roles and gender stereotypes as one of the causes of the wage gap. It is an important process , the development of which depends on very many factors, institutions and policies.

Thirteen development partnerships in the framework of the European Commission ’ s EQUAL initiative have been funded in Estonia . Five of the development partnerships were aimed at improving the situation of women on the labour market. The main activities included training, motivating women to start their own businesses, raising the general awareness of society about gender equality, information about the possibilities of reconciling work and family life, the creation of new methods of work and the like.

Projects aimed at entrepreneurship among women have also been funded from the European Social Fund measure 1.3 “Equal opportunities on the labour market”. The general aim of this measure is more widespread and effective prevention and alleviation of poverty and social exclusion and an increase in social inclusion. Other projects that have been financed include “The reduction of unemployment among women and young mothers and the promotion of entrepreneurship in Valga County” and “From women to women – the more successful helping the weaker; reintegration of women with many children and long-term unemployed women to the labour market and supporting them to start entrepreneurship” and others . The projects have offered training and counselling and provided support for entrepreneurship.

19. In its 2002 concluding comments, the Committee recommended additional wage increases in female-dominated sectors of public employment to decrease the wage differential in comparison with male-dominated sectors. Please provide information on the steps being taken to implement the Committee ’ s recommendation.

We are of the opinion that in order to reduce the wage differential it is necessary to implement complex measures that are based on a comprehensive impact analysis and the assessment of jobs and that ensure the changing of the previous gender system. Therefore, we believe that the mechanical reduction of wage differences will not solve the problem. Raising the awareness, systematic collection of data and knowledge-based analysis are the preconditions for achieving the aim of reduction of the wage differential between women and men that is provided for in the S tate budget strategy and in the structural funds implementation plan.

20. The report includes information that a social involvement action plan has been developed in Eston ia which aims to reduce poverty and refers to some specific measures taken. Considering the concern expressed by the Committee in its concluding comments of 2002, please provide information about any further measures to respond to its recommendations. The response should discuss in particular the situation of certain groups of women, such as women heads of households, those with small children, as well as women who are not legally married but live in long-term relationships.

In 2006 Estonia drew up a new national social protection and involvement report for 2006-2008. The aims set out in the area of social involvement include the prevention and reduction of long-term unemployment and exclusion from the labour market, and the prevention and alleviation of poverty and exclusion among families with children.

The challenges related to poverty and social exclusion are diverse and concern various areas of life. One of the main causes of poverty and exclusion in Estonia continues to be unemployment. Another serious problem alongside unemployment is that poverty still concerns a large number of children. The poverty level of households with children is generally significantly higher than among households without children. There is also a greater likelihood among families with single parent to remain under the poverty line by their level of income. This is characteri z ed by the following table:

Table 2 Relative poverty level in households with and without children

	1998	2000	2003	2004
Household with 2 adults and no dependent children
Both under 65 years old	14.7	11.8	14.9	14.8
1 member aged 65 or older	8.9	9.0	11.6	10.6
Household with a single parent and at least one dependent child	26.8	37.2	44.7	40.3
Household with 2 adults and with dependent children
With 1 child	13.0	13.0	16.1	13.0
With 2 children	14.1	16.4	17.2	12.4
With 3 or more children	24.7	22.9	26.3	25.0

Source: Statistical Office of Estonia .

There are no significant differences in the poverty indicators among women and men, but households with a female breadwinner are at a greater risk of poverty. On the one hand, due to the gender division of the labour market women are overwhelmingly employed in low-paying jobs – the wage difference between women and men has been around 25 per cent in the recent years. On the other hand, women are more likely than men to be a single parent or to be taking care of an elderly or disabled family member, which affects their opportunities of earning an income and the social protection of the retirement age. The above facts explain why households with a female breadwinner are at a greater risk of poverty than those with a male breadwinner , in two life periods – between the age s of 20 and 40 (often families with a single mother) and in very advanced age s (mainly pensioners living alone).

This is also confirmed by the results of the gender equality monitoring carried out in 2005. The results of the monitoring showed that among all the households where the man was the one earning a higher income , the proportion of families with coping difficulties was smaller (20 per cent ) than among families where the woman had a higher income (27 per cent ). O n the contrary, there were 10 per cent more families whose level of well-being was better than average among families with a male breadwinner than among families where the woman was earning the higher wage.

The coping ability of a family is to a large extent affected by the type of the family. More than half (51 per cent ) of the families with single parents raising a minor child, but only 7 per cent of the families with two parents, belong to the category where the net income of the family (net wage, allowances, maintenance benefit etc) is below 5 , 000 kroons per month. In 17 per cent of families with a single parent there is even less money, below 3 , 000 kroons a month. The income of these single parents is only slightly higher than the monthly pension or minimum wage. The majority of single parents (93 per cent ) are women (Statistical Office of Estonia 2005).

The promotion of flexible forms of work in the coming years will increase job opportunities for the people for whom full-time or regular work is not suitable (including parents with small children and families with a caretaking duty). In addition, such opportunities will help to maintain the qualification s of the worker, thus reducing the risk of unemployment. In order to diversify and improve the availability of child - minding services that facilitate taking up employment by parents, the childcare system is being developed, providers of childcare services are being trained and counselling is being provided to them in starting their business.

Health

21. The report states that one of the results of the project, “ r eproductive health counselling of young people and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases 2002-2006” was the decrease of abortions by 25 per cent and the decrease by 10 per cent of the number of first-time pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among 15-19 year olds. Please indicate whether this project will continue after 2006. Please also provide updated information on the rate of abortion, early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among the 15-19 year old age group.

Although the objectives of this project were set for the period 2002-2006, its activities will continue because there is a constant need and permanent structures and services need to be organi z ed, and the activities so far have been very successful. In 2007 new objectives for the following five years will be set. Tables with the information requested by the Committee have been presented in Annex II .

22. The report states that the Estonian Family Planning Union and various NGOs promote the use of modern high-quality methods of contraception and act with the aim of making contraceptives available for the public at large. Please indicate what measures the State party is implementing to ensure that there is wide access, including by poor women, to family planning information, as well as to contraceptives, and trends over time.

In the field of sexual and reproductive health the activities of the counselling centres for young people aged 15-25 will continue in all counties with the financing from the Estonian Health Insurance Fund and the Estonian Sexual Health Association. The aim of the project is the promotion of good reproductive health among young people in Estonia, which is expressed in the decline of legally induced abortions, including the decline in the number of pregnancies among young people aged 15 ‑19 and the decrease in the incidence of first-time infections of sexually transmitted diseases. The problem is the limited number of young men who come to the counselling centres : in 2006 young men made up only 5 per cent of all the persons coming to the counselling centres. The majority of persons (58 per cent ) coming to youth counselling centres were aged 20-24, 39 per cent were aged 15-19 and 3 per cent of visitors were under the age of 15. The work of the counselling centres is advertised among young people in cooperation with other sexual health projects and active use is also made of anonymous counselling via the internet at http:// www.amor.ee Services provided by the youth counselling centres are free of charge. Since 2007 persons not covered by health insurance can also use the services of the centre free of charge through the national HIV/AIDS prevention strategy.

Sexual health information is spread through various channels. In order to ensure uniformity and raise the quality of sexual health education , the Estonian Sexual Health Association in 2006 drew up methodological manuals ( teachers’ manuals ) for teachers carrying out health education in the second and thirds school level (years 4-9).

A wide range of different contraceptives (medicines, plasters, intrauterine devices, vaginal rings) are available in pharmacies for everybody. Besides the counselling centres, information about their use can also be obtained from women’s doctors and general practitioners. The Estonian Health Insurance Fund compensates 50 per cent of the cost of contraceptive medicines to insured persons, and compensation of the cost of contraceptive medicines at a higher rate (75 per cent or 100 per cent ) is provided in the case of medical indications stipulated in legislation, for example in cases where pregnancy may endanger the life of a woman.

With the aim of increasing the birth rate , the S tate compensates insured persons for the partial cost of medicines for out-patient treatment in the case of medical indications and the conditions stipulated by law for up to three external fertili z ation procedures.

Pre-abortion and post-abortion counselling is provided by women’s doctors in conformity with the general principles set out in the guidelines drawn up by the Estonian Society of Women’s Doctors.

According to the Termination of Pregnancy and Sterili z ation Act, the pregnancy can be terminated only at the woman’s own request. No one may force or influence a woman to terminate her pregnancy. A request for the termination of a pregnancy must be made in writing. The doctor who is going to perform the termination of pregnancy is required to explain to the woman prior to the termination procedure the biological and medical nature of the termination of pregnancy and the associated risks, including possible complications. A document is drawn up confirming the counselling and it is signed by the counselled person and the doctor. Within two weeks after the termination of pregnancy the woman whose pregnancy was terminated has the right of priority to immediately consult with the doctor who ascertained the existence and duration of pregnancy and to do it under the conditions of the provision of emergency assistance. For birth statistics see http://www.tai.ee/?id=3796 .

According to the Termination of Pregnancy and Sterili z ation Act , the Ministry of Social Affairs is required to collect and process the data concerning the termination of pregnancies for purposes of drafting national social policy with respect to issues of family p lanning, raising the birth rate and reducing the number of abortions, as well as ensuring the quality of the health service and exercising supervision over those who perform the termination of pregnancies ; and , as a member of the World Health Organi z ation , to fulfil the duty of submitting reliable information that is comparable with statistics from other countries. Statistical overviews based on the collected data are available on the homepage of the National Institute for Health Development at http://www.tai.ee/?id=3797 .

Reports submitted by all doctors involved in family planning - related counselling (women’s doctors, family doctors) have been used to collect information about the use of contraceptives.

To a large extent the information necessary for obtaining that data was collected earlier manually from health cards.

The transfer of the health - care establishments to electronic data processing, which was meant first and foremost for filling out and submitting of invoices for treatment, enables the collection only of diagnosis - based statistics that are included in the invoices (fitting or control of an intrauterine spiral, visits made in connection with hormonal contraception). The reliability of such data has declined from year to year , and therefore the collection of data by reports will finish as of 2007.

It is not possible to provide time-series data on the basis of the obtained through questionnaires . The adult health behaviour survey carried out in 2004 contained a question that shows that among women aged 16-24 , 18.7 per cent had used contraceptive pills in the previous seven days, and 1.6 per cent of the respondents had used plasters and hormonal spirals. In a similar survey in 2006 there was also a q uestion to persons who had had sexual intercourse within the last 30 days about the use of contraceptives. According to this, 29 per cent of the respondents aged 16-24 had used pills, and 5.9  per cent had used an intrauterine device. However, unfortunately due to the different questions the data from 2004 and 2006 are not comparable. When comparing the data of the health behaviour survey of 2006 with the data from the 1996 Estonian Health Survey, it can be pointed out that in 1996 17.6 per cent of the young persons aged 15-19-year olds and 11.2 per cent of those aged 20-24 mentioned the use of contraceptive pills in the previous four weeks. The proportion of users of an intrauterine device was then 4.4 per cent among those aged 15-19 and 20.8 per cent among those aged 20-24.

23. The report states that the percentage of HIV-positive women has increased in recent years. It also states that prevention work against HIV/AIDS is based on the national development plan for the prevention of HIV/AIDS 2002-2006. Please indicate whether this plan has been updated and how it integrates a gender perspective and also provide information on the impact of the plan on women’s awareness of the risks of HIV/AIDS and their infection rate. Please also provide information on the availability and affordability of antiretroviral medication and psychosocial services for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children.

The Estonian national HIV/AIDS prevention programme for 2002-2006 has now been abolished and instead a new national HIV and AIDS strategy for 2006-2015 has been drawn up together with an action plan for 2006-2009. In the preparation of the new action plan the developments of the epidemic, including the increasing number of infected women, were taken into account. The action plan contains separate measures to prevent the spread of infection from mother to child. HIV tests are offered to all pregnant women in Estonia , and almost all of them give consent for testing.

Organi z ations working with HIV - positive women have been trained on various topics: reproductive health of women, contraceptives, normal development of pregnancy, most frequent problems during pregnancy, HIV treatment during pregnancy, principles of counselling and newborn s and their care. Information materials on the topic “HIV and pregnancy” have been drawn up. Antiretroviral treatment is available without charge to all who need it , and the case management of pregnant women has also been planned (it will be launched in 2007). Food mixtures for babies born from HIV - positive women are being distributed. At the same time, the majority of HIV - positive persons in Estonia today are men (64 per cent in 2006) , and the main problem is how to cover more young men with the prevention work. The experience of youth counselling centres shows that their services are mostly used by young women and only rarely by young men.

Table 3 Total new cases of HIV by gender

	Total	Men	Women
2004	743	497	245
2005	621	389	232
2006	668	427	241

Source : West Tallinn Central Hospital HIV reference laboratory

Note : T he difference in the total is due to the unknown gender of some persons.

Table 4 Number of b abies born from HIV - positive mothers

	Total	HIV - negative	HIV - positive
2004	82	75	7
2005	88	84	4
2006	105	101	4

Source : West Tallinn Central Hospital HIV reference laboratory .

24. In its 2002 concluding comments, the Committee recommended that structures be established aimed at addressing the mental health problems faced by women as well as those areas where negative developments have occurred. Please provide information on the steps being taken to implement the Committee’s recommendation, and results achieved.

In recent time s , new possibilities have been created to improve the availability of psychological counselling and assistance in crisis situations. Psychological counselling is aimed at preventing and solving the coping problems caused by personalit ies and relationships, and its main aim is to raise the client’s ability to cope and adapt by adjusting their value judgements and self-assessment, and by improving their mental and behavioural patterns and communication skills. In the case of psychological counselling , women make up approximately 66 per cent and men 34 per cent of the clients.

The aim of crisis counselling is to restore the psychological balance of the person and his or her ability to cope in daily life, and if necessary to inform the person about the possibilities of obtaining medical and social assistance. According to the definition, crisis counselling is used to solve crises caused by grief or diseases as well as development and situational crises. Men make up 28 per cent and women 72 per cent of the clients of crisis counselling.

Both psychological and crisis counselling is provided either at the location of the service provider or by telephone o r I nternet. With the support of the Ministry of Social Affairs and a private initiative , the Association “Usaldus” opened a national free help line (126) that is accessible 24 hours and provides emergency psychological assistance service in both Estonian and Russian in accordance with the rules of the International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services. Everyone can obtain emergency psychological assistance of uniform qualify by calling the help line. Calling is free of charge, and counselling is professional and anonymous to the maximum extent because the network of telephone consultants is dispersed all over the country. Regional trust lines have also been integrated in to the round-the-clock uniform short number system. In addition, psychological counselling and crisis assistance is also provided via telephone and Internet by many other organi z ations (e.g. Eluliin (lifeline)).

A more detailed summary in English about the system of mental health services in Estonia is available at the following address:

http://www.sm.ee/eng/HtmlPages/AnOverviewofthesystemofmentalhealthservices/$file/An%20Overview%20of%20the%20system%20of%20mental%20health%20services%20(Final).pdf

Rural women

25. In its 2002 concluding comments, the Committee recommended that the State party monitor existing programmes and develop comprehensive policies and programmes aimed at the economic empowerment of rural women. Please elaborate further on the steps being taken to implement this recommendation, including results achieved and provide information on whether the Estonian regional development strategy includes a gender dimension.

The Estonian national development plan for the implementation of EU structural funds – single programming document for 2004-2006 , measure 3.3 , “Diversification of economic activities in rural areas”, in the framework of which it is possible to apply for support to invest in rural areas, includes as one of the performance indicators the projects of women entrepreneurs. Among the 180 projects that were planned, 54 were expected from women entrepreneurs. After the first round of applications, 72 projects were implemented (40 per cent of the plan), and among them there were 11 projects from women entrepreneurs, which is 20 per cent of what was planned. The second round of applications took place in autumn 2006. By the time of writing this reply there was not yet information as to how many applications were approved.

Women entrepreneurs could also apply for all the measures under “The Estonian national development plan for the implementation of EU structural funds – single programming document for 2004-2006” priority No. 3 and the Estonian rural development plan for 2004-2006, which contribute to the sustainable development of the economy in rural areas and the sustainable use of the agricultural environment.

Marriage and family relations

26. The report states that “a minor between 15 and 18 years of age may marry”. Please provide further information on when such a marriage is considered to be “in the interest of a minor”. Please also provide updated statistical data on marriages between minors after 2002, disaggregated by sex.

According to § 3(4) of the Family Law Act, a court may grant permission to marry on the application of one parent or the guardianship authority to a minor between age s of 15 and 18 if the marriage is in the interest of the minor. The interest of a minor may, for example, be a situation where the minor is expecting a child from a person with whom she wishes to marry or if they already have a common child. For example, in Germany there is a similar possibility of authori z ation of a marriage of persons aged 16-18 by a court , and the German legal literature also points out the birth of a common child as the only possible ground. There is unfortunately no overview of the case law concerning the marriage of minors, but probably the relevant case law in Estonia is scarce if not non-existent.

Table 5 Number of marriages in which at least one of the spouses was under 18 years of age, 2000-2005

Prospective s pouses
Gender	Age	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Men	Under 16	0	0	0	0	0	0
16	0	0	1	1	0	0
17	3	4	2	3	2	2
Women	Under 16	3	1	3	4	1	4
16	21	12	7	11	16	12
17	47	50	34	39	29	39

Table 6 Number of marriages between persons under 18 years of age, 2000-2005

Age of husband	Age of wife
	15	16	17
15	0	0	0
16	0	1	0
17	0	2	2

Optional Protocol and amendment to article 20, paragraph 1

27. Please indicate any progress made toward s ratification/accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention and acceptance of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

In preparation for the ratification of the Optional Protocol, the Ministry of Social Affairs translated the text of the protocol into Estonian at the end of 2006.

Annex I

Additional information on trafficking in human beings

Table A.I. 1 Recorded trafficking-related offences in human beings in Estonia , 2005-2006

Type of offence	Number of offences in 2005	Number of offences in 2006
§ 133. Enslaving	1	1
§ 134. Abduction	0	0
§ 136. Unlawful deprivation of liberty	55	44
§ 138. Illegal conduct of human research	0	0
§ 139. Illegal removal of organs or tissue	0	0
§ 140. Inducing person to donate organs or tissue	0	0
§ 143. Compelling person to engage in sexual intercourse	5	7
§ 172. Child stealing	6	0
§ 173. Sale or purchase of children	1	0
§ 175. Disposing minors to engage in prostitution	0	0
§ 176. Aiding prostitution involving minors	3	2
§ 177. Use of minors in manufacture of pornographic works	26	10
§ 178. Manufacture of works involving child pornography or making child pornography available	3	29
§ 259. Illegal transportation of aliens across State border or temporary borderline of the Republic of Estonia	2	5
§ 268. Provision of opportunity to engage in unlawful activities, or pimping	59	38
Total	161	136

Table A.I . 2 Imposed penalties for trafficking-related offences in Estonia , 2005-2006

Type of offence	Number of criminal cases in 2005a	Number of criminal cases in 2006a
§ 133. Enslaving	2	0
§ 134. Abduction	0	0
§ 136. Unlawful deprivation of liberty	18	20
§ 138. Illegal conduct of human research	0	0
§ 139. Illegal removal of organs or tissue	0	3
§ 140. Inducing person to donate organs or tissue	0	1
§ 143. Compelling person to engage in sexual intercourse	3	2
§ 172. Child stealing	1	2
§ 173. Sale or purchase of children	0	0
§ 175. Disposing minors to engage in prostitution	1	0
§ 176. Aiding prostitution involving minors	4	1
§ 177. Use of minors in manufacture of pornographic works	3	4
§ 178. Manufacture of works involving child pornography or making child pornography available	1	10
§ 259.  Illegal transportation of aliens across State border or temporary borderline of the Republic of Estonia	2	3
§ 268. Provision of opportunity to engage in unlawful activities, or pimping	17	18
Total	52	54

a The number of criminal cases and convicted persons is being broken down according to the respective sections on human trafficking in the Penal Code. Thus, one and the same criminal case and the convicted person may be reflected in several parts of the table on different lines corresponding to different sections of the Penal Code. Based on the court judgements that have entered into effect, there were 44 different criminal cases related to human trafficking in 2005, and 51 cases in 2006.

Table A.I. 3 Persons convicted of trafficking related crimes in Estonia , 2005-2006

Type of offence	Number of criminal cases in 2005a	Number of criminal cases in 2006a
§ 133. Enslaving	7	0
§ 134. Abduction	0	0
§ 136. Unlawful deprivation of liberty	22	33
§ 138. Illegal conduct of human research	0	0
§ 139. Illegal removal of organs or tissue	0	7
§ 140. Inducing person to donate organs or tissue	0	1
§ 143. Compelling person to engage in sexual intercourse	3	2
§ 172. Child stealing	1	2
§ 173. Sale or purchase of children	0	0
§ 175. Disposing minors to engage in prostitution	1	0
§ 176. Aiding prostitution involving minors	15	1
§ 177. Use of minors in manufacture of pornographic works	3	4
§ 178. Manufacture of works involving child pornography or making child pornography available	1	10
§ 259.  Illegal transportation of aliens across State border or temporary borderline of the Republic of Estonia	2	4
§ 268. Provision of opportunity to engage in unlawful activities, or pimping	40	21
Total	95	85

a The number of criminal cases and convicted persons is being broken down according to the respective sections on human trafficking in the Penal Code. Thus, one and the same criminal case and the convicted person may be reflected in several parts of the table on different lines corresponding to different sections of the Penal Code. Based on the court judgements that have entered into effect, there were 44 different criminal cases related to human trafficking in 2005, and 51 cases in 2006.

Annex II

Information about reproductive health care

Figure A.II . 1 Live births and legally induced abortions (coefficients), 1992-2004

Table A.II.1

Figure A.II.2 Age-specific rates of induced abortion, 2000-2005

Source : Based on Public Health Yearbook 2004 , Ministry of Social Affairs updated with 2005 data.

Table A.II.2 Reported new cases of predominantly sexually transmitted diseases per 100 , 000 population

Disease	ICD - 10	sex	2001	2004
>15		>15
15-19	15-19
Syphilis	A50-A53	M	37 . 5	15 . 0	7 . 6	3. 7
F	36 . 0	60 . 1	18 . 1	13 . 4
Gonococcal infection	A54	M	73 . 2	50 . 5	43 . 1	23 . 7
F	50 . 4	98 . 9	42 . 1	106 . 9
Urogenital chlamydial disease	A55-A56	M	351 . 8	181 . 3	117 . 8	47 . 5
F	403 . 5	845 . 3	346 . 3	917 . 8
Trichomoniasis	A59	M	176 . 9	134 . 6	135 . 8	36 . 5
F	319 . 4	438 . 2	111 . 9	139 . 3
Anogenital herpes viral infections	A60	M	33 . 0	18 . 7	46 . 0	9 . 1
F	60 . 4	93 . 1	70 . 0	63 . 0
Anogenital warts	A63.0	M	50 . 1	78 . 5	52 . 9	54 . 8
F	47 . 1	116 . 3	36 . 7	76 . 3

Source : A nnual reports from health care providers .

Note : ICD-10 = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision.

Table A.II.3 New cases of HIV by age and sex

A.Men

	Total	15-19 years of age
2004	497	71
2005	389	66
2006	427	29

B. Women

2004	245	93
2005	232	64
2006	241	49

Source : HIV reference laboratory of Western-Tallinn Central Hospital .

Table A . II.4 New cases of HIV among pregnant women

	Total	15-19 years of age
2004	126	63
2005	127	50
2006	120	51

Source : HIV reference laboratory of Western-Tallinn Central Hospital .

Figure A.II.3 Age-specific fertility rates, 2000-2005

\s

Source : Estonian Fertility Registry (mothers at age specified per 1 , 000 wo men).

Table A.II.5

Table A . II.6 Use of intrauterine devices and oral contraceptives, 2000-2004

	Number of women	Per 1000 women aged 15–49
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
Total	118 727	112 109	108 859	102 348	93 025	346 . 2	327 . 2	317 . 9	298 . 6	27 1. 2
IUD	58 906	49 792	45 556	43 225	35 044	171 . 8	145 . 3	133 . 0	126 . 1	102 . 2
Hormonal contraceptives (IUD excluded)	59 821	62 317	63 303	59 123	57 981	174 . 4	181 . 9	184 . 8	172 . 5	169. 1

Source : Annual reports from health-care providers.