List of issues and questions with regard to the consideration of periodic reports: Algeria

Addendum

Responses of Algeria to the list of issues to be taken up in connection with the consideration of its combined third and fourth periodic report (CEDAW/C/DZA/3-4) *

Responses of the Government of Algeria to the issues raised by the pre-session working group of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

After considering the third and fourth periodic reports of Algeria (CEDAW/C/DZA/3-4) at its forty-eighth session, held from 17 January to 4 February 2011, in order to monitor the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), ratified by Algeria on 22 January 1996, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women submitted a document containing pre-session questions to the Government of Algeria with a view to obtaining additional information prior to the presentation of the report.

The present document contains the responses of the Government of Algeria to the issues raised by the pre-session working group (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/3-4) of the Committee.

General

Paragraph 1 (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/3-4)

The preparation of the third and fourth periodic reports of Algeria relating to the Convention involved an extremely wide range of Government institutions. This demonstrates the commitment of the Government of Algeria to promoting and protecting women’s rights and its determination to comply with all the provisions of the Convention. To that end, an inter-ministerial working group was established, comprising the following institutions:

-Ministry of the Interior and Local Authorities;

-Ministry of Foreign Affairs;

-Ministry of Justice;

-Ministry of National Education;

-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;

-Ministry of National Solidarity and the Family;

-Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research;

-Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security;

-Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform;

-The Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women;

-Directorate-General for the Civil Service;

-National Advisory Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

Coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, several preparatory meetings were held with representatives of these national bodies and institutions. Following completion of the preparatory phase, the draft national report was adopted by the working group.

During the second phase, representatives of national and local associations active in the field of human rights, in particular women’s rights, were asked for their views and observations on the implementation of the Convention. The insight of civil society representatives working at grass-roots level, who understood the constraints to which Algerian women are subject, provided a valuable contribution to the national report. In that connection, it should be noted that a number of the observations and criticisms made by the associations were taken into account during the preparation of the report. The representatives of the associations were highly appreciative of having been involved in the preparatory process for the report.

With regard to the adoption process, it may be noted that the inter-ministerial group representing the various ministerial departments and national institutions was authorized to approve and adopt the report.

Paragraph 2

Regarding the circulation of the concluding observations adopted by the Committee following its consideration of the second periodic report of Algeria, the ministerial departments and national institutions involved in the preparation of the report were informed of the observations so that they could take the necessary follow-up action.

The concluding observations are available on the website of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, so national and local associations are able to access them freely, thanks to the widespread use of the Internet as a reference tool by the majority of the associations. Furthermore, the National Advisory Committee on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, which includes representatives of civil society, has a policy of making available to the general public all international human rights instruments ratified by Algeria.

Constitutional, legislative and institutional framework

Paragraph 3

In ratifying the Convention, Algeria not only made it a supranational standard with which it undertakes to comply, de jure and de facto, under the supervision of the Constitutional Council and the Council of State, but also adopted all the provisions of the Convention, except those to which it made reservations, including the definition of discrimination. The Convention serves as an essential reference point in the drafting of any legal text, whether a fundamental law or simply an administrative order.

Since 1999, Algeria has taken significant action to adapt its legislation to the provisions of the Convention. The country’s entire body of law has either undergone or is currently undergoing a raft of changes to bring it into line with conventions ratified by Algeria.

Paragraph 4

There is no legal text preventing a woman from exercising her right of recourse to the courts when she has been the victim of discrimination. On the contrary, the provisions of the Convention take precedence over domestic law, in accordance with article 132 of the Constitution.

Thus far, the Convention has not been directly invoked by an Algerian court, nor has any case relating to the application of its provisions come before to the courts.

Paragraph 5

The reservation to article 2 of the Convention is worded in such a way as to ensure that the provisions of the article do not conflict with the provisions of the Family Code.

The reservations to article 16 of the Convention are to be withdrawn, following the amendment of the Family Code in accordance with Ordinance No. 05-02 of 27 February 2005.

The reservation to article 15 concerning the right of persons to move freely and choose their residence and domicile is not relevant to the current Family Code. The reservation no longer serves a valid purpose.

Paragraph 6

It should be noted that the Code of Algerian Nationality was revised in 2005. The main amendments concerned the following points:

-Allowing children to take their mother’s nationality, in line with the principle of gender equality (article 6 of the Code of Algerian Nationality)

-Enabling a man to acquireAlgerian nationality through marriage to an Algerian woman (article 9 bis of the Code of Algerian Nationality)

No consideration has yet been given to the abolition of polygamy, eventhough the practice is now virtually non-existent in Algerian society, accounting for less than 1 per cent of marriages, according to the statistics.

By incorporating the principle of equal rights and obligations between husband and wife, the new Family Code has reinforced the idea of mutual consent as a fundamental element in the conclusion of a contract of marriage.

The role of the legal guardian of an adult woman contracting a marriage is simply to be present.This does not affect the woman’s legal capacity to contract the marriage. The marriage of a minor, whether girl or boy, is contracted through his or herwali, who may be the father or another close relative.

It should be noted that article 13 of Ordinance 05-02 of 27 February 2005, amending and supplementing the Family Code, prohibits the wali, who may be the father or another relative, from compelling a minor person under his guardianship to contract marriage. The wali is also prohibited from giving the minor in marriage to anyone without his or her consent.

National machinery

Paragraph 7

One of the most important national bodies promoting the rights of women is the National Council on the Family and Women,which comprises approximately 50 members of various national institutions (representatives of ministries, professional bodies, non-governmental associations and organizations and research centres, university professors and experts) operating at both national and local level. The Council has an annual budget of DA 5 million (the equivalent of US$ 68,000), which may, where necessary, be supplemented by additional State subsidies and contributions, among other sources of funding. To ensure that issues relating to women and children are monitored more effectively, the Council has set uptwo special internal committees, on women and on the family.

The Ministry of National Solidarity and the Family, the Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women, their representatives in the 48 wilayas and the Social Development Agency have a jointbudget amounting to approximately:

-DA 92,935,939,000 in 2010 ($1,256,570,311); and

-DA 109,466,698,000 in 2011 ($1,480,079,765).

The situation as regards human resources is as follows: the central administration of the Ministry of National Solidarity and the Family and the Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women number 268 civil servants. Of those, 60 are senior officials, of whom 31 are women.

Programmes and Action Plans

Paragraph 8

Action taken to implement the National Strategy for the Promotion and Integration of Women included the setting up of an inter-ministerial committee. Sector-based action plans were drawn up and are currently being implemented. The preparation of the National Strategy in 2008 was followed up by a series of implementing measures, including:

A.National Action Plan of the National Strategy for the Promotion and Integration of Women 2010-2014

Drawn up by the Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women, with contributions from several Government institutions, associations and experts, the Plan was submitted to the Government Council on 9 March 2010. The National Action Plan aims, on the basis of research, to create a database of information broken down according to sex, to build capacities and to promote, monitor and evaluate the National Strategy.

The Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women oversees the various activities outlined in the Plan, with support from the relevant Government units using a series of:

-Gender focal points;

-The National Council on the Family and Women;

-The Management of the Programme of Institutional Support for the Ministry for the Family and the Status of Women; and

-The Monitoring and Evaluation Committee of the Joint Programme for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment.

There are 15 Government units in total, representing the following ministries: Internal Affairs and Local Authorities; Justice; Finance; National Education; Health, Population and Hospital Reform; Occupational Training and Education; Culture; Labour, Employment and Social Security; Postal Services and Communication and Data Processing Technologies; National Solidarity and the Family; Religious Affairs and Charitable Endowments; Agriculture and Rural Development; Industry and Promotion of Investment; Communications; and Land-Use Planning, Environment and Tourism. The Gender Group monitors and evaluates the implementation of mandated activities, with the backing of a national expert for the implementation of annual action plans in the relevant areas of activity.

B.Programme for the Strengthening of Women’s Leadership and Consolidation of Women’s Participation in Political and Public Life

The aim of the programme is to:

-Contribute to national initiatives for the political empowerment of women on the basis of studies and research, training and communication;

-Mobilize and engage key stakeholders in the initiative to strengthen women’s participation in the political arena; and

-Promote a participatory approach to fostering dialogue between stakeholders with a view to formulating a strategic plan to promote an enhanced role for women in political life at the national and local level.

C.Joint Programme for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment

The programme was launched on 1 September 2010 to support national efforts to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment, with a particular emphasis on improved access to employment for women. The programme focuses on three strategic areas:

(a)Support for the implementation of policies and programmes relating to issues of gender equality and women’s empowerment.

(b)Improved access to employment for women through targeted support for existing job creation mechanisms, and the development of pilot projects. Statistics on the number of women active in the labour market in 2010 and 2011 appear in annex 1.

(c)Public information campaigns and training courses on issues relating to gender and the socio-economic rights of women, based on the development of partnerships with civil society organizations and the media.

In addition to State funding, the Joint Programme received a budget for international cooperation of approximately US $3,644,740 for the years 2010 to 2012. The budget for management and monitoring/evaluation of the programme amounts to approximately $240,000.

Violence against women

Paragraph 9

It is worth noting the amendments to the provisions of the Criminal Code on violence against women, in particular article 330, paragraph 2, on desertion of family, article 341 bis on sexual harassment and article 350 bis on theft and extortion. However, a specific law on violence against women is not currently envisaged.

For the period 2008-2010, the number of cases of all forms of violence committed against women and the total number of persons found guilty throughout the country (in all its36 courts) are as follows:

Year	Number of cases registered	Number of persons found guilty and sentenced
2008	32,764	25,284
2009	35,621	26,633
2010	38,320	28,087

The data were collected from 194 tribunals and 36 courts across the country.

Paragraph 10

As regards “marital rape”, it should be noted that, while article 336 of the Algerian Criminal Code does not define rape, the courts consider any sexual act involving physical or psychological violence against a woman as constituting the offence of rape. Case law in this regard does not exclude rape committed by a husband against his wife.

The issue of redefining sexual crimes is among those being considered by the committee responsible for revising the Criminal Code.

Paragraph 11

During the period affected by terrorism, there were 5,163 registered female victims of criminal violence. Of those, 2,901 died, 1,975 were injured and 287 were abducted.

Under the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 06-93 of 28 February 2006 relating to the compensation of victims of the national tragedy, the partners of individuals who had disappeared were all compensated. However, no precise figures can be given, since they were compensated jointly with other beneficiaries. It should be noted that the mothers and widows of victims of the national tragedy constitute the majority of those beneficiaries.

On the other hand, committees operating atwilaga levelto keep records, in implementation of the provisions of the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, registered 6,094 claims made by the dependants of disappeared persons, 5,195 of whom were awarded compensation.

Paragraph 12

It may be recalled that the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, adopted by popular referendum, does not provide for amnesty in the legal sense of the word. Four persons are registered as having been prosecuted for rape and sentenced to periods of imprisonment ranging from 8 to 20 years. Those four persons were not eligible under the provisions of Act No. 01-06 of 27 February 2006 implementing the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation.

Paragraph 13

The implementation of the National Strategy for Combating Violence against Women is of particular importance for the interested parties. The media, including local media, have also taken an interest in the Strategy. They have discussed the issue with institutional partners, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the victims and supported the activities organized, which are similar to those marking the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women (25 November).

The Strategy provides women victims of violence with medical and psychological care, legal support and professional training with a view to their social and economic reintegration. In order to realize the Strategy, the Algerian Government has implemented a series of actions, including:

(a)The establishment of a computerized information system on violence against women, with a view to establishing a database that would harmonize and coordinate efforts aimed at providing greater support to women victims of violence and implementing the relevant necessary reforms;

(b)The formulation of a Communications Plan for Combating Violence against Women;

(c)The presentation of two situation reportson the collection, circulation and use of data and information on violence against women;

(d)The compilation of a list of the parties involved in action to combat violence against women, which includes organizations providing shelters and/or hotline services, NGOs and bodies providing psychological and/or medical services and bodies involved in gender issues that have experience of the issue of violence against women, national and local police services and NGOs and United Nations bodies active in efforts to combat violence against women.

The National Security Directorate has implemented several preventative security measures aimed at combating violence against women, such as the establishment of counselling services at city police stations, to supplement existing services provided by local police aimed at improving relations between police officers and victims who require special attention owing to their psychological condition.

Paragraph 14

A total of 69 per cent of Algerian families are nuclear families. This means that the number of cases of violence committed by a person other than a husband, such as a mother-in-law, is fairly limited.

Another factor limiting the violence against women is the increased level of education among women, which acts as a defence against mistreatment and frees women from economic dependency and pressure from the husband or the father.

It is difficult to obtain reliable statistics on acts of violence by family members other than a husband, since violence committed against women within the family is hidden from the world behind a wall of silence and the first extensive studies were carried out only a decade ago. According to a study by the Office of the Minister for the Family and the Status of Women, 33.5 per cent of all those in a sample of persons attacked in one way or another, said that they had not reported the incident, which represents 78 per cent of that population.* More than half of the women attacked (52.2 per cent) responded that they had not told anyone about the incident.

A fact-finding report prepared by the National Office of Statistics as part of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 3)corroborates the existence of such behaviour among women who consider domestic violence to be a strictly private, family matter. Specifically, it found that 67.9 per cent of women did not bring charges against their husbands. Figures relating to cases of violence committed by family members, and the number of convictions, are as follows for the 2008-2010 period:

-2008: 2,861 persons found guilty, out of25,284

-2009: 2,861 persons found guilty, out of26,633

-2010: 2,808 persons found guilty, out of 28,087

The National Advisory Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights dispatched interdisciplinary teams in caravans to various wilayas throughout the country. The teams engaged in outreach work, providing services to men and women in rural populations based in villages and isolated settlements.

The objective was,by raising awareness and knowledgeamong women, and also their families, on the various issues, including combating violence and all forms of discrimination against women,to enable targeted populations to benefit from all the available opportunities to improve their living and working conditions.

Paragraph 15

Women in difficulty or distress and women victims of violence are cared for in the National Shelter for Women Victims of Violence and Women in Distress in Bousmail, in the wilaya of Tipaza. The establishment, which has a capacity of 40 beds, has been undergoing extensions to increase its capacity to 100. The project is nearing completion, and the establishment is currently being equipped. The table below illustrates the number of women in difficulty who were cared for in the shelter in 2010 and the first quarter of 2011:

	2010	First quarter 2011
Total number of women and girls accommodated
152	80
Medical and psychological care	152	44
Family reintegration	48	23
Social and professional reintegration	32	13

Another establishment, which has a capacity of 40 beds, was built in the wilaya of Mostaganem in 2010. It was included in the 2011 budget and will open during the second half of the year, immediately following the recruitment for specialized managerial staff.

-The budget for the Bousmail National Shelter for Women Victims of Violence and Women in Distress amounted to DA 40 million for 2010 and DA 49,268,000 for 2011. The Mostaganem shelter was allocated a budget of DA 10,640,000 for 2011. Two other establishments are currently being built, in the wilayas of Annaba and Tlemcen, and a third is being considered for the wilaya of Tizi Ouzou.

It should be noted that, in addition to providing accommodation to women in difficulty and women victims of violence, the principal objective is to bring about their family, social and professional reintegration. Measures were therefore taken to ensure that residents benefited from the following:

-Social and economic mechanisms within the sector, such as the fixed solidarity allowance, the community service benefit and microcredit.

-Registration with professional and vocational training centres.

-Assistance from local committees responsible for considering the allocation of social housing.

The period of care for women residing at the shelter is predicated on the fulfilment of its functions, namely the provision of medical and psychological care in the interest of family, social and economic integration or reintegration. The period varies according to the time required for family reintegration, which may be up to three years. Some women have stayed for longer than five years. After leaving the shelter, they and their families remain in contact with the manager of the shelter, who monitors their situation regularly. Pre-arranged visits are also made by social workers and psychologists.

Telephone calls received by women and girls who have been victims of violence and are residing at the shelter are monitored through a designated telephone line, made available to the women through the manager’s office at the shelter. Calls are received in the presence of the manager’s assistant. Furthermore, shelters, counselling, services to help victims plan their future and psychological care are available through the Social Affairs Directorates of the 48 wilayas.

Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution

Paragraph 16

In order to comply with its international commitments, in particular in relation to combating transnational organized crime, Algeria has included a title in its Criminal Code (title II, chapter I, section 5 bis) entitled “Trafficking in persons”.There have nevertheless been no criminal convictions or prosecutions, since trafficking in persons has never been a feature of the culture or history of Algerian society. Moreover, no structured networks have come to light that might suggest the existence of sexual exploitation. Indeed, no well-grounded case of trafficking in persons has been reported to the national police or national security services, which, in handling illegal immigration, routinely apprehend and interrogate individuals in order to establish whether they have been subject to any form of abuse, with a view to identifying any possible case of trafficking in persons.

Regarding prostitution and procurement offences (articles 343, 346, 347 and 348 of the Criminal Code), statistics for 2009 and 2010 collected from 194 tribunals and 36 courts throughout the country are as follows:

- 2009:

Procuring (articles 343, 346 and 348)

-Number of cases registered: 855

-Number of persons found guilty: 1,238

Soliciting (prostitution) ( article 347 )

-Number of cases registered: 924

-Number of persons found guilty: 868

- 2010:

Procuring (articles 343, 346 and 348)

-Number of cases registered: 836

-Number of persons found guilty: 1,099

Soliciting (prostitution) ( article 347 )

-Number of cases registered: 950

-Number of persons found guilty: 867

NB:A single case may involve several defendants, which explains why the number of people convicted exceeds the number of cases registered.

Paragraph 17

The issue is a major concern for Algeria. It is being addressed in close collaboration with the various multisectoral and social partners so that joint action may be taken to implement the Government’s strategy in this field. Several training programmes on such crimes have been introduced for the police and periodic seminars are held.

A wide-ranging human rights training programme, taking place over several years (in particular 2007-2010) was organized.Aimed at those working in the justice system (judges, persons employed in the registry and other legal officials, lawyers and the judicial police) it included ongoing training, seminars and study days.

Political participation and participation in public life

Paragraph 18

In order to consolidate the political rights of women, the Algerian Government is focusing its efforts and operations on training, education and raising awareness at both local and national level. For this purpose, awareness-raising campaigns have been stepped up, applying new communication and information technologies in the form of a “women’s portal”.

Similarly, several meetings to raise awareness have been organized in Algiers and other wilayas, in addition to regular sessions of the National Council on the Family and Womenon the issue of women’s participation in political life and the implementation of article 31 bis of the Constitution. Audio-visual presentations bring together institutional representatives, associations and experts and focus on promoting the political role of women.

Paragraph 19

The term “reasonable” refers to the national policy objective of promoting women’s rights, and thus illustrates the intention of making positive changes that might lead to an improvement in the present and future situation of women compared with their past standing, and its continuing evolution.In order to achieve this, an Act aimed at strengthening the political role of women in elected assemblies through a quota system was passed by an absolute majority in Parliament in November 2011.

The Act enshrines that gradual process by establishing quotas for the proportion of female candidates standing for elected assemblies. Those quotas range from 20to 50 per cent.

Accordingly, the quotas for female representation in the People’s National Assemblywere set at 20 per cent for four seats, 30 per cent for five or more seats, 30 per cent for 14 or more seats and 40 per cent for 32 or more seats. Lastly, the quota for female representation in seats received for the national community abroad was set at 50 per cent.

Regarding the Wilaya People’s Assemblies, a 30 per cent representation was agreed upon for assemblies comprising 35, 39, 43 or 47 seats. For those with 51 to 55 seats, a 35 per cent representation was agreed upon. As for elections to the Communal People’s Assemblies, a 30 per cent representation is envisaged for populations of over 20,000.

These quotas are compulsory for female candidates in accordance with their registered ranking, and any electoral list, whether independent or party-based, that does not adhere to them will be automatically rejected.

National strategies and operational plans on to the status of women also contribute to positive change, by adopting implementation and monitoring mechanisms such as gender focal points within each ministry. Those focal points are responsible for monitoring the incorporation of the concept of gender into institutional mechanisms such as policy, management and human resources and developing a gender-sensitive internal and external communication strategy.

Paragraph 20

The commission, which comprises senior officials from the Ministry of Justice and judges from the Supreme Court and the Council of State, academics, sociologists and representatives of civil society, has completed the drafting of a bill establishing the conditions for increasing the representation of women in elected assemblies. The bill was adopted by the People’s National Assemblyin November 2011 (see response to issue 19).

Paragraph 21

See response to issue 19.

Education and stereotypes

Paragraph 22

The National Literacy Strategy was launched in 2006/2007 with187,048 students, 165,100 of whom were women.The number of pupils registering for literacy classes has continued to rise and should reach a level of approximately 1,620,000 for the 2011/2012 academic year. They will be taught by 26,000 literacy teachers. The rate of illiteracy should thus fall to 19 per cent by the end of 2011.

The promotion of literacy through the implementation of the National Strategy with a view to eradicating illiteracy by 2015-2016 will progressively lower the illiteracy rate, which was almost 22 per cent in 2008.

The objectives of the National Literacy Strategy are to:

-Halve the total number of illiterate people by the end of 2012;

-Eradicate illiteracy by 2016.

Priority is given to:

-Women and girls;

-Rural areas;

-Persons aged from 15 to 49.

In the four years that the National Literacy Strategy has been in operation, from 2007to2011, 1,208,780citizens have become literate, more than 80 per cent of whom are women. (Annex 2 contains: detailed statistics on the literacy programme for the decade 2007 to 2016, which constitutes the implementation period for the National Literacy Strategy; the financial resources allocated during the period 2007 to 2011; the evolution in student numbers according to sex and academic year; and numbers of teaching staff.)

Paragraph 23

Initiatives undertaken

The State supports the schooling of disadvantaged girls and boys through the provision of various forms of assistance, including scholarships, school textbooks and resources, food, transport and school health care.

Indicators relating to support for schooling

The support provided for students in general has a direct impact on the schooling of children, either through promoting their enrolment in school and the continuation of their school education, at least during the period of compulsory education, or by providing the best possible surroundings and education. The aim of such support is thus to reduce social inequalities, establish equal opportunities for all and reduce dropout rates, in particular among girls.

Social and living conditions in many remote rural areas, where schools were sometimes located far away and transport was basic, used to prevent many parents from being able to meet their children’s educational needs. Girls were the first to suffer in such situations, despite gainingexcellent results.

The situation has significantly improved thanks to the reform of the educational system implemented as part of the National Education Act, which placed a strong emphasis on support for schooling.

In that context, and in order to deal with the shortcomings mentioned above, a wide range of activities has been put in place to support schooling, for whichDA 40 billion has been allocated under the State budget.

These activities relate primarily to:

-School canteens: In order to provide education under the right conditions, hot, balanced meals are served daily to pupils who require them or who live a long way from school. Such catering, coupled with more affordable meal prices, enables pupils from rural areas, in particular girls, to pursue their education. During the current academic year (2011/2012), rural areas throughout the country have been provided with 565 new school canteens, which will cater to 113,000 more pupils, 206 semi-boarding facilities and 19 new boarding schools.

-A special educational grant of DA 3,000:The grant alleviates the heavy costs borne by parents at the beginning of each academic year.

-Free school textbooks: Since textbooks are a basic necessity for school-based learning, they have been distributed free to over 50 per cent of all pupils.

-School solidarity: At the beginning of each new academic year, needy pupils, in particular those living in rural areas, receive free satchels, pencil cases, school clothes and other items.

-School bursaries: Boarding and half-boarding facilities play an important part in supporting schooling, insofar as they not only curb drop-out rates among girls but also encourage pupils to pursue their studies under normal conditions and take some of the burden off the parents.

It should be noted that the numbers of boarders fell between 2007 and 2009. That decrease can be explained by the construction of new schools closer to pupils’ homes. Girls are encouraged to continue their education.

-School transport: The provision of school transport facilities, especially in rural areas, enables and encourages girls and boys to attend school.

-School health care: Health care coverage for pupils continues to increase, since health care is now provided in all schools.

The rise in pass rates in recent years for various examinations at primary, secondary and baccalaureate level, is evidence that academic performance is constantly improving, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

The quantitative factors are illustrated by the success rate at baccalaureate level, which reached over 62 per cent this year, whereasit had barely exceeded 30 per cent before the implementation of the reform.

Paragraph 24

The number of women attending university has risen regularly at all academic levels.

Table 1

Increases in number of students registered at undergraduate and postgraduate level, and percentage of women

Year Level of education	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009
Undergraduate % women	743,054 56.8	820,664 58.3	952,067 59.0	1,048,899 59.1
Post graduate % women	37,787 44.8	43,458 45.5	48,764 48.1	54,924 48.0

Women are active in all disciplines at university level. Over the past four years, an increasing number of women have passed the baccalaureate. Women generally form the majority both in scientific disciplines such as medicine, pharmacy and dentistry andin social sciences.

The statistics on the increase in the proportion of female students in various disciplines appear to show a strong trend towards female participationacross the board in all the major disciplines.

Table 2

Increase in the proportion of female undergraduate students, by discipline (%)

	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009
Pure sciences / Technology	35.7	34.8	34.6	34.9
Medical sciences (including veterinary science )	57.8	59.4	59.8	62.0
Natural sciences/ Earth sciences	67.2	69.6	68.9	70.6
Social sciences / Human sciences	62.8	64.4	64.7	63.8
Total	56.8	58.3	59.0	59.1

It should be noted that the proportion of female students enrolled in science and technology courses increased from 7.6 per cent in 1972/1973 to 30.84 per cent in 2000/2001. The proportion of female students enrolled in medical sciences courses rose from 25.97 per cent to 52.57 per cent during the same period.

The number of female students that graduate is increasing still further, compared to the number of male students that graduate. Women tend to complete their studies within the time frame laid down for their course.

Table 3

Increase in number of students graduating, and proportion of women

	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009
Graduates	107,515	12,932 *	121,905	146, 889
% women	61.1	60.4	61.1	63.4

The number of female students graduating, compared to the number engaged in undergraduate studies, has risen significantly.

Table 4

Changes in proportion of female students graduating, by discipline (%)

	2004-2005	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008
Pure sciences/ Technology	39.9	38.0	39.0	37.9
Medical sciences (including veterinary science )	57.3	57.6	59.5	60.2
Nat ural sciences/ Earth sciences	73.1	73.4	73.0	73.8
Social sciences/ Human sciences	65.7	65.6	66.7	69.0
Total	61.1	60.4	61.1	63.4

All graduating students are given the opportunity to do postgraduate studies on the basis of a national competitive examination advertised in the press. There has been a steady increase in the number of female candidates applying for postgraduate studies.

Table 5

Changes in the proportion of postgraduate female students,by discipline (%)

	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009
Pure sciences / Technology	38.8	38.5	40.7	39.9
Medical sciences (including veterinary science )	53.5	53.4	59.5	58.0
Natural sciences / Earth sciences	51.4	52.5	58.3	58.2
Social sciences / Human sciences	44.2	46.7	46.8	48.4
Total	44.8	45.5	48.1	48.0

The number of female university lecturers has also increased and women currently constitute more than one third of all university lecturers. If that trend continues over the coming years, it will be necessary to seriously address the issue of declining education levels among boys in comparison to girls.

Table 6

Changes in number of university lecturers and percentage of women

	2005-2006	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009
Official university lecturers	27,067	29,062	31,703	34,470
% women	35.3	36.2	38.0	38.4

Employment

Paragraph 25

Algeria’s labour law follows the provisions of the Constitution in prohibiting all forms of gender-based discrimination. Under the country’s labour law, the right to work and equal treatment are safeguarded for all workers, regardless of gender and age. All workers are entitled to equal pay and benefits for the same work, where qualifications and performance are equal.

The country’s labour law also includes specific protective measures for women, relating particularly to maternity and the woman’s role within the family unit. Act No. 90-11 of 21 April 1990 on labour relations, as amended and supplemented, establishes gender equality between men and women in the field of employment.

Paragraph 26

Legal framework: Executive Decree No. 97-473 of 8 December 1997 on part-time work. Part-time work is defined as any work in which the working time is less than that established by law, provided that the working time agreed upon between employer and employee is not less than half that established by law.

Part-time workers enjoy the same legal and contractual rights as full-time workers, subject to the specific terms and conditions of those rights.

Paragraph 27

The revised Labour Code currently being drawn up contains new provisions relating to sexual harassment, consisting of a definition, a description and the sanctions that areapplicable in the context of labour relations. This is in addition to other provisions provided for by the Criminal Code.

Health

Paragraph 28

( a) P rogrammes providing women with information on sexual and reproductive rights

Information on sexual and reproductive rights constitutes an essential part of health services and health programmes in Algeria, including maternal health programmes relating to antenatal and post-natal monitoring, reproductive health, and family planning and school and university health. The information is provided by fully trained staff, such as midwives and general practitioners who offer counselling, based either in health clinics or, during the post-partum period, in maternity hospitals, and also by multidisciplinary teams in early detection and monitoring units based in schools and universities. There are currently 1,653 early detection and monitoring units in operation. Associations and mosques make a contribution by raising awareness of the issue.

( b) Policy on sex education

A document on population policy, entitled “Objectives and Strategies for 2010”, examined and approved by the Council of Ministers in December 2001, stipulates that “the right to reproductive health information and services is an integral part of the constitutional right to health care. Free reproductive health care and services are available to the needy.”

The following factors are crucial to the achievement of the country’s quantitative and qualitative objectives overall: (a) widen access to reproductive health care, with improved services and awareness-raising; (b) greater access to reproductive health education and sexual health education, particularly for the younger generation, accompanied by an emphasis on promoting proper conduct among young women and preparing them for responsible parenthood.

Following an impact assessmentof the third year of primary school and the fourth year of middle school, population education became part of the core curriculum at the end of the 1990s (2000-2001), although the basic concept had already been introduced into educational programmes, beginning in 1988. That process was continued in 2009 with the ongoing programme on integrating reproductive health and human and reproductive rights, particularly women’s rights, in national education programmes, which includes a workshop to raise awareness among those drawing up school curricula, namely national schools inspectors.

( c) Updated statistics on the rate of teenage pregnancies and information on maternal mortality rates

Changes in maternal mortality rates, (MMR) per 100,000

Year	19901	19921	19991	20052	20062	20072	20082	20092	20102
MMR	230	215	117.4	99.5	92.6	88.9	86.2	81.4	76.9

(1) Data from national surveys (2) Estimated data

A system for the routine collection of data relating to maternal deaths in both public health-care establishments and private maternity hospitals was set up in 2007 under the national programme for maternal and perinatal health. Although the system proved effective in terms of registering births accounting for 92 per cent of the live births registered by the State, it was found that hospitals underestimated or underreported maternal deaths,estimating a rate of 45.82 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2008 and 40.42 per 100,000 in 2009 (298 deaths).

In view of the difficulty of recording the numbers of maternal deaths in routine surveys, given the sample size and infrequent incidence, it was agreed that a register of maternal deaths should be established in public and private hospital facilities. Furthermore, a statistical survey of the system used for gathering and circulating information is under way in a group of pilot wilayas. A workshop to train maternity ward staff in how to record maternal death rates is planned for 10 pilot wilayas for the first half of 2011. A national survey is also being considered.

Statistics on the distribution of maternal deaths in hospitals and the total fertility rate by age, 1992-2006,appear in annex 3.

There are no official data on pregnancy rates among adolescents. A more detailed analysis of maternal deaths by age indicates a very small number of registered maternal deaths —1 per cent — within the 15- to 19-year-old age group.

Paragraph 29

Abortion in Algeria remains governed by chapter V, article 72, of the Health Promotion and Protection Act (No. 85-05 of 16 February 1985), entitled “Measures for the protection of the health of mothers and children”, which provides for “abortion performed for therapeutic purposes as an indispensable measure to save the life of the mother or to preserve her psychological and mental equilibrium when it is seriously jeopardized. Abortionis performed by a doctor in a specialized institution, after a medical consultation with a medical specialist.”

Paragraph 30

( a) Data disaggregated by sex and age of persons infected by HIV/AIDS

1.Distribution of AIDS cases, by age and sex, 1985 to 30 September 2011

	Cases of AIDS
		1985 to 2002		2003 to 2011		1985 to 2011
Age (years)	M	F	Not known	Total	M	F	Not known	Total	M	F	Not known	Total
0-4	4	1	0	5	4	8	1	13	8	9	1	18
5-9	3	3	0	6	3	1	0	4	6	4	0	10
10-14	3	2	0	5	3	2	0	5	6	4	0	10
15-19	4	1	0	5	3	1	1	5	7	2	1	10
20-24	21	13	0	34	21	11	2	34	42	24	2	68
25-29	74	21	1	96	46	34	2	82	120	55	3	178
30-34	91	33	0	124	41	39	1	81	132	72	1	205
35-39	80	26	0	106	67	45	3	115	147	71	3	221
40-44	37	23	0	60	52	40	3	95	89	63	3	155
45-49	26	10	0	36	42	27	0	69	68	37	0	105
50-54	13	6	0	19	20	30	2	52	33	36	2	71
55-59	8	3	1	12	17	18	0	35	25	21	1	47
60 plus	15	6	0	21	25	15	0	40	40	21	0	61
Unspecified	18	15	2	35	22	16	2	40	40	31	4	75
TOTAL	397	163	4	564	366	287	17	670	763	450	21	1,234

Cases of AIDS

Out of a total of 1,234 cases of AIDS, 450 women and 763 men have the disease while in 21 cases the person’s sex is unknown.

The male to female ratio is 1.70.

Women aged 15 to 49 (324 cases) represent 72 per cent of all women infected (450 cases).

2.Distribution of cases of HIV infection, by age and sex, 1985 to 30 September 2011

	Cases of HIV infection
		1985 to 2002		2003 to 2011		1985 to 2011
Age (years)	M	F	Not known	Total	M	F	Not known	Total	M	F	Not known	Total
0-4	12	7	3	22	70	61	3	134	82	68	6	156
5-9	11	6	1	18	13	22	0	35	24	28	1	53
10-14	8	2	0	10	5	0	1	6	13	2	1	16
15-19	9	3	1	13	10	27	2	39	19	30	3	52
20-24	32	33	7	72	103	141	15	259	135	174	22	331
25-29	85	41	7	133	206	213	18	437	291	254	25	570
30-34	79	51	2	132	214	216	13	443	293	267	15	575
35-39	56	28	5	89	215	161	11	387	271	189	16	476
40-44	31	26	2	59	163	129	19	311	194	155	21	370
45-49	16	20	2	38	117	74	5	196	133	94	7	234
50-54	8	7	0	15	96	58	2	156	104	65	2	171
55-59	5	4	0	9	56	33	5	94	61	37	5	103
60 plus	11	4	0	15	77	46	7	130	88	50	7	145
Unspecified	294	196	181	671	631	547	280	1,458	925	743	461	2,129
TOTAL	657	428	211	1,296	1,976	1,728	381	4,085	2,633	2,156	592	5,381

HIV infection

Out of a total of 5,381 cases, 2,156 women and 2,633 men tested positive, which gives a 45 per cent proportion of female cases.

The male to female ratio is 1.22.

Women aged 15 to 49 (1,163 cases) represent53.9 per cent of the women infected with HIV (2,156 cases).

( b) It should be noted that it has been difficult to achieve a factual and objective analysis of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its epidemiology in Algeria based solely on cases reported up to 2010. As a result, it is not possible to confirm or refute the assertion that women are more or less exposed to the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than men

Consequently, any conclusions reached with regard to the characteristics of infected persons and risky behaviour, and any theory relating to those conclusions, should be assessed with due care, taking into account the following points:

-The significant shortage of data, given the sensitive nature of the issue and prevailing taboos in terms of sociocultural behaviour and the difficulty in approaching certain at-risk groups, such as sex workers;

-The system used to gather information, including the forms to be filled out, which make it difficult to use and analyse that information;

-The fact that surveys based on the HIV-monitoring carried out by watchdog groups in 1998 and 2004 are not capable of providing precise data on the extent of the problem, while more extensive seroprevalence surveys have not been conducted and might well cause ethical, or even technical, problems;

-The lack of correlation between biological and clinical follow-up care, in particular with regard to the survival or mortality table of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS;

-The fact that the manner of voluntary or involuntary transmission remains little understood in general (out of 1,118 registered cases of AIDS, 347 sufferers didnot know how they had been infected).

In general, on the basis of the limited data available, it appears that sexual transmission — through heterosexual contact — is the most significant form of transmission (554 cases, which represents more than 50 per cent of all cases) and that distribution of transmission by these means is almost equalbetween men and women.

( c) Programmes and measures aimed at women

HIV prevention programmes aimed at various sectors of the population have benefited from the implementation of strategic plans (in 2002-2006 and 2007-2011), with contributions from non-governmental associations and organizations, and support from United Nations organizations (the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)). In view of the prevalence of heterosexual transmission, efforts are focused on information, education and communication and the promotion of condom use, especially among at-risk groups (young people, sex workers and drug addicts).

Also of note is an important measure relating to article 7 bis of the Ordinance of 27 February 2005 amending and supplementing the Family Code, under which a prenuptial medical examination is made anobligatory part of the marriage procedure. Future partners are routinely offered an HIV screening test.

Furthermore, measures for the prevention of mother-to-child transmissionare being developed in public maternity hospitals, while some private establishments have already instituted the HIV screening test as part of antenatal care and the birthing procedure. Hygiene, prevention and blood safety measures are undertaken, with a particular emphasis on training staff in hospital infection risk management (in particular in relation to dialysis services). Moreover, awareness campaigns are organized not only by non-governmental associations and organizations, but also by radio and television media.

Economic empowerment

Paragraph 31

Microcredit and women

The microcredit programme, which is one of the social development objectives of the public authorities, aims to strengthen the ability of individuals and populations to take care of themselves, achieve a satisfactory quality of life and find employment. It is thus a targeted and participatory support policy and represents an alternative to the welfare State.

Not only unqualified housewives but also female graduates of universities and professional training colleges constitute part of a vulnerable population striving for economic and social integration and deserving of both social and financial support. It should be noted that one of the features of the microcredit given by the NationalMicrocredit Management Agency is that it prioritizes home-based work, trades and handicraft, particularly among the female population. At the grass-roots level, microcredit is extremely popular among women, with more women receiving credits than men.

Of the total number of beneficiaries, 141,997, or 60 per cent, are women, whereas only 93,288 (40 per cent) are men.

The main activities carried out by women who have benefited from the scheme, in particular as regards interest-free loans for buying raw materials, have been in such fields as the food industry, the clothing industry, handicrafts, agriculture, services, construction and public works.

Distribution of women benefiting from the funding programme

Women represent almost 63 per cent of those benefiting from the funding programme offering interest-free loans for the purchase of raw materials. That high figure can be explained by the ways in which the programme appeals to women, such as the simplified application process and the speed at which the prospective project is handled and funded. The opportunity to conduct business from home is also an attraction for women.

-Distribution of women recipients, by business sector:

Agriculture: 14,659, or 10 per cent

Very small industry: 51,822, or 36 per cent

Construction and public works: 1,255, or 1 per cent

Services: 22,271, or 16 per cent

Handicrafts: 51,990, or 37 per cent

-Distribution of women recipients, by age group:

18-29: 47,114, or 33 per cent

30-39: 44,895, or 32 per cent

40-49: 28,098, or 20 per cent

50-59: 15,863, or 11 per cent

60 plus: 6,027, or 4 per cent

Non-financial benefits

In addition to the financial services provided by the Agency, female entrepreneurs involved in the microcredit scheme have also received non-financial benefits, such as:

-Training under the comprehensive financial education programme;

-Training and coaching in setting up and managing a very small business (adapted from the Start Your Business and Improve Your Business programmes run by the International Labour Organization (ILO));

-Professional skills, validation tests; and

-Participation in exhibitions and trade fairs organized by the Agency, to enable them to display their products and share experiences with other participating entrepreneurs.

Migrant women and girls

Paragraph 32

The ratification by Algeria of the ILO Declaration of Philadelphia of 1944 reflects the country’s commitment to the equitable treatment of both Algerian and migrant workers and the wish to support, inform and protect them. Female workers are, moreover, protected against intimidation, harassment and abuse. It should also be noted that Algeria ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in 2004.

The country also has legal provisions covering all aspects of the protection of foreign nationals who regularly enter Algeria or have resident status, and all issues relating to their settlement and their property.

One of the issues to which the authorities devote particular attention is the control of illegal immigration, which involves policing at least 6,000 km of land borders and 1,200 km of coastal borders using increasingly sophisticated long-term measures.

In 2010, 184 of 7,309 foreign nationals arrested for illegal immigration were women, which represents 2.51 per cent of all those apprehended.

In order to increase the options available, especially in the wilayas that are particularly affected, sizeable budgets have been allocated in the form of credits for the special programme to wilayas in the southernmost part of the country to providearrested illegal migrants with humanitarian assistance,such as accommodation, food, return transport and medical costs.

Rural women

Paragraph 33

The agricultural and rural renewal policy established by the agricultural sector does not make any distinction between men and women. Owing to the prominent role that rural women play both within their families and in rural society, they are fullyinvolved in this policy.

All information concerning the integration of rural women into various programmes has already been provided in the country report, including that relating to article 14 of the Convention.

Disadvantaged groups of women

Paragraph 34

With regard to the situation of women with disabilities, the following points should be noted:

(a)Allowance for the most severely disabled: Individuals categorized as suffering from the severest forms of disability, who,as of 31 December 2010, numbered 198,862, including 83,976 women,receive a monthly benefit of DA 4,000. They also enjoy social security coverage.

(b)Access to transport: 667,584 travel cards for disabled persons in all categories were issued in 2009 and 472,283 were used during that year. The budget allocated to the scheme was DA 110 million.

(c)Accessibility and ease of use of facilities for disabled people: It may be noted that a committee was set up specially to work on facilitating access of disabled persons to buildings, transport facilities and infrastructures and information and communication resources.

(d)Social and occupational integration of disabled persons: 3,182 young persons with disabilities (1,307 girls and 1,875 boys) received occupational training, with a view to promoting the right of disabled persons to undertake fulfilling work, for example through the establishment of microenterprises by allocating microcredit.

With regard to elderly people:

-Lump-sum solidarity allowance to support elderly women:Direct support is provided, in the form of monetary sums, to disadvantaged groups of society that are unable to work. Initially fixed at DA 1,000 per month, it was increased to DA 3,000 per month in 2009 and supplemented with DA 120 for each of up to three dependants

-In 2009, elderly women constituted 146,371 out of a total number of 281,162 beneficiaries of allowance

-In 2010, elderly women constituted 145,683 out of a total number of 278,364 beneficiaries

-Care is provided to elderly people in difficulty through 32 establishments operating under the Ministry of National Solidarity and the Family, dispersed over 27 wilayas. In the first half of 2011, they provided care to 2,164 residents, 942 of whom were elderly women.

Assistance and care forhomeless people (including single mothers)

In the context of action to protect vulnerable groups, a nationwidescheme has been in operation since December 2003 to support homeless people. The scheme provided assistance to this category of the population as follows:

-In 2009, 2,080 homeless people (of whom 797 were women or girls) receivedassistance

-In 2010, 2,036 homeless people (of whom 621 were women or girls) received assistance.

The resources available for implementing the scheme mainly consist of shelters provided by76 bodies working in the field, with a capacity of 2,377 beds, and the services of 683 social workers. The permanent staff are supplemented during the winter, if necessary. Meanwhile, multidisciplinary teams comprising doctors, psychologists, social workers, specialized educators and drivers coordinate with civil protection services to tour the streets in order to:

-Assist all homeless people,including women, living on the streets;

-Accompany such persons, with their consent, to shelters around the country providing all the necessary accommodation facilities, such as beds, hot meals and showers; and

-Providemedical advice.

In addition, a specialized service for the provision of care to homeless people, the Social Emergency Mobile Aid Service,has been set up in the wilaya of Batna. It was granted a budget of DA 10,640,000under the Finance Act of 2011.

Marriage and family relations

Paragraph 35

A large number of national plans and targeted strategies take account of the rights of women as set out in the Convention. The draft National Strategy on the Family, however, takes the concept of gender as its strategy point and thus addresses all the rights of women through strategic focus areas and priorities for action.

The implementation of the National Strategy on the Family, which will be in operation until 2015, will be supervised by the Government, as stated in the programme submitted by the President to Parliament. Its practical implementation will be ensured by a monitoring committee comprising various business sectors, national institutions and civil society. In addition, an annualevaluation report will be submitted to the Government.

Side by side with the submission of the draft National Strategy on the Family to the Government for improvement and approval, specific training programmes are planned on the topic “Gender and family”.

Paragraph 36

Divorce and khol ’ a

The grounds on which a wife may sue for divorce have been broadened. They have been increased from seven in the 1984 text of the Family Code to 10 in the 2005 text, which means that women may now sue in the following cases:

(a)Failure to pay maintenance, as confirmed by a court ruling, unless the wife was aware of her husband’s indigence at the time of marriage,subject to the provisions of articles 78, 79 and 80 of the Code;

(b)Infirmity preventing consummation of the marriage;

(c)The husband’s refusal to share the wife’s bed for a period of four months;

(d)Conviction of the husband for an offence that brings dishonour on the family and renders it impossible for man and wife to live together and resume their conjugal life;

(e)Absence for more than one year without valid excuse or provision for maintenance;

(f)Violation of the provisions of article 8 above;

(g)A verified serious moral failing;

(h)Irreconcilable differences between the husband and wife;

(i)Failure to observe the conditions set forth in the marriage contract;

(j)Any damage recognized as such by law (article 53 of the Family Code).

Clarification of khol ’ a

When a marriage is dissolved at the wife’s request, article 54 of the Family Code provides that the wife may separate from her husband without his agreement by payment of a sum in accordance with khol ’ a, which must not exceed the value of the dowry. Khol ’ a allows a wife to separate from her husband by expressing her wish to do so in exchange for the return of the dowry, or equivalent compensation.Article 55 is based on the provisions of Shariah law with regard to personal status.

Optional Protocol and amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention

Paragraph 37

Accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention and the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention are under consideration.

Annexes

Annex 1

Number of women active in the labour market, 2010

1.Job applications, by sex, and percentage of women

	Men	Women	Total	% women
Job applications	879,468	211,225	1,090,693	19

2.Placements, by sex, and percentage of women

Type of placement	Men	Women	Total	% women
Standard placements	164,804	17,035	181,839	9
Placements under a scheme to help job-seekers find work	152,099	121,042	273,141	44
Total	316,903	138,077	454,980	30
Placement rate (per cent)	36	65	42

Number of women active in the labour market, 2011

1.Job applications, by sex, and percentage of women

	Men	Women	Total	% women
Job applications	897,465	271,094	1,168,559	23

2.Placements, by sex, and percentage of women

Type of placement	Men	Women	Total	% women
Standard placements	100,967	10,579	111,546	9
Placements under a scheme to help job-seekers find work	244,271	229,566	473,837	48
Total	345,238	240,145	585,383	41
Placement rate (per cent)	38	89	50

Annex 2

Literacy programme, 2007-2016

Academic year	Level I	Levels II and III	Total
2007-2008	500,000	200,000	700,000	3,200,000 people will become literate during the first phase of implementation of the National Strategy, 2007 - 2011 . The illiteracy rate will thereby be halved.
2008-2009	600,000	400,000	1,000,000
2009-2010	800,000	480,000	1,280,000
2010-2011	900,000	640,000	1,540,000
2011-2012	900,000	720,000	1,620,000
2012-2013	900,000	720,000	1,620,000	3,200,000 people will become literate during the second phase of implementation of the National Strategy (2015/2016).
2013-2014	900,000	720,000	1,620,000
2014-2015	900,000	720,000	1,620,000
2015-2016	900,000	720,000	1,620,000
				6,400,000

State funding for the implementation of the National Strategy, 2007-2011

Year	Budget allocated (million DA)
2007	934
2008	1,703
2009	2,592
2010	3,256
2011	2,000
Total	10,485

Number of students aged 10 and over, by sex and academic year

	Number of students
Academic year	Boys	Girls	Total
1999-2000	11,763	38,772	50,535
2000-2001	14,818	37,207	52,025
2001-2002	13,202	49,912	63,114
2002-2003	13,199	62,698	75,897
2003-2004	29,460	109,514	138,974
2004-2005	34,549	143,747	178,296
2005-2006	25,889	151,705	177,594
2006-2007	21,948	165,100	187,048
Introduction of National Literacy Strategy
2007-2008	90,479	448,679	539,158
2008-2009	120,155	685,746	805,901
2009-2010	114,005	762,502	876,507
2010-2011	114,338	804,957	919,295

Number of teachers, by sex and academic year

		Number of teachers		Percentage
Academic year	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
2007/2008	4,554	17,631	22,185	20.53	79.47	100
2008/2009	2,714	17,207	19,921	13.62	86.38	100
2009/2010	2,861	19,921	22,782	12.56	87.44	100
2010/2011	2,931	21,828	24,759	11.84	88.16	100

Annex 3

Causes of maternal deaths in hospital, %

		2008		2009
Cause	Maternal deaths	%	Maternal deaths	%
Haemorrhage	104	35.5	106	35.7
“ Other causes ”	71	24.2	76	25.6
Complications of high blood pressure	57	19.5	61	20.5
Uterine rupture	45	15.4	37	12.5
Puerperal infection	16	5.5	17	5.7
National total	293	100	297	100

Maternal deaths in hospital by age group, %

		2008		2009
Age group (years)	Maternal deaths	%	Maternal deaths	%
15-19	1	0.3	2	0.7
20-24	31	10.6	15	5.1
25-29	66	22.5	63	21.2
30-34	74	25.3	78	26.3
35-39	62	21.2	82	27.6
40-44	47	16.0	50	16.8
45-49	12	4.1	7	2.4
Total	293	100	297	100

Total fertility rate, 1992-2006, by age group, per 1,000

Age group (years)	EASME-92 1	EASF-02 2	MICS 3 -06 3
15-19	21.0	6.0	4.4
20-24	143.0	59.0	51.3
25-29	243.0	119.0	111.1
30-34	214.0	134.0	129.2
35-39	220.0	105.0	108.9
40-44	164.0	43.0	44.7
45	92.0	9.0	2.3
Total fertility rate (no. of children per woman)	4.4	2.4	2.27

1National Survey of Maternal and Child Health, 1992.

2National Survey of Family Health, 2002.

3Multiple Indicator Survey Cluster 3, 2006.