Source:-Labour Force Survey of Pakistan

6.2 Educational Infrastructure - Public Schools

6.2.1 Primary Schools

Primary schools are the main determinant of literacy level as well as great social equalizer. The gender symmetrical expansion in their numbers ushers in deepening of social capital. The boys and girls schools make a secularly ascending time series. Mixed schools-due to their transient status i.e. a mixed school is likely to assume gender tag if enrolment tilts in favor of a gender-form a bumpy trajectory through time though the crests are getting more numerous and elongated.

Table 6.3 Number of Educational Institutions

Year	Number of Primary Schools
Male	Female	Mixed	Total
1992-93	80291	33080	7145	120516
1993-94	81089	34160	7538	122787
1994-95	84199	35917	7652	127768
1995-96	80262	36779	13211	130252
1996-97	71885	34722	28889	135496
1997-98	75493	39492	18668	133653
1998-99	77882	41436	16669	135987
1999-00	73463	41589	16727	131779
2000-01	73541	42387	16599	132527
2001-02	73520	43018	16578	133116
2002-03	73722	43321	16984	134027
2003-04	73783	43245	16924	133952

Source:-Academy of educational Planning &Management, Islamabad

Fig. 6.2 (a) Number of Primary Schools by

Gender. Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-2004

Fig. 6.2 (b) Percent Distribution of Primary

Schools by Gender, Pakistan 2003-04

6.2.2 Middle Scho ols

At the out-set, the time series of middle school is, more or less, akin to that of primary schools. However, the number has been rising more consistently. Similarly, mixed schools traverse a bumpy ride through the tabular period. Longitudinally, the number of middle schools speaks of gravitation towards gender poise.

Table 6.4 Number of Educational Institutions

Year	Number of Middle Schools
Male	Female	Mixed	Total
1992-93	4996	4030	575	9601
1993-94	4901	4066	731	9698
1994-95	5051	4322	268	9641
1995-96	5130	4355	284	9769
1996-97	5127	4259	1184	10570
1997-98	5522	4766	798	11086
1998-99	5853	5120	499	11472
1999-00	6150	5494	441	12085
2000-01	6323	5777	429	12529
2001-02	6595	6154	451	13200
2002-03	6778	6439	519	13736
2003-04	6739	6426	503	13668

Source: - Academy of educational Planning &Management, Islamabad

Fig. 6.3 (a) Number of Middle Schools by

Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04

Fig. 6.3 (b) Percent Distribution of Middle

Schools by Gender, Pakistan 2003-04

6.2.3 High Sch ools

Longitudinally, number o f high schools follows the over all pattern of primary and secondary schools. Both boys and girls schools have, more or less, been expanding during the tabular period. However, the later fare at less than half the former at any point of time.

Table 6.5 Number of Educational Institutions

Year	Number of High Schools
Male	Female	Mixed	Total
1992-93	5111	2113	240	7464
1993-94	5291	2264	280	7835
1994-95	5534	2376	168	8078
1995-96	5505	2306	190	8001
1996-97	5420	2290	453	8163
1997-98	5640	2390	370	8400
1998-99	5832	2512	287	8631
1999-00	5757	2498	254	8509
2000-01	5827	2578	247	8652
2001-02	5805	2557	248	8610
2002-03	5960	2632	255	8847
2003-04	5937	2684	247	8868

Source:-Academy of Educational Planning &Management, Islamabad .

Fig. 6.4 (a) Number of High Schools by Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 203-04

Fig. 6.4 (b) Number of High Schools by

Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04

6.3 Enrolment Status-Public Schools

Enrolment starts from class 1 at primary school, to continue up the ladder to higher level. Some time, though, rarely, students are also enrolled in higher classes of primary schools after getting preparatory coaching at home. For enrollment in primary school, 5 years age is fixed both girl and boys.

6.3.1 Primary Schools Enrollment

Primary school enrollment forms and evenly rising step function of time. It lost some steam just before the turn of century to regain thereafter. From female male perspective the former have always fared at one half the latter. However, incipient twenties do reflect a visible trend towards narrowing down of gender differentials in enrollment.

Table.6.9 Primary School Enrollments

Year	Enrollment in Primary Stage (I-V)
Male	Female	Total
1992-93	7329739	3896447	11226186
1993-94	7300545	4222760	11523305
1994-95	7617864	4731235	12349099
1995-96	7736894	4713666	12450560
1996-97	7468604	4606516	12075120
1997-98	7410259	4672670	12082929
1998-99	7424885	4208059	11632944
1999-00	7722844	4757622	12480466
2000-01	7540396	4889377	12429773
2001-02	7525134	5062966	12588100
2002-03	7722583	5309334	13031917
2003-04	8097218	5570266	13667484

Source:-Academy of educational Planning &Management Islamabad

Fig. 6.5 Number of enrollment in Primary Schools By Gender, Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04

6.3.2 Middle and High Schools Enrollment

Middle school enrolment form a segmented trajectory, a rising early nineties, flat later nineties and an ascending incipient twenties. As for boys and girls enrollment in the same periods, the former’s trajectory remained more than two times higher than that of the latter’s. This gulf began to narrow down in mid nineties continued as such steadily in latter nineties nascent twenties. In general, pattern of enrollment by gender is sync with that of the overall enrollment. As middle school enrollment later on continues almost all of high school enrollment, the latter’s profile both into and by gender is akin to that of the former’s.

Table 6.10 Middle School Enrollments

Year	Enrollment in Middle Stage (VI-VII)
Male	Female	Total
1992-93	1866115	823958	2690073
1993-94	1966182	918761	2884943
1994-95	2210029	1102207	3312236
1995-96	2023742	975852	2999594
1996-97	2027153	1033496	3060649
1997-98	1986441	1047138	3033579
1998-99	1998619	1081646	3080265
1999-00	1973941	1099997	3073938
2000-01	1559121	1288496	2847617
2001-02	1795749	1068173	2863922
2002-03	1821483	1091491	2912974
2003-04	1907113	1171104	3078217

Source: Academy of Educational Planning &Management. Islamabad

Fig. 6.6 Middle School Enrolment by Gender,

Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04

Table 6.11 High School Enrolments

Year	Enrollment in High Stage (IX-X)
Male	Female	Total
1992-93	716450	291879	1008329
1993-94	789247	343017	1132264
1994-95	895681	420421	1316102
1995-96	840980	368367	1209347
1996-97	862594	396983	1259577
1997-98	845904	419796	1265700
1998-99	856124	439985	1296109
1999-00	860737	450370	1311107
2000-01	718937	531004	1249941
2001-02	750773	492658	1243431
2002-03	743368	498265	1241633
2003-04	841488	499192	1340680

Source: Academy of Educational Planning & Management, Islamabad

Fig. 6.7 Number of Enrolment in High Schools by Gender , Pakistan 1992-93 to 2003-04

Gender Disaggregated Data on Labour Force

Annex-II

Gender Disaggregated Data on Labour Force

The most common indicators of participation in economic activities are the Crude Activity Rate, the Refined Activity Rate and the Age Specific Activity Rate. IN order to reckon with the influence of cultural, socio-economic a nd geographical factors, it is often recommended to calculate these rates by sex. They are defined as :-

Crude Activity (Participation) Rate (CAR) is the percentage of persons in labour force to the total population.

Refined Activity (Participation) Rate(RAR) is the percentage of persons in labour force to the population 10 years of age and above.

Specific Activity (Participation) Rates are the percentage of persons in the labour force with a specific characteristic (age level of education, marital status, etc.) to the total population with the specific characteristics. For example, if we want to have the age specific activity rate for females in the age group of 20-24 years old, we must divide the number of active females 20-24 years old by the total number of women in that age group.

A comparative picture of crude participation rate based on current and 2001-02 Labour Force Survey is given in table-7.1. The crude activity rate ascends marginally from 29.6% in 2001-02 to 30.4% in 2003-04. Rural rates have scaled up higher relative to urban rates, which adumbrate osmosis of more activities into informal sector. The same observations hold with respect to area and gender as well. Punjab ’s crude participation rates for both sexes are the highest among the provinces. Crude participation rates for Pakistan by sex, rural/urban areas and provinces are presented in table-7.1.

For obtaining a better measure of the labour participation, especially of females, a few new questions to net in a set of economic activities likely to be carried out within house premises were introduced in Labour Force Survey, from 1990-91 onwards. Table-7.1 shows that the augmented female participation rates ( i.e. 26% in 2001-02 Vs 28% in 2003-04) are substantially higher than shown b y the extant methodology (10% and 11%). This ratchets up the overall participation rates significantly (37% in 2001-02 Vs 39% in 2003-04) without altering the relative profile overtime. However, due to steeper decline in the urban women’s participation, the new urban rate loses a wee bit to level down during the comparative periods. The same generally holds for provinces as well.

Table 7.1 Crude Activity (Participation) Rates: Pakistan And Provinces

Province/ Area	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	*Improved Participation Rate	Total	Male	Female	*Improved Participation Rate
Total	Female	Total	Female
Pakistan	29.6	48.0	9.9	37.4	25.8	30.4	48.7	11.2	38.5	27.5
Rural	29.9	47.6	11.1	40.3	32.3	31.0	48.2	13.2	42.2	35.8
Urban	29.1	48.9	7.3	31.4	12.0	29.2	49.8	7.0	31.1	10.8
Baluchistan	25.3	44.5	3.6	36.0	25.8	25.7	45.0	4.8	36.2	26.5
Rural	25.7	45.3	3.5	38.1	29.3	26.4	46.1	5.0	39.3	31.8
Urban	23.8	41.3	4.1	27.1	11.0	23.4	41.3	3.9	26.0	9.3
NWFP	23.5	41.7	4.7	36.9	31.6	24.6	42.3	6.9	38.1	33.8
Rural	23.1	41.1	4.6	38.3	35.1	24.5	41.8	7.3	39.8	37.7
Urban	25.8	45.0	5.0	29.0	11.6	25.1	44.8	5.1	29.1	13.1
Punjab	32.5	50.1	14.0	38.3	25.9	33.4	50.6	15.6	39.1	27.1
Rural	33.0	49.6	15.8	40.6	31.1	34.5	50.3	18.4	42.2	33.9
Urban	31.3	51.0	9.9	33.2	13.9	30.9	51.3	9.4	32.3	12.1
Sindh	27.3	47.8	4.1	35.6	21.8	27.9	48.8	4.6	37.6	24.9
Rural	27.6	48.4	4.1	41.9	34.4	27.8	48.3	4.7	45.0	41.0
Urban	26.9	47.3	4.0	29.4	9.2	28.1	49.3	4.4	30.2	8.7

Note:- *According to extant methodology , persons 10 years of age and above reporting housekeeping and other related activities are considered out of labour force. However, they are now indentified as employees if they have spent time on the specified fourteen agricultural and non-agricultural activities.

Source :- Labour Force Survey, w001-02 & 2003-04

FIGURE 7.1 Crude Activity (Participation) Rates By Sex For Pakistan , Rural And Urban .

2001-02

2003-04

IPR:- Improved Participation Rates: are based on additional probing questions asked from persons especiall y females engaged in housekeeping and other related activities as per old methodology.

Ala crude activity rate(s), refined activity rate has increased from 43% in 2001-02 to 44% in 2003-04. Provinces also line up in the same order and, male’s participation rate (71%) is over four-times higher than that of females (16%). Similarly, female refined participation rates obtained through augmentation are substantially higher. The new refined rates behave in line with their crude twins along the area, province and gender. Rising rural ( and stagnating urban rates) bespeak expanding frontiers of informal sector. A comparative picture of refined activity rates for Pakistan and its provinces by rural and urban areas for the current and 2001-02 surveys are given in table 7.2.

Table 7.3 (and figure 7.2) presents a comparative picture of age specific participation rates for Pakistan by sex based on 2001-02 and 2003-04 Labour Force Surveys. The rates appear to follow a platty kurtic dome-shaped trajectory through the age intervals with relatively flatter tail for later part of life. This observation holds irrespective of gender. Invariably, this pattern befits the government’s delimitation of productive life years. Further, female participation in all age groups have leveled higher in 2003-04 which may be due to increase in informal particularly, farming activities.

Table 7.2 Refined Activity (Participation) Rates: Pakistan And Provinces

Province/ Area	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	*Improved Participation Rate	Total	Male	Female	*Improved Participation Rate
Total	Female	Total	Female
Pakistan	43.3	7.03	14.4	54.7	37.7	43.7	70.6	15.9	55.3	39.3
Rural	45.2	72.2	16.8	60.9	48.7	46.3	72.6	19.5	62.9	52.7
Urban	39.9	66.9	10.0	43.0	16.4	39.2	67.1	9.4	41.7	14.5
Baluchistan	40.2	68.0	6.0	57.2	43.0	40.0	68.1	7.6	56.4	42.6
Rural	41.5	70.1	6.0	61.6	50.0	42.0	71.5	8.2	62.6	52.1
Urban	35.2	59.8	6.2	40.0	16.6	34.0	58.1	5.9	37.8	14.0
NWFP	36.4	65.2	7.2	57.1	48.3	37.2	65.7	10.2	57.7	50.0
Rural	36.5	65.8	7.2	60.4	54.3	37.5	66.0	10.8	61.1	56.2
Urban	36.1	62.4	7.0	40.6	16.4	35.7	64.3	7.1	41.4	18.5
Punjab	46.3	71.6	19.9	54.7	36.8	47.0	71.8	21.8	55.0	37.8
Rural	48.2	72.9	22.9	59.3	45.1	49.9	73.6	26.4	61.1	48.5
Urban	42.4	69.1	13.4	45.0	18.8	41.0	68.5	12.3	42.8	16.0
Sindh	40.5	70.4	6.1	52.9	32.7	40.5	70.8	6.6	54.5	36.1
Rural	44.3	76.6	6.8	67.4	56.4	43.9	75.8	7.4	70.5	64.3
Urban	37.2	65.1	5.5	40.7	12.8	37.8	66.4	5.9	40.6	11.7

Note:- *According to extant methodology, persons 10 years of age and above reporting housekeeping and other related activities are considered out of labour force. However, they are now indentified as employed if they hove spend time on the specified fourteen agricultural and non=agricultural activities.

Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

(%) Table 7.3 Age Specific Activity (Participation) Rates By Sex For Pakistan

Age Groups	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
10 – 14	12.0	17.2	6.3	12.8	18.5	6.7
15 – 19	37.2	57.6	13.8	37.4	59.0	14.5
20 – 24	51.2	87.0	15.9	51.5	85.7	18.0
25 – 29	54.3	95.9	15.9	55.6	96.2	17.7
30 – 34	53.9	97.3	16.3	55.3	96.3	19.1
34 – 39	59.5	97.4	19.5	59.0	97.7	20.9
40 – 44	59.8	97.6	20.4	60.1	97.0	22.6
45 – 49	60.2	96.8	20.0	59.8	96.5	20.9
50 – 54	59.5	94.1	18.6	58.1	94.5	21.0
55 – 60	53.9	88.2	14.5	55.9	89.7	18.6
60+	37.4	56.6	11.4	38.7	58.4	12.9

Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

Figure 7.2 Age Specific Activity Rate (ASAR) By Sex for Pakistan

7.2 Labour Force: Absolute Figures

The absolute figures of labour force have been calculated by multiplying crude participation rate of the respective survey year with the estimated population as on 1 st January of that year. The numbers of employed and unemployed persons have been obtained by multiplying the labour force with percentages of employed and unemployed persons.

It is observed that 45.23 million of the total population are currently active, turned as Labour

Force”. The labour force has increased from 42.39 Million in 2001-2 to 45.23 million in 2003-04. The volume of labour force has increased in all provinces irrespective of area and gender. However, the volume of male labour force has shrunk slightly in rural NWFP, probably, due to declining farming opportunities and, rural pathan’s historical penchant for breading new ground especially in trade and commerce. Absolute figures of labour force for Pakistan and its provinces by rural and urban areas for the current and 2003-04 surveys are given in table below.

(Million) Table: 7.4 Civilian Labour Force Of Pakistan And Provinces By Rural, Urban and Sex.

Province/Area	Labour Force
2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Pakistan	42.39	35.57	6.82	45.23	37.13	8.10
Rural	28.84	23.63	5.21	30.71	24.30	6.41
Urban	13.55	11.94	1.61	14.52	12.83	1.69
Baluchistan	1.71	1.60	0.11	1.91	1.74	0.17
Rural	1.41	1.32	0.09	1.50	1.36	0.14
Urban	0.30	0.28	0.02	0.41	0.38	0.03
NWFP	4.86	4.38	0.48	5.07	4.35	0.72
Rural	4.06	3.66	0.40	4.24	3.61	0.63
Urban	0.80	0.72	0.08	0.83	0.74	0.09
Punjab	26.54	20.96	50.58	27.85	21.44	6.41
Rural	18.70	14.31	4.39	19.76	14.54	5.22
Urban	7.84	6.65	1.19	8.09	6.90	1.19
Sindh	9.28	8.63	0.65	10.41	9.60	0.80
Rural	4.67	4.34	0.33	5.21	4.79	0.42
Urban	4.61	4.29	0.32	5.19	4.81	0.38

Note:- Absolute estimate of labour force 2001-02 has been calculated by using the revised population estimates of 1 st January, 2001 and will not tally with the absolute figures published in the report on LFS,2001-02

Source:- LFS.2001-02 and 2003-04

7.3 Employed: Absolute Figures

The number of employed persons has increased from 38.88 million in 2001-02 to 41.75 million in 2003-04. This increase has been noted across the board irrespective of gender, area and province. However, the volume of male employment in

rural NWFP remained at the same level in the comparative years. It be-speaks that farming has progressively been losing its capacity to keep the incremental labour force productively in situ. The details are given in Table 7.5

Table 7.5 Employed : Pakistan and Provinces

(Million)

Province/Area	Employed
2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Pakistan	38.88	33.19	5.69	41.75	34.69	7.06
Rural	26.66	22.19	4.47	28.64	22.93	5.71
Urban	12.22	11.00	1.22	13.11	11.76	1.35
Baluchistan	1.58	1.51	0.07	1.75	1.63	0.12
Rural	1.32	1.26	0.06	1.39	1.29	0.10
Urban	0.26	0.25	0.01	0.36	0.34	0.02
NWFP	4.22	3.90	0.32	4.41	3.91	0.50
Rural	3.54	3.26	0.28	3.71	3.26	0.45
Urban	0.68	0.64	0.04	0.70	0.65	0.05
Punjab	24.28	19.50	4.78	25.80	20.01	5.79
Rural	17.29	13.43	3.86	18.55	13.74	4.81
Urban	6.99	6.07	0.92	7.25	6.27	0.98
Sindh	8.80	8.28	0.52	9.79	9.14	0.65
Rural	4.51	4.24	0.27	4.99	4.64	0.35
Urban	4.29	4.04	0.25	4.80	4.50	0.30

Note:- Absolutes estimates of employed 2001-02 has been calculated by using the revised population estimates of 1 st January, 2001 and will not tally with the absolute figures published in the report on of LFS, 2001-02

Source: LFS, 2001-02 and 2003-04

Table 7.7 Distribution of employed: Major industry division

(%)

Major Industry Divisions	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing	42.1	38.2	64.6	43.1	38.1	67.3
Manufacturing	13.8	13.6	15.2	13.7	13.5	14.7
Construction	6.1	7.0	0.3	5.8	7.0	0.3
Wholesale and retail trade	14.8	17.1	1.9	14.8	17.5	1.7
Transport, storage and communication	5.9	6.9	0.4	5.7	6.9	0.1
Community, social and personal services	15.5	15.2	17.4	15.0	14.8	15.8
Others (includes mining & quarrying, electricity, gas & water, financing, insurance, real estate & business services and activities not adequately defined)	1.8	2.0	0.2	1.9	2.2	0.1
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: - Labour force survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

Figure 7.3 Distribution of employed: Major Industry Division,

7.6 Employed: Major occupation Group

As per comparative Labour Force Surveys, employment in all occupational groups has, more or less, flattened/stagnated except in “skilled agricultural and fishery workers” (34.7 versus 34.9%) followed by “elementary (unskilled) occupation” (19.4 versus 20.3%), together accounting for more than half of the employed labour force. It seems that former is home to Incremental female labour force as its growth is female-led exclusively. Obverse dynamics of growth prevails in the latter one. Female

employment has scale down across- the board except in “skilled agriculture and fishery workers various mens employment notached up in the top (legislators, senior officials and managers) and bottom (elementary occupation) rung of the occupational hierarchy percentage distribution of employed persons by major occupational groups for the years 2001-02 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.8 Occupational pattern of employed person is indicated in Fig. 7.4.

(%) Table 7.8 Distribution of employed Major occupational Groups

Major Occupational Groups	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Legislators, senior officials and managers	11.6	13.2	1.9	11.5	13.5	1.4
Professionals	2.1	2.0	2.5	2.0	2.0	1.9
Technicians and associate professionals	4.7	3.9	9.5	4.9	4.1	8.7
Clerks	1.7	2.0	0.3	1.6	1.9	0.2
Service workers and shop & market sales workers	5.7	6.4	1.3	5.2	6.1	0.8
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers	34.7	33.0	44.3	34.9	32.2	48.4
Craft and related trades workers	16.2	16.4	14.9	15.9	16.2	14.3
Plant and machine operators and assemblers	3.9	4.6	0.2	3.7	4.5	0.1
Elementary (unskilled) occupations	19.4	18.5	25.1	20.3	19.5	24.2
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source:-Labour force survey 2001-02 and 2003-04

Figure 7.4 Distribution of Employed: Major Occupational Groups

7.7 Employed: Employment Status

Employed person are denominated mainly as employees, self-employed, unpaid family helpers and employers. During the comparative periods, the two foremost categories have receded whereas the last one nigh fared at the same level. Thus, the profile of activities likely to siphon labour force from unorganized into organized sector has weakened comparatively. A conspicuously women-led surge in the third one (unpaid family worker) gives credence to the aforementioned observation. Majority (38%) constitutes employees followed by self-employed (37%), unpaid family helpers (24%) and employers (1%). As expected, more female workers are engaged as unpaid family helpers (53%) compared to male workers (18%). Contrarily more male workers are engaged in the category of self-employed, employees and employers. Comparative data for the current and 2001-02 surveys is given in table-7.9.

Table 7.9 Distribution of Employed:

(%) Employment Status And Sex

Employ ment Status	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Employers	0.8	0.9	0.3	0.9	1.1	0.1
Self-employed	38.5	42.4	15.7	37.1	41.4	15.9
Unpaid family helpers	20.8	16.4	46.9	24.1	18.3	52.8
Employees	39.9	40.3	37.1	37.9	39.2	31.2
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100

Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

7.9 Employed: Informal Sector

Currently, true to the often-held contention, informal sector accounts for 70% of the employment in main jobs outside agriculture sector. In the same refrain, percentage of employed involved in informal sector (73%), in rural area, is higher compared to that of urban areas (67%). As expected, formal sector activities are more concentrated in urban areas (33%) as compared to rural areas (27%). Since informal activities are predominantly non-agrarian, male workers are relatively more concentrated in informal sector both in rural and urban areas of the country. Informal sector’s employment has surged by five percentage points from 65% in 2001-02 to 70% in 2003-04, irrespective of gender and area. For explanation, the aggressive consumer finance schemes launched by various financial institutions are one of the important reasons. However, inhibiting influence of government’s long held predilection to generate revenue by hook or crook can not be discounted altogether as a reason for surge in informal activities. A comparative picture of the proportions of persons employed in non-agriculture sector into formal and informal for the current and 2001-02survey is given in table 7.11

(%) Table 7.11 Distribution Of Non-Agriculture Workers Into Formal And Informal Sector

Sector	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Formal	35.4	35.3	37.0	30.0	29.6	34.3
Informal	64.6	64.7	63.0	70.0	70.4	65.7
Rural	100	100	100	100	100	100
Formal	31.7	31.5	34.3	27.1	26.7	30.1
Informal	68.3	68.5	65.7	72.9	73.3	69.9
Urban	100	100	100	100	100	100
Formal	38.9	38.9	39.3	32.8	32.2	38.4
Informal	61.1	61.1	60.7	67.2	67.8	61.6

Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

7.10: Informal Sector: Major Industry Divisions

According to classification of the informal sector employment by major industry divisions, the largest slice (35%) goes to wholesale and retail trade. Manufacturing sector ranks second with about one- fifth ( 21%) followed by community, social and personal services (19%), construction (13%) and transport (11%). The other categories including mining & insurance, real estate & business services account per less than 2%. Comparative Labour force surveys indicate

relative decline in an categories except “wholesale and retail trade” and “others” grouping. Both groups reflects relative rise in the male employment. Males employment forms a bit skewed unimodal pattern peaked in wholesale and retail trade while females employment is bimodally apportioned with maximas lying in manufacturing (57%) and community and social services (34%). Percentage distribution of informal sector workers by major industry divisions for the year 200-102 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.12.

(%) Table 7.12 Distribution of Informal Sectors Workers: Major Industry Divisions

Major Industry Division	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Manufacturing	20.9	17.3	57.5	20.6	16.9	57.3
Construction	13.9	15.1	1.3	13.4	14.6	1.2
Wholesale and retail trade	34.0	36.5	7.6	34.6	37.3	7.6
Transport, storage and communication	11.7	12.7	1.0	11.2	12.3	0.3
Community, social and personal services	18.9	17.6	32.4	18.7	17.2	33.5
Others (includes mining & quarrying; electricity, gas & water and finance, insurance, real estate & business services	0.7	0.8	0.2	1.5	1.7	0.1

Source: - Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04

7.11 Informal Sector: Major Occupational Groups

Majority (31%) are reported as craft and related trade workers. Nigh a quarter (25%) are legislations, senior officials & managers. About one-fifth (23%) are engaged in elementary (unskilled) occupations. Services workers, shop and market sales workers rank fourth (10%) followed by plant & machine operators & assemblers (6%), technicians & associate professionals (4%) and professionals (2%). As expected, occupational distribution of workers is marked by wide sex differentials. Figures on males sit in the vicinity of overall pattern at wide variance with that of females. Further, apportionment of number among activities is, relatively, more even for men than for women.

Craft & related trade activities, home to three-fifth (59%) of female and more-than one quarter male workers (28%), constitute peak irrespective of gender. Among the sizeable groupings “plant and machine operators & assemblers” and “legislators, senior officials and managers” reflect male dominance in the same order. “Professionals” and “technicians and associate pro fessionals” are more tuned to women. “Elementary Occupations” tend to be gender neutral. Except the grouping of legislators, technicians, clerks and elementary occupations, all reflect relative decline during the comparative period. A comparative picture of the informal sector workers classified by major occupational groups for the current and 2001-02 surveys is given in table 7.13

(%) Table 7.13 Distribution of Informal Sectors Workers: Major Occupational Groups

Major Occupational Groups	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Legislators, senior officials & managers	24.6	26.3	6.8	24.9	26.7	5.9
Professionals	1.8	1.7	2.5	1.6	1.5	2.5
Technicians and associate professionals	2.8	2.3	8.5	3.8	3.2	9.8
Clerks	0.2	0.2	-	0.4	0.5	-
Service workers and shop & market sales workers	9.5	9.9	5.2	9.5	10.1	3.1
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers	0.1	0.1	-	-	-	-
Craft and related trade workers	32.3	29.6	59.9	31.1	28.4	58.6
Plant and machine operators and assemblers	6.4	7.0	0.6	6.1	6.7	0.2
Elementary (unskilled) occupations	22.4	22.9	16.5	22.6	22.9	19.9

Source:- Labour Force Survey 2001-02 & 2003-04

7.12 Informal Sector: Employment Status

The employment status categorizes majority (44%) as self-employed followed by employees (43%). The former, embracing majority (45%) of women, and latter, containing better parts (46%) of women, are mutually obverse in gender skew ness. About one in ten workers (12%) are reported as unpaid family helpers and one & a half percent are identified as employers. The former is home to two-time more women vis-à-vis men while the latter in acutely men centric. As far change in the comparative periods, unpaid family workers, employees and self-employed reflect a modicum of ascent in the same order while employees category a bit recedes. It seems that organized activities tend to concede ground to unorganized ones during the referred periods. Percentage distribution of informal sector workers by employment status for the years 2001-02 and 2003-04 is given in table 7.14.

Table 7.14 Distribution Of Informal Sectors Workers: Employment Status

(%)

Employment Status	2001-02	2003-04
Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100
Employer	1.0	1.1	0.2	1.5	1.6	0.2
Self-employed	43.6	44.8	31.0	43.7	44.7	34.0
Unpaid family helpers	10.9	10.1	19.1	11.7	10.9	19.5
Employees	44.5	44.0	49.7	43.1	42.8	46.3

Source:- Labour Force Survey, 2001-02 & 2003-04