Substantive session of 2007
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANTON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant
Addendum
Bolivia* ** ***
[30 January 2007]
REPORT SUBMITTED BY BOLIVIA TO THE COMMITTEE ONECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CONCERNINGTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIALAND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights concerning the initial country report
1.The initial country report submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in compliance with the relevant International Covenant (E/1990/5/Add.44) was examined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at its 15th, 16th and 17th meetings (E/C.12/2001/SR.15-17), held on 2 and 3 May 2001, and the following concluding observations were adopted:
26. T he Committee strongly urges the State party to ensure that the Covenant is taken into account in the formulation and implementation of all policies concerning economic, social and cultural rights.
2.Inpursuance of Supreme Decree No. 27420 of 26 March 2004,Bolivia is drawing up a National Human Rights Strategy as a mechanism to formulate and implement public policies aimed at promoting the protection of and respect for human rights by:
Promoting the incorporation of the conclusions and recommendations of the various international human rights bodies into the annual work plans of each government entity, in order to ensure compliance with the relevant international treaties and conventions to which Bolivia is a party. The latest recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been included here.
Monitoring compliance with and implementation of the aforementioned recommendations.
Monitoring the implementation of the international human rights norms ratified by Bolivia, together with principles and minimum standards established by specialized international human rights bodies.
Proposing machinery for the implementation of judgements, decisions and recommendations of international human rights bodies.
3.This mechanism is entrusted to the Inter-Agency Council, composed of the following:
(a)Minister for Foreign Affairs and Worship;
(b)Minister for the Presidency;
(c)Minister of Education;
(d)Minister for Indigenous Affairs and Native Peoples;
(e)Minister of Sustainable Development;
(f)Minister of Labour;
(g)Minister of Defence;
(h)Minister of Health;
(i)Judiciary;
(j)Public Prosecutor’s Office;
(k)Representatives of the human rights community (civil society).
The Council is chaired by the Minister for the Presidency and is in charge of formulating and implementing the National Human Rights Strategy. To do so, it must administer the economic resources necessary for the implementation and execution of the Strategy, together with the national treasury and international cooperation.
4.The functions of the Inter-Agency Council are: to promote the incorporation of the conclusions and recommendations of different United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies in the annual work plans of each government entity, in order to ensure compliance with human rights treaties and conventions; and to monitor compliance with and implementation of the conclusions and recommendations of the various United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies.
5.The Inter-Agency Council also monitors the implementation of the international human rights norms ratified by Bolivia, together with guidelines, principles and minimum standards pursuant to resolutions of specialized human rights bodies. The Council proposes machinery for the implementation of judgements, decisions and recommendations by international human rights bodies and implements the international agenda on human rights commitments.
6.In order to attain the stated goals, the National Human Rights Strategy also has an Inter‑Ministerial Human Rights Commission, which comprises all the deputy ministers in the executive and whose main function is to prepare country reports on human rights for the various international bodies.
7.Lastly, the National Human Rights Strategy has a technical secretariat tasked to coordinate this whole process. It is attached to the office of the Deputy Minister of Justice, which is the implementing body of the Strategy and provides continuous liaison between the Inter-Agency Council, the Inter-Ministerial Commission and civil society.
8.Work in the framework of the National Human Rights Strategy commenced in the 2004 financial year with the preparation of a document on human-rights-related public policies, which will be finalized shortly and submitted to Parliament to initiate the legislative process. However, it will hopefully be possible to implement some of the measures set forth in the document concurrently with the legislative process. The adoption of the National Human Rights Strategy will enable the Government to identify the objectives to be pursued.
9.To conclude, it should be pointed out that a Constituent Assembly will meet in 2006, providing an opportunity for Bolivian society to adopt a new Constitution, which will no doubt mark a step forward in terms of human rights compared with the current basic law of the Republic.
27. The Committee encourages the State party to ratify the Protocol of San Salvador to the American Convention on Human Rights, which the State party signed in 1988.
10.The “Protocol of San Salvador” was ratified pursuant to Act No. 3293 of 12 December 2005.
28. The Committee calls upon the State party to ensure that the economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in the Covenant are directly applicable in the domestic legal order.
11.The economic, social and cultural rights of the Bolivian people are guaranteed in the Constitution, which recognizes the right of individuals to health; the right to work and engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity; the right to receive an education and to acquire culture; the right to fair remuneration for their labour, which will provide them and their families with an existence worthy of a human being; and the right to social security.
12.These principles are consistent with other principles enunciated in the same body of law, as provided in articles 156 and 192.
13.Articles 2 (aims) and 3 (objectives and policies) of the Educational Reform Act complement and define several provisions of the national education system.
14.With regard to the functions of the State institution responsible for plans and programmes in the area of culture, Supreme Decree No. 26973 sets forth the powers of the Deputy Minister of Culture.
15.With regard to health, in addition to the regular services and benefits provided by the Ministry of Health, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act is designed to provide universal, comprehensive and free health benefits at all levels of the national health system and the short-term social security scheme for expectant mothers from the beginning of pregnancy to six months after the birth, and children from birth until five years of age.
29. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the effect of the decentralization of government on the enjoyment by Bolivian citizens of their economic, social and cultural rights.
16.Articles 200 and 206 of the Constitution establish the general principles applicable in the matter, which are reflected in the following specific legal provisions:
The People’s Participation Act
This Act recognizes, promotes and consolidates the process of popular participation by bringing together the indigenous, rural and urban communities in the legal, political and economic life of the nation. It endeavours to improve the quality of life of Bolivian men and women by means of a fairer distribution and better administration of public resources. It strengthens the political and economic instruments necessary to enhance representative democracy by facilitating citizen participation and guaranteeing equality of opportunity at the various levels of representation to men and women.
To achieve these objectives, the Act:
Recognizes the legal personality of urban and rural grassroots organizations (Organizaciones territoriales de base) and defines their relationship with public institutions;
Gives municipal governments territorial jurisdiction over provincial sections. Increases the powers and resources of municipal governments and transfers to them the physical infrastructure relating to education, health, sports, local roads and small irrigation projects, including the obligation to manage, maintain and renew them;
Establishes the principle of equal distribution per inhabitant of the joint resources from taxation allocated and transferred to the departments, through the corresponding municipalities and universities, and seeks to correct the historical imbalances between urban and rural areas;
Reorganizes the functions and powers of public institutions so that they act within the framework of the rights and duties articulated in the present Act.
Recognition of the grassroots organizations and their representatives:
I.Popular participation is ensured through grassroots organizations, in the shape of peasant communities, indigenous peoples and neighbourhood groups, organized in accordance with their customs or statutory provisions.
II.Male and female captains, jilacatas, curacas, mallcus, general secretaries and others who have been appointedin accordance with the customs and statutory provisions of the grassroots organizations are recognized to be the representatives of these organizations.
The Municipalities Act
Article 1 of the Act provides that the municipality, a local and autonomous government unit, is a public-law entity with legal personality and its own property representing all persons living in a given territorial jurisdiction with the aim of meeting the daily needs of the community.
The Administrative Decentralization Act
Aims:
To lay down the organizational structure of the Executive at the departmental level within the administrative decentralization regime;
To establish arrangements governing economic and financial resources at the departmental level;
To improve and strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration in providing direct, community-based services.
On 18 December 2005 the Bolivian people elected the Prefects of the nine departments for the first time by direct ballot, as a way of decentralizing power through popular elections.
30. The Committee urges the State party to take remedial action against the marginalization of, and discrimination against, indigenous populations in all sectors of society. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the efforts made by the State party to enhance the enjoyment of rural populations, in particular rural indigenous populations, of their economic, social and cultural rights.
17.Article 171 of the Constitution stipulates:
I.“The law recognizes, respects and protects the social, economic and cultural rights of the indigenous peoples living in the national territory, especially those relating to their ancestral communal lands, in which it guarantees the sustainable use and enjoyment of their natural resources, and those relating to their identity, values, languages, customs and institutions.
II.The State recognizes the legal personality of indigenous and peasants’ communities, associations and trade unions.
III.The traditional authorities of indigenous and peasants’ communities may exercise administrative functions and apply their own laws as alternative means of conflict resolution, in conformity with their own procedures and customs, provided that they are not contrary to this Constitution and the law. The law shall ensure compatibility between these powers and the role of State institutions.”
18.These provisions are elaborated on in articles 165 to 169 and 172 to 175.
31. The Committee urges the State party to take effective measures to combat discrimination against women in public, economic and social life.
19.Article 6 of the Constitution provides that:
I.“All human beings are endowed with legal personality and capacity in conformity with the law. They shall enjoy the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to race, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, origin, economic or social condition, or any other.”
20.The State has adopted special legislation to enhance the protection of women’s rights in Bolivia, including:
Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997
The Government guarantees equality of rights between men and women in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as gender mainstreaming in public policies, in order to achieve genuine equality by promoting specific measures.
Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997
on equality of opportunity for women and men
Act No. 2119 of 11 September 2000
ratifying the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16 December 1966.
Act No. 2117 of 11 September 2000
ratifying the Convention on the Political Rights of Women.
Act No. 1599 of 18 August 1994
ratifying the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women.
Act No. 1100 of 15 September 1989
ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
21.Protection of mothers for a reasonable period of time before and after childbirth. The Ministry of Labour, through complaints, conciliation, inspections and review of records verifies the payment of family allowances due to workers in accordance with the law. It also verifies compliance with Act No. 975 of 2 May 1988, which affords special protection to pregnant female workers. The Department of Labour and Industrial Safety verifies, by way of on-site inspections, that pregnant female workers are protected and not subject to hazards that could harm the unborn baby or their own health.
22.In addition to these measures, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act, No. 2426, of 21 November 2002, provides for mandatory and enforceable free health benefits for expectant mothers until six months after the birth and to children up to five years of age in all public health establishments, and private establishments that have concluded relevant agreements.
23.In this regard, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reports as follows:
Background
In accordance with the basic principles enunciated in article 58, paragraph 2, of the Constitution and elsewhere, new regulations were formulated on the payment of family allowances by public and private employers to insured or entitled persons.
Pursuant to Supreme Decree No. 27049 of 26 May 2003, the national minimum wage was raised from 430 to 440 bolivianos as of 1 January 2003. This amount is taken as reference for antenatal benefits, nursing mothers’ allowances (in kind) and allowances for birth and burial (in cash). The allowance is payable by the employer.
Currently, approximately 27,000 persons benefit from the Family Allowance Programme at the national level (information for May 2005, provided by the Department for Social Security of the Ministry of Health and Sports).
Developments
24.Rules and regulations drawn up
Regulation s on family allowances 2002-2003, based on the Social Security Code. These regulations make reference to the four types of benefits available to workers and/or their beneficiaries:
Antenatal benefit, which is payable from the first day of the fifth month of pregnancy until the birth of the child.
Nursing mother’s allowance, which is payable from the day the child is born for each child during the first months of life.
Birth allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage to each insured or eligible expectant mother for each child born.
Burial allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage for the death of each under-age child.
The purpose of these allowances is to improve the nutritional status of mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
25.Internal staff regulations of the Ministry of Health and Sports. These are geared towards compliance with the legal provisions governing social security, and cover the following aspects:
Flexible working hours for breastfeeding mothers, that is:
Maternity leave: “Pregnant female workers who have duly informed their employer of their condition exclusively by means of a medical certificate issued by their insurance provider are entitled to six weeks’ leave before and six weeks after the birth of their child” (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act). Provisions are also made for a daily one-hour break for breastfeeding, which may be split into two 30-minute breaks (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act).
32. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt and implement programmes to increase technical and professional training opportunities and job opportunities and to reduce unemployment.
26.The Constitution and other legal instruments establish the right to work as a government priority. The relevant articles of the Constitution provide as follows:
Article 7 (d) establishes the “right to work and to engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity, provided that no harm is done to the common welfare”;
Article 156: “Work is a right and a duty and forms the basis of the social and economic order.”
Article 157:
I.“Labour and capital are under the protection of the State. The relations between labour and capital shall be regulated by the law, which shall lay down rules concerning individual and collective contracts, the minimum wage, hours of work, work by women and minors, weekly and annual paid leave, holidays, Christmas and other bonuses and other forms of company profit-sharing, long-service allowances, dismissal, vocational training and other social benefits and provisions relating to workers’ protection.
II.The Government is responsible for establishing conditions which will guarantee employment opportunities for all, stable employment and fair remuneration.”
27. The General Labour Act
The Law contains general provisions regarding labour rights and obligations, with the exception of the agricultural sector, which is governed by special legislation. It also applies to State-owned enterprises and public or private associations, including charitable associations, except for specially defined cases.
28.It should be pointed out that all forms of forced labour are prohibited in Bolivia, as stated in the presentations made to the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2004 on the measures adopted to implement the provisions of Convention No. 105 (1957) concerning the abolition of forced labour (annex 3 (c)).
29.The Bolivian Government also submitted a presentation for the period 2000 to 2004 relating to article 22 of the ILO Constitution. According to this report:
2. Technical and professional guidance and training, development of programmes, norms and techniques designed to secure continuous economic, social and cultural development and the full and productive employment of persons in Bolivia.
30.The social aspect of employment policy falls within the purview of the Ministry of Labour; the main functions of the General Directorate of Employment relating to the social regime are:
To promote policies and coordinate action to ensure the quality and continuity of sources of occupation and employment.
To provide information on labour market supply and demand as a tool to support the employment policy.
31. Agreements concluded:
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the environment and development organization ORMADE, with the objective of building an inter-agency alliance for the implementation of training programmes aimed at developing productive employment and setting up micro-businesses.
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the Bolivian oil company YPFB (Yacimientos PetrolíferosFiscalesBolivianos), with the objective of building cooperation to strengthen training programmes aimed at developing productive employment.
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the NGO Fundación Trabajo Empresa, with the objective of coordinating the development of policies, programmes and projects aimed at curbing unemployment, promoting self-employment and/or strengthening micro-businesses through the exchange of information using the employment network.
Agreement between companies and the National Institute for Labour Training concerning the technical and vocational training of workers.
32.Furthermore, the labour exchange, a body attached to the General Directorate of Employment, has the objective of enhancing supply and demand in the labour market through its programmes, projects and computer systems, in order to reduce distortions arising from unemployment, underemployment and low skill levels.
33.A computer project is currently being implemented by the labour exchange within the General Directorate of Employment in order to improve the quality of employment and strengthen the role of intermediaries. The project is financed by USAID and open to unemployed persons.
STATISTICALTABLES
Table 1
Employment status, by year and by sex, 1999-2003
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003(p) |
|
Total |
8 000 798 |
8 274 803 |
8 248 404 |
8 547 091 |
8 778 538 |
|
Not of working age |
2 078 517 |
2 155 145 |
2 202 118 |
2 283 974 |
2 350 742 |
|
Of working age |
5 922 281 |
6 119 658 |
6 046 286 |
6 263 117 |
6 427 796 |
|
Economically active |
3 802 361 |
3 820 208 |
4 099 151 |
4 046 536 |
4 346 862 |
|
Employed |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Unemployed |
164 468 |
183 160 |
214 900 |
221 598 |
261 060 |
|
Redundant |
108 835 |
140 796 |
168 757 |
177 006 |
189 172 |
|
Seeking work |
55 633 |
42 364 |
46 143 |
44 592 |
71 888 |
|
Economically inactive |
2 119 920 |
2 299 450 |
1 947 135 |
2 216 581 |
2 080 934 |
|
Temporary |
662 410 |
805 962 |
739 486 |
745 109 |
681 997 |
|
Permanent |
1 457 510 |
1 493 488 |
1 207 649 |
1 471 472 |
1 398 937 |
|
Men |
3 959 863 |
4 060 023 |
4 057 188 |
4 244 421 |
4 364 345 |
|
Not of working age |
1 075 426 |
1 114 264 |
1 122 188 |
1 161 259 |
1 213 475 |
|
Of working age |
2 884 437 |
2 945 759 |
2 935 000 |
3 083 162 |
3 150 870 |
|
Economically active |
2 077 390 |
2 115 469 |
2 227 786 |
2 257 521 |
2 377 036 |
|
Employed |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Unemployed |
76 894 |
83 287 |
99 384 |
97 363 |
106 604 |
|
Redundant |
58 499 |
64 167 |
82 626 |
80 958 |
81 456 |
|
Seeking work |
18 395 |
24 817 |
16 758 |
16 405 |
25 148 |
|
Economically inactive |
807 047 |
830 290 |
707 214 |
825 641 |
773 834 |
|
Temporary |
206 996 |
209 343 |
227 103 |
209 033 |
196 380 |
|
Permanent |
600 051 |
620 947 |
480 111 |
616 608 |
577 454 |
|
Women |
4 040 935 |
4 214 780 |
4 191 216 |
4 302 670 |
4 414 193 |
|
Not of working age |
1 003 091 |
1 040 881 |
1 079 930 |
1 122 715 |
1 137 267 |
|
Of working age |
3 037 844 |
3 173 899 |
3 111 286 |
3 179 955 |
3 276 926 |
|
Economically active |
1 724 971 |
1 704 739 |
1 871 365 |
1 789 015 |
1 969 826 |
|
Employed |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Unemployed |
87 574 |
99 873 |
115 516 |
124 235 |
154 456 |
|
Redundant |
50 336 |
76 629 |
86 131 |
96 048 |
107 716 |
|
Seeking work |
37 238 |
30 295 |
29 385 |
28 187 |
46 740 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 312 873 |
1 469 160 |
1 239 921 |
1 390 940 |
1 307 100 |
|
Temporary |
455 414 |
596 619 |
512 383 |
536 076 |
485 617 |
|
Permanent |
857 459 |
872 541 |
727 538 |
854 864 |
821 483 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.1
Urban areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
5 035 535 |
5 268 526 |
5 148 771 |
5 330 045 |
5 647 224 |
|
Not of working age |
1 150 005 |
1 239 406 |
1 257 797 |
1 331 849 |
1 463 283 |
|
Of working age |
3 885 530 |
4 029 120 |
3 890 974 |
3 998 196 |
4 183 941 |
|
Economically active |
2 173 700 |
2 259 792 |
2 356 504 |
2 320 060 |
2 528 507 |
|
Employed |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Unemployed |
156 656 |
168 617 |
200 254 |
201 624 |
231 770 |
|
Redundant |
102 580 |
129 464 |
160 174 |
162 890 |
168 407 |
|
Seeking work |
54 076 |
39 153 |
40 080 |
38 734 |
63 363 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 711 830 |
1 769 328 |
1 534 470 |
1 678 136 |
1 655 434 |
|
Temporary |
511 347 |
597 853 |
574 734 |
517 397 |
495 276 |
|
Per m anent |
1 200 483 |
1 171 475 |
959 736 |
1 160 739 |
1 160 158 |
|
Men |
2 479 023 |
2 543 702 |
2 492 765 |
2 615 698 |
2 766 529 |
|
Not of working age |
595 991 |
643 450 |
645 945 |
692 425 |
756 028 |
|
Of working age |
1 883 032 |
1 900 252 |
1 846 820 |
1 923 273 |
2 010 501 |
|
Economically active |
1 204 577 |
1 245 117 |
1 256 778 |
1 258 504 |
1 365 843 |
|
Employed |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Unemployed |
74 365 |
77 425 |
93 903 |
92 046 |
95 237 |
|
Redundant |
56 253 |
60 255 |
79 039 |
76 181 |
71 366 |
|
Seeking work |
18 112 |
17 170 |
14 864 |
15 865 |
23 871 |
|
Economically inactive |
678 455 |
655 135 |
590 042 |
664 769 |
644 658 |
|
Temporary |
165 661 |
160 528 |
187 738 |
156 333 |
153 177 |
|
Per m anent |
512 794 |
494 607 |
402 304 |
508 436 |
491 481 |
|
Women |
2 556 512 |
2 724 824 |
2 656 006 |
2 714 347 |
2 880 695 |
|
Not of working age |
554 014 |
595 956 |
611 852 |
639 424 |
707 255 |
|
Of working age |
2 002 498 |
2 128 868 |
2 044 154 |
2 074 923 |
2 173 440 |
|
Economically active |
969 123 |
1 014 675 |
1 099 726 |
1 061 556 |
1 162 664 |
|
Employed |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Unemployed |
82 291 |
91 192 |
106 351 |
109 578 |
136 533 |
|
Redundant |
46 327 |
69 209 |
81 135 |
86 709 |
97 041 |
|
Seeking work |
35 964 |
21 983 |
25 216 |
22 869 |
39 492 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 033 375 |
1 114 193 |
944 428 |
1 013 367 |
1 010 776 |
|
Temporary |
345 686 |
437 325 |
386 996 |
361 064 |
342 099 |
|
Permanent |
687 689 |
676 868 |
557 432 |
652 303 |
668 677 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.2
Rural areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 965 263 |
3 006 277 |
3 099 633 |
3 217 046 |
3 131 314 |
|
Not of working age |
928 512 |
915 739 |
944 321 |
952 125 |
887 459 |
|
Of working age |
2 036 751 |
2 090 538 |
2 155 312 |
2 264 921 |
2 243 855 |
|
Economically active |
1 628 661 |
1 560 416 |
1 742 647 |
1 726 476 |
1 818 355 |
|
Employed |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Unemployed |
7 812 |
14 543 |
14 646 |
19 974 |
29 290 |
|
Redundant |
6 255 |
11 332 |
8 583 |
14 116 |
20 765 |
|
Seeking work |
1 557 |
3 211 |
6 063 |
5 858 |
8 525 |
|
Economically inactive |
408 090 |
530 122 |
412 665 |
538 445 |
425 500 |
|
Te m porary |
151 063 |
208 109 |
164 752 |
227 712 |
186 721 |
|
Per m anent |
257 027 |
322 013 |
247 913 |
310 733 |
238 779 |
|
Men |
1 480 840 |
1 516 321 |
1 564 423 |
1 628 723 |
1 597 816 |
|
Not of working age |
479 435 |
470 814 |
476 243 |
468 834 |
457 447 |
|
Of working age |
1 001 405 |
1 045 507 |
1 088 180 |
1 159 889 |
1 140 369 |
|
Economically active |
872 813 |
870 352 |
971 008 |
999 017 |
1 011 193 |
|
Employed |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Unemployed |
2 529 |
5 862 |
5 481 |
5 317 |
11 367 |
|
Redundant |
2 246 |
3 912 |
3 587 |
4 777 |
10 090 |
|
Seeking work |
283 |
1 950 |
1 894 |
540 |
1 277 |
|
Economically inactive |
128 592 |
175 155 |
117 172 |
160 872 |
129 176 |
|
Te m porary |
41 335 |
48 815 |
39 365 |
52 700 |
43 203 |
|
Per m anent |
87 257 |
126 340 |
77 807 |
108 172 |
85 973 |
|
Women |
1 484 423 |
1 489 956 |
1 535 210 |
1 588 323 |
1 533 498 |
|
Not of working age |
449 077 |
444 925 |
468 078 |
483 291 |
430 012 |
|
Of working age |
1 035 346 |
1 045 031 |
1 067 132 |
1 105 032 |
1 103 486 |
|
Economically active |
755 848 |
690 064 |
771 639 |
727 459 |
807 162 |
|
Employed |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Unemployed |
5 283 |
8 681 |
9 165 |
14 657 |
17 923 |
|
Redundant |
4 009 |
7 420 |
4 996 |
9 339 |
10 675 |
|
Seeking work |
1 274 |
1 261 |
4 169 |
5 318 |
7 248 |
|
Economically inactive |
279 498 |
354 967 |
295 493 |
377 573 |
296 324 |
|
Te m porary |
109 728 |
159 294 |
125 387 |
175 012 |
143 518 |
|
Per m anent |
169 770 |
195 673 |
170 106 |
202 561 |
152 806 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2
Main employment indicators, by year and by sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
55.75 |
60.19 |
47.50 |
54.78 |
47.87 |
|
Men |
38.85 |
39.25 |
31.75 |
36.57 |
32.55 |
|
Women |
76.11 |
86.18 |
66.26 |
77.75 |
66.36 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
74.02 |
73.96 |
73.30 |
73.28 |
73.22 |
|
Men |
72.84 |
72.56 |
72.34 |
72.64 |
72.20 |
|
Women |
75.18 |
75.30 |
74.23 |
73.91 |
74.24 |
|
Employment rate |
61.43 |
59.43 |
64.24 |
61.07 |
63.56 |
|
Men |
69.35 |
68.99 |
72.52 |
70.06 |
72.06 |
|
Women |
53.90 |
50.56 |
56.43 |
52.35 |
55.40 |
|
Gross participation rate |
47.52 |
46.17 |
49.70 |
47.34 |
49.52 |
|
Men |
52.46 |
52.10 |
54.91 |
53.19 |
54.46 |
|
Women |
42.69 |
40.45 |
44.65 |
41.58 |
44.62 |
|
Redundancy rate |
2.86 |
3.69 |
4.12 |
4.37 |
4.35 |
|
Men |
2.82 |
3.03 |
3.71 |
3.67 |
3.43 |
|
Women |
2.92 |
4.50 |
4.60 |
5.39 |
5.47 |
|
Dependency rate |
1.20 |
1.28 |
1.12 |
1.23 |
1.15 |
|
Men |
0.98 |
1.00 |
0.91 |
0.96 |
0.92 |
|
Women |
1.47 |
1.63 |
1.39 |
1.58 |
1.43 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
4.33 |
4.79 |
5.24 |
5.48 |
6.01 |
|
Men |
3.70 |
3.94 |
4.46 |
4.31 |
4.48 |
|
Women |
5.08 |
5.86 |
6.17 |
6.94 |
7.84 |
|
Global employment rate |
95.67 |
95.21 |
94.76 |
94.52 |
93.99 |
|
Men |
96.30 |
96.06 |
95.54 |
95.69 |
95.52 |
|
Women |
94.92 |
94.14 |
93.83 |
93.06 |
92.16 |
|
Global participation rate |
64.20 |
62.43 |
67.80 |
64.61 |
67.63 |
|
Men |
72.02 |
71.81 |
75.90 |
73.22 |
75.44 |
|
Women |
56.78 |
53.71 |
60.15 |
56.26 |
60.11 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.1
Urban areas:Main employment indicators, by year and sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
78.75 |
78.30 |
65.12 |
72.33 |
65.47 |
|
Men |
56.32 |
52.62 |
46.95 |
52.82 |
47.20 |
|
Women |
106.63 |
109.81 |
85.88 |
95.46 |
86.94 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
77.16 |
76.48 |
75.57 |
75.01 |
74.09 |
|
Men |
75.96 |
74.70 |
74.09 |
73.53 |
72.67 |
|
Women |
78.33 |
78.13 |
76.96 |
76.44 |
75.45 |
|
Employment rate |
51.91 |
51.90 |
55.42 |
52.98 |
54.89 |
|
Men |
60.02 |
61.45 |
62.97 |
60.65 |
63.20 |
|
Women |
44.29 |
43.38 |
48.60 |
45.88 |
47.21 |
|
Gross participation rate |
43.17 |
42.89 |
45.77 |
43.53 |
44.77 |
|
Men |
48.59 |
48.95 |
50.42 |
48.11 |
49.37 |
|
Women |
37.91 |
37.24 |
41.41 |
39.11 |
40.36 |
|
Redundancy rate |
4.72 |
5.73 |
6.80 |
7.02 |
6.66 |
|
Men |
4.67 |
4.84 |
6.29 |
6.05 |
5.23 |
|
Women |
4.78 |
6.82 |
7.38 |
8.17 |
8.35 |
|
Dependency rate |
1.50 |
1.52 |
1.39 |
1.52 |
1.46 |
|
Men |
1.19 |
1.18 |
1.14 |
1.24 |
1.18 |
|
Women |
1.88 |
1.95 |
1.67 |
1.85 |
1.81 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
7.21 |
7.46 |
8.50 |
8.69 |
9.17 |
|
Men |
6.17 |
6.22 |
7.47 |
7.31 |
6.97 |
|
Women |
8.49 |
8.99 |
9.67 |
10.32 |
11.74 |
|
Global employment rate |
92.79 |
92.54 |
91.50 |
91.31 |
90.83 |
|
Men |
93.83 |
93.78 |
92.53 |
92.69 |
93.03 |
|
Women |
91.51 |
91.01 |
90.33 |
89.68 |
88.26 |
|
Global participation rate |
55.94 |
56.09 |
60.56 |
58.03 |
60.43 |
|
Men |
63.97 |
65.52 |
68.05 |
65.44 |
67.94 |
|
Women |
48.40 |
47.66 |
53.80 |
51.16 |
53.49 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.2
Rural areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
25.06 |
33.97 |
23.68 |
31.19 |
23.40 |
|
Men |
14.73 |
20.12 |
12.07 |
16.10 |
12.77 |
|
Women |
36.98 |
51.44 |
38.29 |
51.90 |
36.71 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
68.69 |
69.54 |
69.53 |
70.40 |
71.66 |
|
Men |
67.62 |
68.95 |
69.56 |
71.21 |
71.37 |
|
Women |
69.75 |
70.14 |
69.51 |
69.57 |
71.96 |
|
Employment rate |
79.58 |
73.95 |
80.17 |
75.34 |
79.73 |
|
Men |
86.91 |
82.69 |
88.73 |
85.67 |
87.68 |
|
Women |
72.49 |
65.20 |
71.45 |
64.51 |
71.52 |
|
Gross participation rate |
54.92 |
51.91 |
56.22 |
53.67 |
58.07 |
|
Men |
58.94 |
57.40 |
62.07 |
61.34 |
63.29 |
|
Women |
50.92 |
46.31 |
50.26 |
45.80 |
52.64 |
|
Redundancy rate |
0.38 |
0.73 |
0.49 |
0.82 |
1.14 |
|
Men |
0.26 |
0.45 |
0.37 |
0.48 |
1.00 |
|
Women |
0.53 |
1.08 |
0.65 |
1.28 |
1.32 |
|
Dependency rate |
0.83 |
0.94 |
0.79 |
0.89 |
0.75 |
|
Men |
0.70 |
0.75 |
0.62 |
0.64 |
0.60 |
|
Women |
0.98 |
1.19 |
1.01 |
1.23 |
0.94 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
0.48 |
0.93 |
0.84 |
1.16 |
1.61 |
|
Men |
0.29 |
0.67 |
0.56 |
0.53 |
1.12 |
|
Women |
0.70 |
1.26 |
1.19 |
2.01 |
2.22 |
|
Global employment rate |
99.52 |
99.07 |
99.16 |
98.84 |
98.39 |
|
Men |
99.71 |
99.33 |
99.44 |
99.47 |
98.88 |
|
Women |
99.30 |
98.74 |
98.81 |
97.99 |
97.78 |
|
Global participation rate |
79.96 |
74.64 |
80.85 |
76.23 |
81.04 |
|
Men |
87.16 |
83.25 |
89.23 |
86.13 |
88.67 |
|
Women |
73.00 |
66.03 |
72.31 |
65.83 |
73.15 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.83 |
1.29 |
0.92 |
1.42 |
1.31 |
|
Professionals |
4.10 |
2.94 |
5.06 |
4.69 |
3.38 |
|
Technical and professional support |
5.12 |
6.64 |
3.86 |
3.81 |
4.33 |
|
Office workers |
3.17 |
3.21 |
3.39 |
2.52 |
1.98 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
15.96 |
15.85 |
15.73 |
15.15 |
17.03 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
38.61 |
37.06 |
30.44 |
40.19 |
37.79 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
18.37 |
17.21 |
15.16 |
16.84 |
18.59 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
4.66 |
4.89 |
5.11 |
4.86 |
4.42 |
|
Unskilled workers |
7.98 |
10.73 |
20.24 |
10.47 |
11.03 |
|
Armed forces |
0.20 |
0.18 |
0.08 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2.40 |
1.42 |
1.39 |
2.02 |
1.72 |
|
Professionals |
4.04 |
3.29 |
4.70 |
4.18 |
2.68 |
|
Technical and professional support |
6.33 |
7.04 |
4.96 |
4.56 |
5.41 |
|
Office workers |
2.60 |
2.49 |
2.46 |
2.07 |
1.70 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
7.58 |
8.28 |
8.11 |
7.56 |
10.08 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
37.59 |
37.67 |
33.64 |
41.32 |
38.37 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
25.27 |
24.41 |
21.09 |
21.62 |
24.31 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
8.43 |
8.62 |
9.20 |
8.43 |
7.83 |
|
Unskilled workers |
5.39 |
6.46 |
14.30 |
8.11 |
7.65 |
|
Armed forces |
0.36 |
0.32 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.25 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755.849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.15 |
1.13 |
0.36 |
0.64 |
0.80 |
|
Professionals |
4.16 |
2.50 |
5.50 |
5.35 |
4.25 |
|
Technical and professional support |
3.64 |
6.12 |
2.54 |
2.82 |
2.97 |
|
Office workers |
3.86 |
4.12 |
4.52 |
3.10 |
2.33 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
26.20 |
25.43 |
24.96 |
24.98 |
25.73 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
39.85 |
36.28 |
26.55 |
38.71 |
37.06 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
9.94 |
8.10 |
7.98 |
10.65 |
11.45 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.05 |
0.18 |
0.16 |
0.22 |
0.15 |
|
Unskilled workers |
11.14 |
16.14 |
27.44 |
13.53 |
15.26 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2.92 |
1.81 |
1.44 |
2.25 |
1.96 |
|
Professionals |
6.81 |
5.02 |
7.57 |
7.78 |
5.56 |
|
Technical and professional support |
7.88 |
9.89 |
6.51 |
6.16 |
6.34 |
|
Office workers |
5.60 |
5.34 |
6.01 |
4.40 |
3.42 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
25.95 |
24.75 |
25.30 |
24.68 |
26.88 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
3.35 |
3.72 |
4.51 |
5.27 |
5.61 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
27.34 |
25.77 |
23.04 |
26.54 |
26.59 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
7.88 |
7.47 |
8.19 |
7.79 |
7.37 |
|
Unskilled workers |
11.90 |
15.95 |
17.29 |
15.01 |
16.07 |
|
Armed forces |
0.36 |
0.27 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.20 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
3.76 |
1.91 |
2.16 |
3.28 |
2.50 |
|
Professionals |
6.47 |
5.59 |
7.12 |
6.97 |
4.33 |
|
Technical and professional support |
9.70 |
10.50 |
8.61 |
7.51 |
7.49 |
|
Office workers |
4.52 |
4.13 |
4.39 |
3.71 |
2.93 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
12.45 |
13.64 |
13.73 |
13.17 |
16.84 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
4.16 |
4.80 |
5.41 |
6.69 |
5.93 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
37.63 |
37.61 |
33.44 |
34.73 |
37.20 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
14.03 |
13.14 |
14.94 |
13.83 |
13.27 |
|
Unskilled workers |
6.64 |
8.21 |
9.94 |
9.89 |
9.14 |
|
Armed forces |
0.64 |
0.49 |
0.26 |
0.21 |
0.37 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.86 |
1.68 |
0.60 |
0.98 |
1.29 |
|
Professionals |
7.23 |
4.31 |
8.10 |
8.78 |
7.08 |
|
Technical and professional support |
5.57 |
9.13 |
4.05 |
4.51 |
4.92 |
|
Office workers |
6.98 |
6.88 |
7.90 |
5.24 |
4.02 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
43.16 |
38.80 |
38.84 |
38.78 |
39.33 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
2.31 |
2.36 |
3.44 |
3.53 |
5.22 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
14.23 |
10.80 |
10.87 |
16.51 |
13.45 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.06 |
0.31 |
0.28 |
0.38 |
0.06 |
|
Unskilled workers |
18.60 |
25.73 |
25.90 |
21.28 |
24.64 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.48 |
0.59 |
0.27 |
0.39 |
0.49 |
|
Professionals |
0.72 |
0.13 |
1.93 |
0.85 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.68 |
2.23 |
0.56 |
0.88 |
1.74 |
|
Office workers |
0.14 |
0.32 |
0.13 |
0.18 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
3.53 |
3.80 |
3.78 |
3.31 |
4.39 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
82.49 |
82.16 |
62.79 |
83.53 |
79.10 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
7.21 |
5.63 |
5.33 |
4.80 |
8.34 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.64 |
1.41 |
1.28 |
1.22 |
0.63 |
|
Unskilled workers |
3.10 |
3.67 |
23.92 |
4.84 |
4.56 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.63 |
0.75 |
0.45 |
0.54 |
0.74 |
|
Professionals |
0.89 |
0.20 |
1.80 |
0.91 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.95 |
2.38 |
0.56 |
1.10 |
2.77 |
|
Office workers |
0.11 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
1.26 |
1.04 |
1.34 |
0.98 |
1.49 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
81.01 |
82.08 |
67.64 |
81.97 |
79.60 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
9.23 |
6.57 |
6.23 |
6.22 |
7.93 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1.16 |
2.52 |
2.29 |
2.10 |
0.91 |
|
Unskilled workers |
3.77 |
4.10 |
19.56 |
6.03 |
5.75 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.10 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.31 |
0.38 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
|
Professionals |
0.53 |
0.05 |
2.11 |
0.76 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.37 |
2.05 |
0.56 |
0.57 |
0.43 |
|
Office workers |
0.17 |
0.39 |
0.12 |
0.24 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
6.16 |
7.31 |
6.87 |
6.55 |
8.05 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
84.21 |
82.26 |
56.65 |
85.70 |
78.46 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
4.87 |
4.44 |
4.20 |
2.83 |
8.85 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.27 |
|
Unskilled workers |
2.33 |
3.13 |
29.45 |
3.18 |
3.06 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Manual worker |
8.13 |
8.10 |
9.72 |
8.63 |
13.51 |
|
White-collar worker |
20.77 |
20.93 |
19.75 |
20.58 |
16.62 |
|
Self-employed |
40.22 |
40.82 |
35.73 |
36.58 |
37.17 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.77 |
0.64 |
0.49 |
0.61 |
0.32 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
2.17 |
1.31 |
1.72 |
3.84 |
3.21 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.31 |
0.34 |
0.40 |
0.26 |
0.07 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
25.74 |
24.42 |
29.15 |
27.17 |
26.57 |
|
Domestic worker |
1.89 |
3.45 |
3.05 |
2.33 |
2.53 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Manual worker |
13.06 |
12.80 |
15.51 |
12.83 |
21.39 |
|
White-collar worker |
23.92 |
23.30 |
22.16 |
23.34 |
18.38 |
|
Self-employed |
41.92 |
45.80 |
38.57 |
38.75 |
36.45 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.07 |
1.00 |
0.70 |
0.93 |
0.50 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
3.13 |
1.70 |
2.16 |
5.38 |
4.90 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.57 |
0.60 |
0.69 |
0.44 |
0.12 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
16.16 |
14.70 |
20.00 |
18.19 |
18.08 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.17 |
0.10 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Manual worker |
2.10 |
2.20 |
2.71 |
3.19 |
3.65 |
|
White-collar worker |
16.92 |
17.80 |
16.83 |
17.01 |
14.40 |
|
Self-employed |
38.15 |
36.50 |
32.28 |
33.75 |
38.08 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.39 |
0.20 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
0.10 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.00 |
0.80 |
1.18 |
1.85 |
1.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
37.45 |
36.70 |
40.24 |
38.81 |
37.20 |
|
Domestic worker |
3.98 |
5.70 |
6.49 |
5.18 |
5.46 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p): = Preliminary.
Table 4.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Manual worker |
10.25 |
11.00 |
12.23 |
10.61 |
17.00 |
|
White-collar worker |
34.39 |
33.10 |
32.25 |
34.19 |
26.53 |
|
Self-employed |
39.09 |
40.50 |
33.86 |
37.72 |
36.42 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.29 |
1.00 |
0.84 |
1.00 |
0.56 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
2.97 |
2.00 |
2.25 |
3.47 |
2.84 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.21 |
0.40 |
0.18 |
0.30 |
0.06 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
8.80 |
7.80 |
13.31 |
8.79 |
12.51 |
|
Domestic worker |
3.01 |
4.20 |
5.07 |
3.92 |
4.07 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Manual worker |
16.17 |
17.30 |
19.90 |
16.17 |
27.34 |
|
White-collar worker |
39.34 |
36.90 |
36.77 |
39.36 |
29.15 |
|
Self-employed |
32.17 |
35.70 |
28.58 |
31.29 |
28.92 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.74 |
1.50 |
1.25 |
1.56 |
0.87 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
4.13 |
2.50 |
2.71 |
4.64 |
3.90 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.37 |
0.70 |
0.33 |
0.53 |
0.12 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
5.82 |
5.10 |
10.09 |
6.22 |
9.49 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.27 |
0.20 |
0.38 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Manual worker |
2.72 |
3.00 |
3.26 |
3.80 |
4.20 |
|
White-collar worker |
28.08 |
28.30 |
26.95 |
27.86 |
23.28 |
|
Self-employed |
47.91 |
46.60 |
40.05 |
45.60 |
45.71 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.72 |
0.40 |
0.36 |
0.30 |
0.18 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.48 |
1.20 |
1.71 |
2.04 |
1.54 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
12.60 |
11.10 |
17.09 |
11.94 |
16.24 |
|
Domestic worker |
6.49 |
9.40 |
10.57 |
8.44 |
8.85 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Manual worker |
5.48 |
4.30 |
6.59 |
6.17 |
9.03 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.83 |
4.30 |
4.15 |
3.69 |
3.89 |
|
Self-employed |
41.63 |
43.30 |
38.05 |
35.15 |
38.14 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.19 |
0.40 |
1.05 |
4.31 |
3.68 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.45 |
0.30 |
0.66 |
0.21 |
0.07 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
46.82 |
47.00 |
48.91 |
49.98 |
44.63 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.49 |
0.40 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Manual worker |
9.02 |
6.80 |
10.22 |
8.90 |
13.82 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.91 |
4.90 |
4.56 |
4.53 |
4.71 |
|
Self-employed |
54.58 |
59.30 |
50.60 |
47.51 |
46.02 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.21 |
0.20 |
0.04 |
0.18 |
0.03 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.83 |
0.60 |
1.49 |
6.25 |
6.18 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.83 |
0.50 |
1.13 |
0.34 |
0.13 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
29.58 |
27.70 |
31.95 |
32.24 |
28.99 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.04 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.13 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Manual worker |
1.37 |
1.10 |
2.00 |
2.38 |
2.95 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.74 |
3.60 |
3.64 |
2.51 |
2.87 |
|
Self-employed |
26.62 |
22.90 |
22.16 |
17.92 |
28.15 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.44 |
0.20 |
0.49 |
1.61 |
0.52 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
66.82 |
71.40 |
70.39 |
74.70 |
64.44 |
|
Domestic worker |
1.01 |
0.70 |
1.18 |
0.82 |
1.07 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.54 |
38.60 |
44.12 |
42.26 |
38.33 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.41 |
0.30 |
0.08 |
0.13 |
0.92 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.45 |
1.40 |
1.27 |
0.99 |
0.56 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
11.40 |
10.10 |
9.20 |
11.17 |
10.82 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.22 |
0.50 |
0.29 |
0.21 |
0.39 |
|
Construction |
5.84 |
6.60 |
4.93 |
5.38 |
7.26 |
|
Sales and repairs |
16.22 |
16.00 |
14.78 |
14.20 |
16.16 |
Table 5 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
3.89 |
3.90 |
4.00 |
4.61 |
5.40 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
4.98 |
4.30 |
4.64 |
4.60 |
4.55 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.48 |
0.50 |
0.52 |
0.45 |
0.34 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2.02 |
2.70 |
2.72 |
2.04 |
2.07 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2.26 |
2.20 |
1.79 |
1.97 |
1.91 |
|
Education |
4.64 |
4.50 |
4.03 |
3.90 |
3.38 |
|
Social and health services |
1.84 |
1.50 |
1.55 |
1.63 |
1.67 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.25 |
2.90 |
2.60 |
3.03 |
3.39 |
|
Private homes |
2.53 |
3.80 |
3.47 |
3.33 |
2.82 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.03 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.14 |
39.60 |
45.48 |
44.66 |
39.04 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.64 |
0.50 |
0.09 |
0.14 |
1.37 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2.19 |
2.30 |
2.14 |
1.58 |
0.94 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
12.06 |
11.10 |
9.89 |
12.19 |
10.95 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.37 |
0.80 |
0.39 |
0.31 |
0.64 |
|
Construction |
10.49 |
11.50 |
8.70 |
9.04 |
12.23 |
|
Sales and repairs |
10.93 |
10.70 |
10.35 |
9.58 |
11.94 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1.83 |
1.60 |
1.87 |
1.88 |
2.79 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
8.57 |
7.00 |
7.51 |
7.56 |
7.60 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.45 |
0.70 |
0.73 |
0.47 |
0.43 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2.26 |
3.60 |
3.35 |
2.37 |
2.52 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
3.11 |
3.00 |
2.59 |
2.68 |
2.66 |
|
Education |
4.43 |
3.60 |
3.11 |
3.22 |
2.92 |
|
Social and health services |
1.03 |
1.10 |
1.35 |
1.03 |
1.35 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.25 |
2.50 |
2.15 |
2.52 |
2.27 |
|
Private homes |
0.17 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.67 |
0.33 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.06 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755.849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
40.04 |
37.30 |
42.48 |
39.14 |
37.44 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.12 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.36 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.54 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.10 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
10.59 |
8.80 |
8.36 |
9.85 |
10.67 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
|
Construction |
0.16 |
0.50 |
0.36 |
0.63 |
1.04 |
|
Sales and repairs |
22.68 |
22.60 |
20.15 |
20.20 |
21.44 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
6.42 |
6.80 |
6.58 |
8.15 |
8.67 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.59 |
0.90 |
1.16 |
0.75 |
0.74 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.52 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.43 |
0.21 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
1.73 |
1.50 |
1.95 |
1.62 |
1.50 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1.21 |
1.20 |
0.82 |
1.05 |
0.97 |
|
Education |
4.90 |
5.70 |
5.14 |
4.78 |
3.96 |
|
Social and health services |
2.81 |
1.90 |
1.79 |
2.41 |
2.07 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.24 |
3.50 |
3.14 |
3.68 |
4.79 |
|
Private homes |
5.41 |
8.10 |
7.35 |
6.79 |
5.95 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.1
Urban areas:Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
3.71 |
4.80 |
11.37 |
6.38 |
6.13 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.13 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.25 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.85 |
1.70 |
1.13 |
1.16 |
0.69 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
18.37 |
15.30 |
14.15 |
18.13 |
15.75 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.27 |
0.80 |
0.52 |
0.36 |
0.47 |
|
Construction |
8.75 |
10.40 |
7.66 |
8.19 |
10.99 |
|
Sales and repairs |
26.89 |
25.40 |
24.31 |
23.28 |
25.86 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
6.29 |
6.00 |
6.28 |
7.55 |
7.72 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
8.58 |
6.90 |
7.69 |
7.67 |
7.60 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.87 |
1.00 |
0.93 |
0.80 |
0.60 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.56 |
4.60 |
4.72 |
3.62 |
3.68 |
|
Public administration, defence and socia l security |
3.90 |
3.50 |
3.01 |
3.19 |
3.20 |
|
Education |
6.72 |
6.40 |
5.73 |
6.15 |
4.73 |
|
Social and health services |
3.13 |
2.30 |
2.54 |
2.64 |
2.12 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.80 |
4.70 |
4.27 |
5.06 |
5.71 |
|
Private homes |
4.12 |
6.10 |
5.66 |
5.65 |
4.48 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.06 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.04 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
4.78 |
6.00 |
11.69 |
8.77 |
6.74 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.22 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.36 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.44 |
2.60 |
1.98 |
2.05 |
1.10 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
19.90 |
17.50 |
16.16 |
20.49 |
18.56 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.42 |
1.20 |
0.70 |
0.60 |
0.73 |
|
Construction |
15.47 |
17.90 |
13.70 |
14.04 |
18.68 |
|
Sales and repairs |
18.23 |
17.80 |
17.99 |
16.42 |
18.33 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
3.06 |
2.60 |
3.03 |
3.12 |
3.97 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
14.51 |
11.20 |
12.54 |
12.84 |
12.69 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.80 |
1.20 |
1.33 |
0.95 |
0.77 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.87 |
6.10 |
5.91 |
4.07 |
4.51 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
5.30 |
4.70 |
4.40 |
4.20 |
4.40 |
|
Education |
6.13 |
4.80 |
4.13 |
4.99 |
3.52 |
|
Social and health services |
1.78 |
1.80 |
2.26 |
1.52 |
1.27 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.69 |
4.00 |
3.66 |
4.56 |
4.05 |
|
Private homes |
0.27 |
0.40 |
0.46 |
1.18 |
0.26 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
0.06 |
Table 5.1 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
2.35 |
3.20 |
10.99 |
3.71 |
5.37 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.11 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.10 |
0.60 |
0.14 |
0.23 |
0.17 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
16.42 |
12.60 |
11.80 |
15.42 |
12.27 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.12 |
0.15 |
|
Construction |
0.19 |
0.90 |
0.58 |
0.88 |
1.45 |
|
Sales and repairs |
37.94 |
35.10 |
31.69 |
31.57 |
35.20 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
10.39 |
10.30 |
10.09 |
12.81 |
12.36 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1.01 |
1.40 |
2.01 |
1.26 |
1.31 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.96 |
0.70 |
0.47 |
0.75 |
0.38 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.16 |
2.70 |
3.34 |
2.83 |
2.64 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2.12 |
2.00 |
1.38 |
1.62 |
1.71 |
|
Education |
7.47 |
8.30 |
7.61 |
7.50 |
6.22 |
|
Social and health services |
4.86 |
3.00 |
2.87 |
3.91 |
3.16 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.93 |
5.60 |
4.98 |
6.00 |
7.77 |
|
Private homes |
9.02 |
13.20 |
11.74 |
11.19 |
9.70 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
0.18 |
0.02 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.2
Rural areas:Population distribution in terms of main occupationby year, sex and economic activity 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
84.13 |
84.40 |
84.99 |
86.79 |
79.67 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.76 |
0.60 |
0.17 |
0.27 |
1.79 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2.19 |
1.10 |
1.44 |
0.78 |
0.41 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
2.72 |
3.10 |
3.02 |
2.53 |
4.50 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.16 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.30 |
|
Construction |
2.22 |
1.60 |
1.52 |
1.89 |
2.47 |
|
Sales and repairs |
2.94 |
3.10 |
2.88 |
2.93 |
3.70 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
0.92 |
1.00 |
1.15 |
0.96 |
2.43 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.50 |
0.90 |
0.84 |
0.78 |
0.63 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.11 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.21 |
0.50 |
0.27 |
0.46 |
0.25 |
|
Education |
2.05 |
2.00 |
1.90 |
1.10 |
1.66 |
|
Social and health services |
0.22 |
0.30 |
0.32 |
0.38 |
1.09 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.32 |
0.50 |
0.51 |
0.50 |
0.41 |
|
Private homes |
0.55 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.46 |
0.70 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0. 00 |
0. 00 |
0 . 00 |
0. 01 |
0 . 00 |
Table 5.2 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
83.76 |
85.10 |
86.17 |
87.04 |
80.08 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
1.19 |
0.90 |
0.21 |
0.28 |
2.66 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
3.17 |
1.90 |
2.34 |
1.18 |
0.73 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
1.87 |
2.60 |
2.34 |
2.63 |
1.28 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0 30 |
0 10 |
0 02 |
0 02 |
0 53 |
|
Construction |
4.02 |
2.80 |
2.67 |
3.05 |
4.02 |
|
Sales and repairs |
1.46 |
1.10 |
1.13 |
1.43 |
3.82 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
0.23 |
0.20 |
0.47 |
0.26 |
1.30 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.85 |
1.40 |
1.46 |
1.30 |
1.14 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.17 |
0.30 |
0.27 |
0.16 |
0.01 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.27 |
0.80 |
0.42 |
0.59 |
0.44 |
|
Education |
2.22 |
2.00 |
1.88 |
1.08 |
2.16 |
|
Social and health services |
0.07 |
0.10 |
0.26 |
0.35 |
1.45 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.38 |
0.40 |
0.33 |
0.44 |
0.00 |
|
Private homes |
0.04 |
0.40 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
0.41 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
84.56 |
83.60 |
83.51 |
86.45 |
79.14 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.25 |
0.10 |
0.12 |
0.25 |
0.69 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.06 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.22 |
0.00 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
3.71 |
3.70 |
3.88 |
2.40 |
8.58 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
Construction |
0.13 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.28 |
0.50 |
|
Sales and repairs |
4.64 |
5.70 |
5.10 |
5.02 |
3.55 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1.71 |
2.10 |
2.00 |
1.94 |
3.86 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.08 |
0.20 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.00 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.15 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.14 |
0.20 |
0.08 |
0.28 |
0.01 |
|
Education |
1.85 |
2.10 |
1.93 |
1.14 |
1.03 |
|
Social and health services |
0.40 |
0.40 |
0.39 |
0.42 |
0.64 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.25 |
0.60 |
0.74 |
0.59 |
0.92 |
|
Private homes |
1.14 |
1.30 |
1.63 |
0.92 |
1.07 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Domestic |
1.89 |
2.60 |
3.05 |
2.33 |
2.53 |
|
State |
6.83 |
7.40 |
7.46 |
6.99 |
6.80 |
|
Family business |
65.96 |
66.10 |
64.88 |
63.74 |
63.75 |
|
Semi-business |
10.62 |
8.80 |
10.05 |
13.13 |
12.53 |
|
Business |
14.71 |
15.10 |
14.56 |
13.80 |
14.40 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Domestic |
0.17 |
0.10 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
|
State |
7.02 |
7.80 |
7.81 |
6.81 |
6.99 |
|
Family business |
58.07 |
60.50 |
58.57 |
56.95 |
54.53 |
|
Semi-business |
14.21 |
12.40 |
13.60 |
17.18 |
17.61 |
|
Business |
20.53 |
19.20 |
19.80 |
18.93 |
20.70 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Domestic |
3.98 |
5.70 |
6.49 |
5.18 |
5.46 |
|
State |
6.60 |
6.90 |
7.04 |
7.22 |
6.55 |
|
Family business |
75.60 |
73.20 |
72.52 |
72.56 |
75.28 |
|
Semi-business |
6.23 |
4.30 |
5.75 |
7.89 |
6.17 |
|
Business |
7.59 |
9.80 |
8.20 |
7.15 |
6.54 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Domestic |
3.01 |
4.20 |
5.07 |
3.92 |
4.07 |
|
State |
10.34 |
10.70 |
11.41 |
10.65 |
9.65 |
|
Family business |
47.89 |
48.30 |
47.18 |
46.51 |
48.93 |
|
Semi-business |
15.40 |
12.60 |
14.14 |
17.59 |
16.49 |
|
Business |
23.37 |
24.20 |
22.20 |
21.32 |
20.86 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Domestic |
0.27 |
0.20 |
0.38 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
|
State |
10.41 |
11.20 |
12.01 |
10.35 |
9.47 |
|
Family business |
37.99 |
40.80 |
38.66 |
37.52 |
38.41 |
|
Semi-business |
20.07 |
17.50 |
18.80 |
22.40 |
22.56 |
|
Business |
31.25 |
30.30 |
30.15 |
29.51 |
29.34 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Domestic |
6.49 |
9.40 |
10.57 |
8.44 |
8.85 |
|
State |
10.23 |
10.00 |
10.70 |
11.02 |
9.87 |
|
Family business |
60.51 |
57.70 |
57.14 |
57.54 |
61.95 |
|
Semi-business |
9.43 |
6.30 |
8.69 |
11.71 |
8.98 |
|
Business |
13.33 |
16.60 |
12.89 |
11.28 |
10.35 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Domestic |
0.49 |
0.40 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
|
State |
2.46 |
2.90 |
2.54 |
2.44 |
3.13 |
|
Family business |
88.45 |
90.20 |
86.96 |
85.13 |
82.77 |
|
Semi-business |
4.67 |
3.80 |
4.95 |
7.60 |
7.43 |
|
Business |
3.92 |
2.70 |
5.02 |
4.47 |
6.12 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Domestic |
0.04 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.13 |
|
State |
2.60 |
3.20 |
2.76 |
2.65 |
3.83 |
|
Family business |
84.16 |
87.00 |
82.54 |
79.75 |
75.01 |
|
Semi-business |
6.59 |
5.40 |
7.35 |
11.04 |
11.32 |
|
Business |
6.61 |
4.30 |
7.33 |
6.51 |
9.71 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Domestic |
1.01 |
0.70 |
1.18 |
0.82 |
1.07 |
|
State |
2.30 |
2.60 |
2.27 |
2.14 |
2.25 |
|
Family business |
93.43 |
94.30 |
92.55 |
92.62 |
92.60 |
|
Semi-business |
2.44 |
1.70 |
1.92 |
2.79 |
2.51 |
|
Business |
0.81 |
0.70 |
2.09 |
1.64 |
1.58 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK
34.In accordance with the General Health, Occupational Safety and Welfare Act (No. 16998) of 2 August 1979, the Ministry of Labour conducts periodic inspections and reinspections of all companies and workplaces in the country on its own initiative or following complaints.
35.Under Supreme Decree No. 27732 of 15 September 2004 (annex 2), the Industrial Safety Department and the Labour Department were merged to become the Labour and Industrial Safety Department.
36.Under this new structure, the industrial health and safety inspection process was expanded into one of labour and industrial health and safety inspection, and this new concept has resulted in a more effective inspection policy. This new inspection process includes the following steps:
Issuing of a memorandum of appointment of an inspector from the Labour and Industrial Safety Department;
Declaration of independence by the appointed inspector;
Completion of the technical inspection form;
Completion of the response form.
37.Following the inspection, a report is submitted to the relevant manager’s office, drawing attention to the inspector’s observations and the time frame for complying with them. If necessary, one or more reinspections are scheduled. Under this new procedure, there is an overall, more effective, inspection which is, above all, free from corruption.
38.Ministerial Decision No. 496/04 of 23 September 2004 (annex 8) approved the regulations on the configuration of the joint health, occupational safety and welfare committees, which are charged with ensuring the full participation of employers and workers in the resolution of in‑company problems, with a view to avoiding professional hazards and illnesses.
39.In 2004, the Ministry of Labour, through the Industrial Safety and Occupational Health - Bolivia programme (SISO Bolivia), received a donation of field monitoring equipment for workplace environmental pollutants, supplemented by a 400-hour training course for technicians in the Labour and Industrial Safety Department, provided by the United States Department of Labor through the United States embassy in Bolivia.
40.The Government carries out various checks related to industrial safety and occupational health in companies through the National Occupational Medicine Institute (under the Ministry of Health and Sport) and the National Institute for Occupational Health.
41.In 2004, the Government sent a report to the International Labour Organization (ILO), providing information concerning measures adopted to implement the provisions of ILO Convention No. 81 concerning labour inspection.
42.The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government in respect of the above-mentioned Convention, which covered the period between 2000 and 2004:
LABOUR INSPECTION CONVENTION, 1947
Convention No. 81
Ratified by Bolivia in 1973
The functions of the Ministry of Labour, as set out in the Executive Organization Act, are the following:
To monitor the implementation of, and compliance with, legislation and international conventions relating to labour issues;
To formulate policies aimed at guaranteeing job opportunities for all and improving working conditions;
To formulate and implement policies aimed at ensuring good employee-employer relations and to formulate and apply norms relating to industrial safety, in cooperation with the ministries concerned.
In accordance with the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other legislation governing this area, the Ministry of Labour acts as the administrative authority for conciliation proceedings, with the possibility of directly accessing the courts to request the application of penalties when there is evidence of a violation of the law or to request recovery of trade union property.
The Ministry of Labour’s labour inspectorates are the specialized technical bodies within the public administration responsible for undertaking activities and exercising the functions set out in the law, conducting inspections with a view to ensuring that labour legislation is complied with impartially, equitably and fairly. This task is the exclusive, non-transferable and sovereign responsibility of the State, in accordance with the provisions of the General Labour Act and its regulatory statute.
It is clear that, as a result of the many changes in Bolivia in the last 20 years, there is a need to restructure the Ministry of Labour with a view to adapting it to the new needs of the country. A brief and non-exhaustive list of the changes in question includes: the adoption of a new model for the organization of State and society and a new economic model in 1985; significant changes to the electoral system, which resulted in citizens’ associations and indigenous peoples being included among the political actors under the 2004 constitutional reform; and municipal and departmental decentralization processes that have transformed the State’s administrative machinery.
There have been two constitutional reforms, 10 years apart, which have taken account of the new circumstances and demands of Bolivian social partners: new forms of work and the systematic application of employment models that in practice deny workers’ rights guaranteed under the Constitution and labour legislation.
The new situation, concerning which only a few details have been mentioned above, prompted the successive changes that have taken place in the country’s executive, whose organization has, since 1993, been governed by three different laws: the Ministries Act of 1993, the Executive Organization Act of 1997 and the Executive Organization Act of 2003. One of the executive’s most important portfolios - the Ministry of Labour - cannot be omitted from this list of organizational and structural changes. In addition to the foregoing, it should be noted that the International Labour Organization, aware of the new circumstances being experienced in Bolivia and elsewhere, and on the basis of related experience in this field, drew up observations whose ultimate purpose is to ensure that workers’ rights are respected and that there is an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the State to undertake its activities in the best possible way.
In this context, the Bolivian Government, in strict compliance with the recommendations of the International Labour Organization and with the technical assistance of that office, has begun a process of internal restructuring, bearing in mind that one of its principal functions is to monitor compliance with the social provisions in force.
Therefore, it has been decided to divide the Labour Inspectorate into two sections, conciliation and inspection, each of which will have specific functions aimed at offering better service to workers. The conciliation division will seek to improve relations between workers and employers, while the inspection division will visit workplaces to assess, in situ, compliance with regulations governing that area. The need to use negotiation techniques in order to achieve conciliation objectives has been clearly identified.
In addition, industrial safety experts will join the team of labour inspectors, thus ensuring that monitoring of compliance with labour legislation and industrial safety provisions will be carried out by all labour inspectorates at the national level, covering:
(a)Workplaces in any sector of activity that hire employees, including State enterprises, agriculture, and others covered by the General Labour Act;
(b)Transport in general privatized companies and any business where there is an employer-worker relationship.
In order to ensure effective supervision of the personnel of the Labour Inspectorate, the Ministry of Labour is developing a computer system which will enable its civil servants to organize labour inspections in a systematic, comprehensive and cross-cutting manner, which in turn will enable the Ministry to contribute to follow-up activities and the development of labour relations. This system is currently hindered by the limited economic resources available for implementation.
The Government has declared that, with a view to complying with the ILO recommendations, it has requested technical assistance, through the Ministry of Labour, to develop a process to restructure that Ministry and, in particular, the Labour Inspectorate, with a view to converting it into an effective and efficient body to defend the rights of workers and employers.
Finally, it should be noted that a delegation from the ILO regional office in Lima, composed of Rosa Fuentes and Adolfo Ciudad, visited Bolivia between 7 and 10 September, and held meetings with various officials from the Ministry of Labour, with whom they drafted a proposal for institutional restructuring to be incorporated into the annual operational plan for the year 2005, which will be implemented with technical assistance from ILO and which broadly relates to the operationalization of a statistics department, reforms to the labour inspectorate in terms of improving its service and quality, and strengthening of the departmental and regional labour directorates (annex 3 (b)).
43.The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government for the period 2000 to 2004 in relation to ILO Convention No. 129:
LABOUR INSPECTION (AGRICULTURE) CONVENTION
Convention No. 129
Ratified by Bolivia in 1977
Bolivia is experiencing an economic crisis that is affecting activities in both the public and private sectors, and is manifesting itself in various fields and on various scales. As a result of this crisis, which, as noted, also affects the State, the Government is under economic and financial restrictions which prevent it from rigorously monitoring compliance with labour and occupational safety legislation in the agricultural sector.
Naturally, the agricultural sector must count on the protection of the State with regard to violations of workers’ rights by employers. In that regard, and despite the aforementioned limitations, the Ministry of Labour, through the Labour Department, is promoting the implementation of a pilot project in four regions of Bolivia, in order to make progress in terms of providing the necessary guarantees, security and support in this area, to both workers and employers. The regions in question are Bermejo, Yacuiba, Villamontes and Riberalta; the first three are located in the department of Tarija and the fourth in the department of Beni.
The Ministry of Labour considers that public servants who provide services in the aforementioned agricultural regions carry out their functions to their fullest potential, complying with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other related norms.
The intention is that, once the national system of labour inspectorates has been established and consolidated, it will be adapted to Bolivia’s agricultural sector, with a view to fulfilling the mandate set out in the relevant legislation. With the support of ILO and in the framework of restructuring the Ministry of Labour, which is considered a task of fundamental importance for the immediate future, there are plans to strengthen the inspectorates in the aforementioned areas, which, given their characteristics, are the most appropriate for inclusion in this pilot phase.
Bermejo is a town located in the department of Tarija, in the south-east of Bolivia, and its principal economic activity is sugar-cane production. The city of Riberalta is located in the north-east of the country, in the department of Beni, and forms part of what is known as the Bolivian Amazon. The principal economic activity in the area is chestnut production. Third is the city of Yacuiba, also located in the department of Tarija, whose principal economic activities are livestock-rearing and fishing, although, since it is on the border with Argentina, there is also strong commercial activity. Finally, the city of Villamontes is also in the department of Tarija, and its principal economic activity is fishing.
In order to better characterize the areas in question, it should be noted that the towns of Bermejo, Yacuiba and Villamontes, in the department of Tarija, are part of what is known as the Bolivian Chaco, which is home to indigenous groups such as the Weenhayek or matacos, whose primary activity is fishing. Riberalta is home to the Esse-Ejjas indigenous people, known until recently as chamas, who are involved in the production of chestnuts and rubber, the latter to a lesser extent in recent years.
There are significant social inequalities, which also have a racial component, in all of the above-mentioned areas. For example, in the department of Tarija, specifically in the towns mentioned previously, owners of unworked farms, who are criollos, that is, descended from Europeans (principally Spanish), exploit and marginalize the indigenous people living in the area. It should not be forgotten that in other provinces of the Bolivian Chaco, located in the department of Chuquisaca, there are captive indigenous communities, in respect of which the Government is taking measures with the technical assistance of ILO and in application of Convention No. 105.
Since the town of Yacuiba is located on the border with Argentina, commercial activity is of considerable importance and takes the unmistakable form of smuggling, in which bagalleros (small‑scale smugglers) predominate. It was in this region that the Movimiento sin Tierra was established, later spreading to other parts of the country.
In Riberalta, there have also been cases of exploitation of indigenous labourers by employers, characterized by inadequate working conditions and exacerbated by the existence of an institutional system showing little solidarity and tolerant of these conditions in which the social protection of workers is neglected.
It can be seen that the Ministry of Labour has taken a decision that will be of singular importance in terms of the presence of labour inspectors in agricultural areas, which it is intended will have sufficient capacity and resources to ensure compliance with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and international labour norms. It is hoped that all of the above will be achieved through the implementation of the project to restructure the Ministry of Labour which is being developed with technical assistance from ILO (annex 3 (f)).
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO BE PROMOTED IN THEIREMPLOYMENT TO AN APPROPRIATE HIGHER LEVEL, AND THERIGHT TO REST, LEISURE AND REASONABLE LIMITATION OFWORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAY, AS WELL AS REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC HOLIDAYS
44.The inspection processes make it possible to review compliance with labour norms, and review the internal regulations of each company, which should provide for the obligatory promotions established by article 65 of the General Labour Act, as well as the working conditions of each worker, requiring a review of payrolls (annex 10).
45.The Ministry of Labour receives complaints and carries out subsequent conciliation proceedings or inspections to monitor whether employers and workers are complying with the provisions of labour legislation. An average of 30 conciliation sessions are held each day, and in the last four years the number of sessions has tripled. Regrettably, there are no statistics on inspections carried out, since the Ministry of Labour does not have a statistics office.
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.85 |
45.04 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
50.58 |
47.84 |
47.13 |
51.83 |
43.34 |
|
Professionals |
34.60 |
42.14 |
34.63 |
35.84 |
37.42 |
|
Technical and professional support |
36.85 |
33.25 |
38.46 |
37.73 |
36.22 |
|
Office workers |
44.31 |
43.05 |
42.02 |
46.80 |
45.30 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.82 |
52.06 |
43.81 |
49.93 |
48.70 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.06 |
41.55 |
37.21 |
36.99 |
39.26 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
44.75 |
46.54 |
41.80 |
45.61 |
43.44 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.69 |
58.52 |
55.13 |
60.71 |
58.53 |
|
Unskilled workers |
46.26 |
46.50 |
35.07 |
45.57 |
43.26 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
48.65 |
42.80 |
48.21 |
46.14 |
|
Men |
44.52 |
46.94 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
52.41 |
48.69 |
46.30 |
53.67 |
42.77 |
|
Professionals |
36.62 |
43.36 |
37.46 |
3977 |
36.71 |
|
Technical and professional support |
37.72 |
36.67 |
39.98 |
39.77 |
36.01 |
|
Office workers |
48.13 |
45.77 |
47.02 |
46.98 |
46.19 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.11 |
55.92 |
44.41 |
52.47 |
51.53 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.82 |
42.79 |
39.00 |
38.97 |
40.69 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
47.48 |
48.36 |
44.72 |
48.45 |
47.49 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.78 |
58.72 |
55.26 |
61.20 |
59.13 |
|
Unskilled workers |
52.20 |
51.60 |
37.60 |
48.39 |
50.26 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
48.65 |
42.80 |
48.21 |
46.14 |
|
Women |
40.80 |
42.64 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.92 |
46.48 |
51.03 |
44.31 |
44.88 |
|
Professionals |
32.20 |
40.11 |
31.70 |
31.84 |
37.97 |
|
Technical and professional support |
34.98 |
28.30 |
34.85 |
33.43 |
36.69 |
|
Office workers |
41.15 |
40.96 |
38.72 |
46.64 |
44.50 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
49.07 |
50.47 |
43.57 |
48.93 |
47.31 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.19 |
39.91 |
34.45 |
34.24 |
37.41 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
36.26 |
39.55 |
32.43 |
38.11 |
32.71 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
46.20 |
45.62 |
36.35 |
20.35 |
|
Unskilled workers |
42.75 |
43.91 |
33.48 |
43.38 |
38.87 |
|
Armed forces |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.1
Urban areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
47.33 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
51.25 |
47.36 |
47.32 |
52.56 |
44.52 |
|
Professionals |
34.57 |
42.20 |
34.89 |
35.97 |
38.42 |
|
Technical and professional support |
37.46 |
33.72 |
38.26 |
37.72 |
36.69 |
|
Office workers |
44.36 |
42.79 |
41.89 |
46.35 |
45.56 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.97 |
52.59 |
44.00 |
50.17 |
49.66 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.81 |
40.51 |
34.67 |
35.88 |
41.07 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
45.77 |
47.68 |
43.01 |
46.26 |
45.41 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.92 |
58.80 |
56.45 |
61.69 |
59.73 |
|
Unskilled workers |
45.53 |
46.44 |
40.43 |
46.33 |
42.34 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
47.36 |
42.80 |
48.02 |
47.50 |
|
Men |
48.19 |
49.57 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
53.39 |
47.68 |
46.36 |
54.36 |
45.44 |
|
Professionals |
36.48 |
43.55 |
38.48 |
40.10 |
37.83 |
|
Technical and professional support |
38.43 |
37.90 |
39.88 |
39.45 |
36.37 |
|
Office workers |
48.07 |
45.81 |
46.67 |
46.31 |
46.40 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.30 |
56.25 |
44.75 |
52.87 |
51.33 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
42.47 |
42.23 |
36.91 |
37.45 |
40.09 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
48.40 |
48.87 |
45.21 |
49.08 |
48.39 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.98 |
59.03 |
56.62 |
62.26 |
59.77 |
|
Unskilled workers |
51.40 |
52.32 |
44.00 |
49.74 |
49.14 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
47.36 |
42.80 |
48.02 |
47.50 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
44.51 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.77 |
46.89 |
51.43 |
45.18 |
42.32 |
|
Professionals |
32.39 |
39.98 |
31.21 |
31.94 |
38.87 |
|
Technical and professional support |
35.33 |
27.66 |
34.23 |
34.14 |
37.27 |
|
Office workers |
41.30 |
40.49 |
38.77 |
46.38 |
44.81 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
49.22 |
50.97 |
43.69 |
49.06 |
48.78 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
27.15 |
36.10 |
30.55 |
32.23 |
42.45 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
36.89 |
42.39 |
35.08 |
38.99 |
35.19 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
46.20 |
45.62 |
36.35 |
50.08 |
|
Unskilled workers |
42.86 |
44.07 |
38.82 |
44.38 |
39.22 |
|
Armed forces |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.2
Rural areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
41.94 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.48 |
49.83 |
45.82 |
46.63 |
37.26 |
|
Professionals |
34.93 |
39.19 |
33.35 |
34.28 |
24.87 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.24 |
30.48 |
41.29 |
37.89 |
34.01 |
|
Office workers |
41.61 |
48.85 |
49.78 |
60.32 |
36.49 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
47.42 |
47.39 |
42.22 |
47.69 |
41.10 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.07 |
41.61 |
37.43 |
37.08 |
39.09 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
39.95 |
39.52 |
35.27 |
41.12 |
35.39 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
55.17 |
56.50 |
44.57 |
53.03 |
40.48 |
|
Unskilled workers |
49.71 |
46.86 |
30.24 |
42.67 |
47.41 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
57.62 |
0.00 |
52.50 |
40.00 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
43.40 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
44.83 |
52.13 |
45.94 |
48.69 |
31.28 |
|
Professionals |
37.94 |
35.74 |
32.63 |
36.76 |
26.01 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.19 |
29.35 |
41.74 |
42.37 |
34.74 |
|
Office workers |
51.61 |
44.91 |
59.45 |
68.31 |
40.12 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
45.62 |
50.20 |
40.32 |
46.38 |
54.43 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.57 |
42.84 |
39.20 |
39.12 |
40.74 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
42.63 |
44.44 |
41.55 |
44.34 |
42.08 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
55.71 |
56.50 |
44.57 |
53.03 |
47.28 |
|
Unskilled workers |
54.01 |
49.67 |
33.68 |
45.79 |
52.53 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
57.62 |
0.00 |
52.50 |
40.00 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
40.10 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
47.03 |
44.02 |
44.35 |
37.75 |
70.00 |
|
Professionals |
29.11 |
56.00 |
34.13 |
30.28 |
23.41 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.33 |
32.14 |
40.71 |
26.06 |
28.10 |
|
Office workers |
34.03 |
52.39 |
34.34 |
54.11 |
32.00 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
47.84 |
46.88 |
42.68 |
47.97 |
37.96 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.52 |
40.06 |
34.76 |
34.35 |
36.97 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
34.08 |
30.27 |
23.50 |
31.27 |
27.80 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
11.84 |
|
Unskilled workers |
41.65 |
42.19 |
27.35 |
34.40 |
35.23 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.90 |
45.04 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Manual worker |
48.28 |
50.89 |
46.85 |
46.99 |
49.53 |
|
White-collar worker |
45.37 |
44.66 |
45.07 |
48.33 |
47.44 |
|
Self-employed |
45.25 |
46.93 |
41.34 |
44.33 |
42.40 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
44.22 |
55.34 |
47.18 |
55.36 |
52.51 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
52.31 |
48.64 |
48.84 |
46.53 |
49.55 |
|
Production cooperative member |
49.55 |
50.46 |
45.49 |
52.76 |
50.54 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
33.72 |
37.79 |
29.17 |
33.75 |
35.84 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.25 |
62.73 |
53.31 |
53.54 |
50.46 |
|
Men |
44.57 |
46.94 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Manual worker |
49.02 |
52.11 |
47.78 |
49.09 |
50.83 |
|
White-collar worker |
48.34 |
48.53 |
48.66 |
51.37 |
50.14 |
|
Self-employed |
46.49 |
47.67 |
43.38 |
45.88 |
45.12 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
45.35 |
58.38 |
50.97 |
56.91 |
52.60 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
52.74 |
50.54 |
48.15 |
47.43 |
48.76 |
|
Production cooperative member |
49.55 |
49.65 |
46.02 |
52.47 |
50.54 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
28.60 |
36.27 |
27.39 |
31.76 |
33.53 |
|
Domestic worker |
44.23 |
61.69 |
51.83 |
54.59 |
45.53 |
|
Women |
40.85 |
42.64 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Manual worker |
42.66 |
41.81 |
40.45 |
36.07 |
40.00 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.23 |
38.26 |
39.34 |
42.91 |
43.12 |
|
Self-employed |
43.57 |
45.77 |
38.38 |
42.03 |
39.14 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
40.42 |
38.32 |
33.76 |
45.81 |
51.98 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
50.66 |
43.35 |
50.39 |
43.13 |
53.95 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
67.28 |
34.22 |
60.60 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
36.42 |
38.56 |
30.25 |
34.96 |
37.24 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.83 |
62.76 |
53.37 |
53.50 |
50.66 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.1
Urban areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, broken down by sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
47.15 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Manual worker |
48.56 |
51.97 |
48.49 |
48.58 |
50.73 |
|
White-collar worker |
45.80 |
44.94 |
45.06 |
48.57 |
48.32 |
|
Self-employed |
47.26 |
48.05 |
42.05 |
45.45 |
44.83 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
44.44 |
56.06 |
49.12 |
55.86 |
52.37 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
53.05 |
48.39 |
50.50 |
47.68 |
53.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
68.64 |
49.25 |
51.98 |
53.00 |
35.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
32.14 |
35.21 |
26.87 |
38.14 |
34.27 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.31 |
62.34 |
52.96 |
53.25 |
50.11 |
|
Men |
48.19 |
49.37 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Manual worker |
48.93 |
52.95 |
49.13 |
50.19 |
51.50 |
|
White-collar worker |
48.86 |
49.02 |
49.01 |
51.53 |
51.76 |
|
Self-employed |
49.88 |
49.50 |
45.38 |
49.03 |
47.88 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
45.76 |
59.52 |
51.80 |
57.48 |
52.44 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
54.35 |
49.63 |
49.32 |
48.90 |
51.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
68.64 |
47.94 |
50.80 |
52.79 |
35.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
27.71 |
35.46 |
22.95 |
33.70 |
30.46 |
|
Domestic worker |
41.11 |
57.00 |
52.18 |
55.75 |
38.87 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
44.35 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Manual worker |
45.76 |
44.75 |
43.94 |
40.17 |
44.54 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.33 |
38.20 |
38.76 |
43.44 |
42.97 |
|
Self-employed |
45.01 |
46.64 |
39.26 |
42.44 |
42.43 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
40.42 |
38.32 |
38.08 |
45.98 |
51.98 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
48.45 |
45.05 |
52.70 |
44.29 |
59.34 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
67.28 |
84.00 |
61.41 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
34.75 |
35.06 |
29.59 |
40.97 |
37.04 |
|
Domestic worker |
56.07 |
62.49 |
52.99 |
53.17 |
50.45 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
41.84 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Manual worker |
46.83 |
46.61 |
43.06 |
43.60 |
46.61 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.36 |
39.60 |
45.12 |
45.51 |
39.76 |
|
Self-employed |
42.74 |
44.99 |
40.52 |
42.84 |
39.42 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
41.00 |
45.49 |
26.85 |
50.24 |
59.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
49.99 |
50.16 |
44.39 |
45.37 |
46.03 |
|
Production cooperative member |
38.58 |
52.99 |
43.23 |
52.36 |
68.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
34.09 |
38.37 |
29.95 |
32.79 |
36.40 |
|
Domestic worker |
54.82 |
68.81 |
57.49 |
57.35 |
53.85 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
43.31 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Manual worker |
48.32 |
48.59 |
44.61 |
46.73 |
49.14 |
|
White-collar worker |
41.56 |
42.43 |
45.26 |
49.68 |
37.38 |
|
Self-employed |
43.85 |
45.78 |
41.98 |
43.44 |
42.91 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
41.00 |
45.49 |
54.75 |
51.19 |
59.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
48.02 |
55.61 |
45.57 |
46.14 |
46.89 |
|
Production cooperative member |
38.58 |
52.99 |
44.34 |
51.90 |
68.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
28.83 |
36.48 |
29.08 |
31.32 |
34.81 |
|
Domestic worker |
70.00 |
38.08 |
42.99 |
48.00 |
60.00 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
39.99 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Manual worker |
35.40 |
30.72 |
33.05 |
27.35 |
31.60 |
|
White-collar worker |
38.90 |
34.73 |
44.91 |
35.15 |
44.70 |
|
Self-employed |
40.09 |
42.58 |
36.30 |
40.62 |
32.19 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.00 |
44.00 |
0.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
59.44 |
31.06 |
39.84 |
41.17 |
33.03 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
21.50 |
60.00 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
36.79 |
39.30 |
30.46 |
33.67 |
37.30 |
|
Domestic worker |
54.09 |
67.37 |
57.78 |
58.08 |
52.92 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.85 |
46.65 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
38.44 |
43.35 |
35.84 |
37.59 |
39.81 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
43.88 |
41.84 |
15.59 |
23.09 |
41.76 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
47.65 |
49.67 |
49.68 |
49.28 |
54.48 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
43.91 |
47.03 |
39.76 |
45.39 |
41.20 |
|
Elect ricity/gas/water production and d istribution |
45.93 |
55.58 |
45.35 |
49.28 |
54.49 |
|
Construction |
48.41 |
50.79 |
46.88 |
49.60 |
48.93 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.22 |
52.12 |
41.77 |
49.48 |
49.09 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
46.16 |
50.21 |
43.61 |
43.89 |
37.23 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
57.55 |
58.45 |
54.53 |
58.89 |
55.77 |
|
Financial brokerage |
47.89 |
50.92 |
48.08 |
46.63 |
48.15 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
41.67 |
46.46 |
42.11 |
49.82 |
44.65 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
47.14 |
54.18 |
48.93 |
50.23 |
50.92 |
|
Education |
28.76 |
31.67 |
27.68 |
28.59 |
32.19 |
|
Social and health services |
45.20 |
46.45 |
42.14 |
40.99 |
40.65 |
|
Community and personal services |
33.93 |
33.57 |
32.18 |
35.22 |
31.47 |
|
Private homes |
50.63 |
52.55 |
49.35 |
53.07 |
48.47 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
68.29 |
40.00 |
44.21 |
48.40 |
|
Men |
44.52 |
48.64 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Agr iculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.44 |
45.08 |
38.33 |
39.80 |
41.38 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
45.68 |
44.02 |
17.84 |
25.59 |
43.63 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
47.85 |
50.29 |
49.86 |
51.46 |
55.45 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
48.80 |
49.63 |
44.91 |
49.48 |
47.16 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
46.53 |
57.08 |
46.05 |
50.66 |
55.60 |
|
Construction |
48.43 |
50.92 |
47.25 |
50.04 |
49.86 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.47 |
53.76 |
42.31 |
49.09 |
49.22 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
49.32 |
54.21 |
41.98 |
47.67 |
39.39 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
58.49 |
59.59 |
55.76 |
60.06 |
56.97 |
|
Financial brokerage |
48.85 |
53.11 |
49.49 |
47.94 |
47.76 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
42.38 |
48.08 |
45.52 |
50.75 |
45.90 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
49.00 |
58.65 |
50.73 |
51.58 |
53.69 |
|
Education |
30.10 |
32.78 |
29.02 |
32.12 |
30.16 |
|
Social and health services |
44.69 |
51.80 |
41.66 |
43.95 |
41.78 |
|
Community and personal services |
35.25 |
39.94 |
37.77 |
42.57 |
35.67 |
|
Private homes |
44.23 |
44.55 |
49.06 |
49.92 |
42.43 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
84.00 |
40.00 |
38.00 |
50.50 |
Table 3 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Women |
40.80 |
44.12 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
37.25 |
41.01 |
32.62 |
34.32 |
37.75 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
31.65 |
30.10 |
10.69 |
18.85 |
32.89 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
46.67 |
44.96 |
47.54 |
29.84 |
42.64 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
37.12 |
42.88 |
32.37 |
38.82 |
33.54 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
40.00 |
43.75 |
43.42 |
41.76 |
44.31 |
|
Construction |
47.00 |
47.07 |
35.97 |
41.41 |
35.15 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.07 |
51.15 |
41.43 |
49.72 |
49.01 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
45.06 |
49.05 |
44.16 |
42.76 |
36.36 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
40.89 |
47.17 |
44.89 |
43.68 |
40.49 |
|
Financial brokerage |
46.87 |
46.31 |
43.37 |
44.77 |
49.14 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
40.54 |
41.62 |
35.02 |
48.06 |
42.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
41.32 |
39.80 |
42.04 |
45.73 |
41.44 |
|
Education |
27.28 |
30.77 |
26.70 |
25.52 |
34.07 |
|
Social and health services |
45.43 |
42.53 |
42.58 |
39.33 |
39.73 |
|
Community and personal services |
32.29 |
27.84 |
27.54 |
28.80 |
28.98 |
|
Private homes |
50.88 |
53.08 |
49.36 |
53.47 |
48.89 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
60.07 |
0.00 |
50.82 |
40.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Economic sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
48.73 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.14 |
42.82 |
38.70 |
38.66 |
42.03 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
58.43 |
44.12 |
0.00 |
33.57 |
45.70 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
51.17 |
49.43 |
52.00 |
52.05 |
49.90 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
45.07 |
48.10 |
41.26 |
46.16 |
43.71 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
40.90 |
55.29 |
45.33 |
49.63 |
49.25 |
|
Construction |
49.55 |
50.54 |
47.28 |
50.81 |
49.62 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.29 |
52.12 |
42.36 |
49.42 |
49.24 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
47.33 |
50.16 |
42.28 |
44.65 |
41.10 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
57.89 |
57.88 |
55.69 |
59.72 |
56.85 |
|
Financial brokerage |
47.89 |
50.92 |
48.08 |
46.37 |
48.15 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
41.82 |
46.82 |
41.57 |
50.17 |
44.65 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
46.99 |
54.03 |
48.93 |
50.57 |
51.52 |
|
Education |
27.99 |
32.71 |
27.34 |
28.46 |
34.26 |
|
Social and health services |
43.33 |
45.99 |
41.52 |
39.76 |
41.79 |
|
Community and personal services |
33.80 |
33.91 |
31.66 |
35.47 |
32.21 |
|
Private homes |
50.50 |
51.96 |
49.86 |
52.94 |
48.05 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
68.29 |
40.00 |
45.89 |
48.40 |
Table 3.1 (continued)
|
Economic sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Men |
48.19 |
50.83 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
43.10 |
44.78 |
40.88 |
40.41 |
41.80 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
58.43 |
52.20 |
0.00 |
33.57 |
42.07 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
51.52 |
50.01 |
51.69 |
54.15 |
50.80 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
49.44 |
49.93 |
45.43 |
50.16 |
47.46 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
41.04 |
56.25 |
46.04 |
50.71 |
50.10 |
|
Construction |
49.51 |
50.68 |
47.71 |
51.26 |
50.54 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.59 |
53.62 |
42.89 |
48.98 |
49.49 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
49.88 |
53.53 |
41.78 |
47.84 |
44.32 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
58.82 |
59.22 |
57.14 |
61.13 |
58.21 |
|
Financial brokerage |
48.85 |
53.11 |
49.49 |
47.54 |
47.76 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
42.37 |
48.62 |
44.52 |
51.31 |
45.91 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
48.85 |
58.82 |
50.75 |
51.59 |
54.68 |
|
Education |
29.75 |
34.46 |
29.16 |
32.35 |
33.02 |
|
Social and health services |
44.77 |
51.09 |
41.14 |
40.18 |
43.36 |
|
Community and personal services |
34.37 |
40.28 |
37.31 |
42.71 |
35.67 |
|
Private homes |
41.11 |
30.91 |
50.27 |
50.19 |
33.42 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
84.00 |
40.00 |
40.57 |
50.50 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
46.07 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Agr iculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
28.89 |
38.24 |
35.98 |
33.70 |
42.39 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.00 |
31.69 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
60.28 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
44.95 |
46.15 |
57.18 |
30.82 |
42.64 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
38.31 |
44.89 |
34.59 |
39.70 |
36.70 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
40.00 |
45.12 |
43.42 |
43.52 |
44.31 |
|
Construction |
54.00 |
47.07 |
35.51 |
41.87 |
34.98 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.10 |
51.15 |
42.01 |
49.71 |
49.08 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
46.37 |
49.10 |
42.45 |
43.65 |
39.83 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
40.91 |
44.83 |
45.11 |
42.28 |
40.49 |
|
Financial brokerage |
46.87 |
46.31 |
43.37 |
44.77 |
49.14 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
40.95 |
41.62 |
35.46 |
48.06 |
42.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
41.04 |
39.48 |
42.18 |
47.13 |
41.45 |
|
Education |
26.15 |
31.43 |
26.17 |
25.24 |
35.12 |
|
Social and health services |
42.66 |
42.11 |
41.86 |
39.54 |
41.00 |
|
Community and personal services |
33.13 |
28.08 |
26.79 |
29.24 |
29.98 |
|
Private homes |
50.86 |
52.85 |
49.85 |
53.28 |
48.55 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
60.07 |
0.00 |
50.82 |
40.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Economic sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
43.83 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
38.40 |
43.39 |
35.37 |
37.49 |
39.58 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
40.86 |
41.00 |
15.59 |
22.46 |
41.07 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
45.95 |
50.16 |
47.41 |
44.17 |
64.43 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
34.20 |
39.73 |
30.97 |
38.59 |
29.89 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
56.48 |
58.81 |
46.24 |
41.30 |
65.16 |
|
Construction |
42.82 |
53.04 |
44.32 |
43.11 |
44.97 |
|
Sales and repairs |
47.41 |
52.20 |
35.58 |
50.05 |
47.74 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
36.24 |
50.54 |
52.69 |
36.52 |
21.47 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
50.32 |
64.49 |
41.27 |
48.79 |
39.27 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
55.99 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
35.80 |
32.31 |
56.98 |
32.88 |
36.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
50.73 |
55.66 |
48.91 |
47.26 |
41.01 |
|
Education |
31.93 |
27.22 |
28.97 |
29.52 |
24.65 |
|
Social and health services |
77.96 |
52.05 |
48.39 |
51.61 |
37.83 |
|
Community and personal services |
35.70 |
29.04 |
37.57 |
32.14 |
18.13 |
|
Private homes |
51.87 |
58.78 |
44.44 |
55.00 |
51.91 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
21.00 |
0.00 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
45.69 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandr y and hunting |
39.17 |
45.11 |
37.91 |
39.73 |
41.33 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
42.56 |
42.07 |
17.84 |
24.80 |
43.90 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
45.68 |
50.82 |
47.98 |
46.31 |
64.43 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
39.92 |
46.80 |
40.66 |
43.37 |
41.71 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
56.48 |
72.00 |
46.24 |
49.47 |
65.16 |
|
Construction |
43.03 |
53.04 |
44.37 |
43.35 |
45.86 |
|
Sales and repairs |
46.46 |
56.70 |
31.33 |
50.63 |
47.54 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
39.63 |
68.19 |
43.52 |
45.16 |
20.37 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
51.14 |
63.47 |
41.47 |
47.66 |
39.27 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
55.99 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
42.50 |
32.31 |
72.11 |
32.88 |
36.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
52.90 |
57.26 |
50.46 |
51.45 |
41.03 |
|
Education |
31.36 |
27.21 |
28.65 |
30.82 |
24.22 |
|
Social and health services |
42.07 |
63.70 |
47.17 |
64.36 |
40.02 |
|
Community and personal services |
46.35 |
34.82 |
43.82 |
41.00 |
|
|
Private homes |
70.00 |
64.86 |
32.41 |
47.12 |
49.86 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
21.00 |
0.00 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
41.46 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Agriculture, animal hus bandry and hunting |
37.52 |
41.16 |
32.04 |
34.36 |
37.34 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
31.65 |
26.82 |
10.69 |
18.85 |
27.19 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
46.87 |
37.50 |
41.78 |
28.48 |
|
|
Manufacturing industry |
30.85 |
33.47 |
23.57 |
31.29 |
27.66 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.00 |
40.55 |
0.00 |
20.00 |
Table 3.2 ( continued )
|
Economic sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Construction |
35.49 |
0.00 |
41.82 |
39.49 |
35.79 |
|
Sales and repairs |
47.75 |
51.08 |
36.77 |
49.82 |
48.03 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
35.71 |
48.72 |
55.44 |
34.91 |
21.93 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
40.55 |
76.47 |
34.71 |
81.38 |
0.00 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
12.00 |
0.00 |
22.44 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
46.06 |
45.35 |
38.89 |
34.86 |
40.00 |
|
Education |
32.71 |
27.23 |
29.38 |
27.90 |
25.78 |
|
Social and health services |
85.19 |
46.79 |
49.40 |
36.75 |
31.57 |
|
Community and personal services |
17.12 |
25.01 |
34.04 |
22.98 |
18.13 |
|
Private homes |
51.08 |
56.34 |
44.82 |
56.55 |
52.90 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.85 |
44.90 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Domestic |
55.25 |
62.73 |
53.31 |
53.54 |
50.46 |
|
State |
37.48 |
39.40 |
39.81 |
38.98 |
40.47 |
|
Family business |
40.70 |
43.41 |
35.86 |
39.82 |
39.66 |
|
Semi-business |
49.74 |
47.81 |
46.03 |
48.79 |
49.48 |
|
Business |
48.38 |
49.34 |
48.85 |
51.64 |
51.51 |
|
Men |
44.52 |
46.79 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Domestic |
44.23 |
61.69 |
51.83 |
54.59 |
45.53 |
|
State |
39.31 |
44.42 |
44.74 |
43.30 |
43.16 |
|
Family business |
41.50 |
44.70 |
37.90 |
41.37 |
41.28 |
|
Semi-business |
51.94 |
49.70 |
47.13 |
49.77 |
50.15 |
|
Business |
49.73 |
52.33 |
50.53 |
53.33 |
52.94 |
|
Women |
40.80 |
42.50 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Domestic |
55.83 |
62.76 |
53.37 |
53.50 |
50.66 |
|
State |
35.09 |
32.18 |
33.17 |
33.69 |
36.88 |
|
Family business |
39.96 |
42.05 |
33.87 |
38.25 |
38.20 |
|
Semi-business |
43.61 |
40.99 |
42.88 |
46.05 |
47.08 |
|
Business |
43.90 |
41.94 |
43.94 |
45.82 |
45.84 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
47.33 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Domestic |
55.3 |
62.34 |
52.96 |
53.25 |
50.11 |
|
State |
37.5 |
40.55 |
40.24 |
38.87 |
42.48 |
|
Family business |
44.5 |
46.29 |
37.77 |
44.07 |
42.13 |
|
Semi-business |
50.6 |
48.13 |
47.20 |
50.39 |
51.80 |
|
Business |
48.5 |
49.35 |
48.83 |
52.16 |
50.95 |
|
Men |
48.19 |
49.57 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Domestic |
41.11 |
57.00 |
52.18 |
55.75 |
38.87 |
|
State |
40.05 |
46.08 |
45.65 |
43.18 |
46.19 |
|
Family business |
46.49 |
48.15 |
39.53 |
46.49 |
43.58 |
|
Semi-business |
52.97 |
50.09 |
48.55 |
51.20 |
52.49 |
|
Business |
49.97 |
52.40 |
50.87 |
53.90 |
52.62 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
44.51 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Domestic |
56.1 |
62.49 |
52.99 |
53.17 |
50.45 |
|
State |
34.3 |
32.74 |
33.14 |
33.89 |
38.08 |
|
Family business |
42.9 |
44.64 |
36.37 |
42.14 |
41.02 |
|
Semi-business |
44.2 |
41.26 |
43.79 |
48.50 |
49.65 |
|
Business |
44.3 |
42.30 |
43.24 |
46.59 |
45.07 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
41.84 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Domestic |
54.82 |
68.81 |
57.49 |
57.35 |
53.85 |
|
State |
37.20 |
34.35 |
37.37 |
39.60 |
32.50 |
|
Family business |
38.16 |
41.54 |
34.58 |
36.94 |
37.79 |
|
Semi-business |
46.22 |
46.97 |
41.88 |
44.22 |
42.87 |
|
Business |
47.12 |
49.30 |
48.95 |
48.57 |
53.95 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
43.31 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Domestic |
70.00 |
84.00 |
42.99 |
48.00 |
60.00 |
|
State |
35.48 |
36.58 |
39.97 |
43.88 |
33.63 |
|
Family business |
38.57 |
42.78 |
36.99 |
38.54 |
39.78 |
|
Semi-business |
47.87 |
48.74 |
42.77 |
46.36 |
44.22 |
|
Business |
48.29 |
51.65 |
48.82 |
50.34 |
54.14 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
39.99 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Domestic |
54.09 |
67.37 |
57.78 |
58.08 |
52.92 |
|
State |
39.44 |
30.81 |
33.37 |
32.36 |
30.05 |
|
Family business |
37.73 |
40.10 |
31.86 |
35.02 |
35.75 |
|
Semi-business |
41.09 |
39.62 |
37.55 |
32.37 |
35.11 |
|
Business |
36.00 |
30.00 |
49.53 |
38.73 |
52.47 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
46.“Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue. Information concerning the “Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue, whose objective is to contribute to combating poverty, has been provided on a disk.
33. The Committee calls on the State party to ensure just and favourable working conditions to domestic workers, in particular with r egard to daily and weekly rest and annual paid vacation, terms of dismissal, social benefits and salary.
47.Through Act No. 2450 on regulating paid domestic work, the Government introduced conditions for domestic workers comparable to those set out in the General Labour Act; that is, including the conditions specified by the Committee.
48.In this regard, the above-mentioned Act stipulates that paid domestic work is subject to participation in the National Health Fund; the working day is set at 10 hours of service if the worker is living in the employer’s house and eight hours if not; it is also laid down that all paid workers have the right to one day’s rest per week; holidays are the same as those provided for under the General Labour Act; in the event of unfair dismissal, workers have the right to apply to the Labour and Social Security Court for payment of social benefits.
The right of everyone to social security, including social insurance
49.Every month, the health insurance funds (short-term social security) and pension fund administrators (long-term social security) receive and review payrolls to check that employers’ and workers’ contributions have been paid.
50.The Ministry of Labour carries out the same task, but on a quarterly basis, checking, among other data, short-term (health insurance) and long-term (pension fund) social security contributions. To ensure effective coordination among the three bodies, information is exchanged, in compliance with Ministerial Decision No. 001/04 of 13 January 2004.
51.In addition, the labour and social security courts have the power to request information from the three institutions to help them decide on cases. With regard to this last point, the following information relating to health is provided:
Background
1.As a State party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which guarantees the rights to occupational health and safety and social security, Bolivia has an obligation to respond to the needs of the population in terms of protecting human capital and human health, based on the principles of universality, solidarity, equal treatment, economy, timeliness and efficiency.
2.In this context, with a view to improving the prevention of occupational injuries and promoting workers’ health, the National Health Insurance Institute, through Administrative Decision No. 026/04 of 22 April 2004, approved a manual for administrators of short-term health insurance funds on the organization of occupational medicine, functions and norms of diagnosis and treatment, to assist in planning and implementing the occupational accident and illness components of the professional risk insurance programme, which provides mental and physical health cover for workers insured with all of the country’s insurers.
3.This instrument defines the structural framework set out in the ILO convention and in article 7 (b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on occupational risk insurance.
Developments
With regard to article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the following policies have been implemented in Bolivia:
Free old-a ge m edical i nsurance
Conscious of the need to extend protection to the elderly, the Government, through Act No. 1886 of 14 August 1998, introduced free old-age medical insurance. It is applied through the short-term health insurance funds. Currently, 176,517 persons over 60 are covered by free old-age medical insurance (Yearbook of the National Health Insurance Institute 2004).
Universal maternal and infant insurance
Universal maternal and infant insurance, aimed at providing universal, free health services to women during pregnancy and up to six months after childbirth and to children under the age of 5, was introduced through Act No. 2426 of 21 November 2002. This insurance scheme is run by the municipalities, and payment is in accordance with the services granted and received.
Student insurance, which provides cover for university students, has been implemented by the system’s university insurance fund. Coverage is as follows:
Cochabamba - 47,921 insured students;
Oruro - 17,081 insured students;
Potosí - 13,440 insured students;
Trinidad - 5,005 insured students;
A draft Supreme Decree has been prepared to incorporate sectors with the capacity to contribute to the short-term social security regime (trade unions, micro-entrepreneurs and chauffeurs, for example). At present, the draft decree is still under consideration by interested parties and the relevant decision-making bodies.
In accordance with the Constitution and in view of the need for insurers to be governed by specific non-discriminatory regulations which are in line with the social conditions in the country, the National Health Insurance Institute, through Administrative Decision No. 048/2004 of 6 September 2004, approved regulations for the affiliation of spouses and parents of active contributing workers.
On 9 April 2003, Act No. 2450 was adopted, which recognizes all the labour rights (including social security rights) of domestic workers in Bolivia. Although this Act has been adopted, its implementing regulations have not yet been drawn up, which has impeded its full implementation.
Right of all persons to enjoy equitable and satisfactory working conditions
52.Current socio-economic conditions in Bolivia have prevented the implementation of policies aimed at improving the national minimum wage for workers, despite constant demands on the part of workers in various sectors for such an increase to be made effective through a series of petitions sent to the various ministries.
53.Consequently, the national minimum wage has increased by only 2.32 per cent since 2002. Supreme Decree No. 27049 of 26 May 2003 provided for the most recent increase in the national minimum wage, in line with the austerity policy implemented by the Government.
54.As a result of constant pressure on the Government from the health and education sectors, there was an exceptional 3 per cent increase in basic pay for those sectors, implemented through Supreme Decree No. 27654 of 30 June 2004 (annex 6). The increase was mutually agreed or freely set in the private sector subject to the signature of a salary agreement between the parties (this agreement must be approved by the Ministry of Labour); the national minimum wage, set at 440 bolivianos, has not increased since 2005 and continues to apply.
55.In connection with the Government’s policy of raising socio-economic indicators, reports were submitted to ILO in 2004 outlining the measures adopted to apply the provisions of ILO Convention No. 131 concerning minimum wage fixing, 1970 (annex 3 (h)).
56.Reports were submitted to ILO in 2004 with a view to providing information on improvements in benefits, living conditions and social protection of workers.
Other instruments relating to social welfare include:
ILO Convention No. 121 on employment injury benefits, signed by the Government of Bolivia in 1964, ratified on 31 January 1977
ILO Convention No. 128 concerning invalidity, old age and survivors’ benefits of 1967, ratified by Bolivia on 23 December 1976
ILO Convention No. 130 concerning medical care and sickness benefits of 1969, ratified on 31 January 1977.
34. The Committee recommends that the State party considers ratifying ILO Conventions Nos. 2 (unemployment) and 29 (forced labour).
57. Through Act No. 3031 of 29 April 2005, the Government ratified ILO Convention No. 29 on forced labour.
35. The Committee urges the State party to e nsure that the minimum wage is sufficient to provide an adequate standard of living for the worker and his family.
58. The current minimum national wage is 440 bolivianos (2005).
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1
National minimum wage by year and wage increases, 2002-2004
|
Year |
National minimum wage |
Legal provisions |
|
2002 |
430 |
Supreme Decree No. 26547, 14 March 2002 (annex 4) |
|
2003 |
440 |
Supreme Decree No. 27049, 26 May 2003 Ministerial Decision No. 290/03, 3 June 2003 (annex 5) |
|
2004 |
3 per cent salary increase for the health and education sectors only |
Supreme Decree No. 27654, 30 July 2004 (annex 6) |
Source: Ministry of Labour, Central Archive.
Table 2
Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group,1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 (p) |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
654.60 |
685.80 |
603.84 |
712.01 |
631.49 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2 891.23 |
4 616.22 |
4 723.35 |
4 670 24 |
3 207.57 |
|
Professionals |
2 236.05 |
3 593.87 |
1 965.75 |
2 485.19 |
2 624.82 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1 274.70 |
1 260.41 |
1 560.45 |
1 513.74 |
1 581.75 |
|
Office workers |
1 189.28 |
1 264.56 |
1 324.05 |
1 211.21 |
1 285.00 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
748.34 |
675.91 |
555.27 |
794.94 |
562.93 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
110.01 |
124.41 |
148.83 |
183.96 |
202.12 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
745.22 |
708.33 |
640.73 |
722.53 |
649.64 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 264.01 |
1 188.47 |
1 165.88 |
1 284.40 |
1 222.38 |
|
Unskilled workers |
567.53 |
549.43 |
317.86 |
578.98 |
509.50 |
|
Armed forces |
2 010.61 |
2 235.62 |
2 337.19 |
3 203.43 |
2 604.90 |
Table 2 (continued)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 (p) |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Men |
824.67 |
847.83 |
764.04 |
888.85 |
781.31 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
3 130.55 |
5 030.15 |
4 689.74 |
5 150.02 |
3 171.73 |
|
Professionals |
2 692.27 |
4 116.75 |
2 405.07 |
3 002.96 |
3 111.71 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1 309.63 |
1 492.47 |
1 690.49 |
1 609.31 |
1 630.42 |
|
Office workers |
1 372.00 |
1 321.32 |
1 489.88 |
1 337.38 |
1 380.55 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
1 020.85 |
936.15 |
787.83 |
1 274.36 |
786.84 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
173.30 |
190.03 |
218.85 |
279.68 |
311.22 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
891.64 |
813.40 |
752.32 |
830.89 |
747.12 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 264.68 |
1 189.22 |
1.171.96 |
1 286.59 |
1 238.79 |
|
Unskilled workers |
749.96 |
708.00 |
405.71 |
669.22 |
625.08 |
|
Armed forces |
2 010.61 |
2 235.62 |
2 337.19 |
3 203.43 |
2 604.90 |
|
Women |
446.82 |
480.63 |
409.64 |
482.55 |
444.13 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2 281.91 |
3 957.47 |
4 881.08 |
2 698.17 |
3 303.78 |
|
Professionals |
1 694.77 |
2 723.22 |
1 510.18 |
1 959.51 |
2 241.26 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1 200.54 |
922.49 |
1 252.14 |
1 313.19 |
1 470.71 |
|
Office workers |
1 038.53 |
1 221.11 |
1 214.53 |
1 101.94 |
1 197.97 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
652.01 |
568.61 |
463.69 |
606.57 |
453.21 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
37.08 |
38.15 |
41.28 |
51.41 |
60.83 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
290.20 |
307.48 |
283.03 |
437.19 |
390.74 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 130.81 |
1 142.09 |
739.44 |
1 175.13 |
171.87 |
|
Unskilled workers |
459.69 |
469.06 |
262.36 |
508.76 |
437.06 |
|
Armed forces |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 (p) |
2002 |
2003 |
|
Total |
1 021. 47 |
1 052. 56 |
932. 86 |
1 091 . 50 |
913 . 18 |
|
Public - and private - sector managers |
3.042.07 |
5 557.07 |
5 218.58 |
5 150.14 |
3 336.95 |
|
Professionals |
2 352.97 |
3 634.25 |
2 160.02 |
2 588.58 |
2 713.27 |
|
Technic al and professional support |
1 347.97 |
1 337.78 |
1 625.31 |
1 565.10 |
1 698.63 |
|
Office workers |
1 203.25 |
1 287.05 |
1 332.55 |
1 232.74 |
1 294.37 |
|
Retail and s ervice sector workers |
751.69 |
706.38 |
561.01 |
840.01 |
598.63 |
|
Agricultur e, livestock and fishery workers |
382.30 |
488.54 |
451.77 |
519.81 |
365.61 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
792.00 |
744.18 |
669.85 |
743.75 |
694.31 |
|
Equipment and m achine ry operators |
1 244.01 |
1 191.54 |
1 187.35 |
1 281.21 |
1 229.87 |
|
Unskilled workers |
579.23 |
555.02 |
526.54 |
586.03 |
514.12 |
|
A rmed forces |
2 010.61 |
2 238.40 |
2 337.19 |
3 205.24 |
2 850.67 |
Table 2.1 (continued)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 (p) |
2002 |
2003 |
|
Men |
1 250 . 54 |
1 277. 41 |
1 172. 22 |
1 351. 44 |
1 086. 06 |
|
Public - and private - sector managers |
3 329.92 |
6 256.05 |
5 241.70 |
5 700.36 |
3 331.51 |
|
Professionals |
2 889.52 |
4 181.37 |
2 675.88 |
3 183.13 |
3 274.70 |
|
Technic al and professional support |
1 364.17 |
1 601.88 |
1 743.65 |
1 671.80 |
1 806.80 |
|
Office workers |
1 385.47 |
1 346.18 |
1 497.91 |
1 359.32 |
1 392.80 |
|
Retail and s ervice sector workers |
1 041.66 |
925.91 |
764.34 |
1 324.13 |
805.72 |
|
Agricultur e , livestock and fish ery workers |
503.18 |
638.84 |
638.59 |
670.26 |
532.91 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
936.17 |
835.54 |
769.82 |
850.00 |
758.66 |
|
Equipment and m achine ry operators |
1245.03 |
1 192.45 |
1 194.54 |
1 283.61 |
1 232.54 |
|
Unskilled workers |
798.03 |
755.22 |
714.68 |
685.12 |
670.52 |
|
A rmed forces |
2 010.61 |
2 238.40 |
2 337.19 |
3 205.24 |
2 850.67 |
|
Women |
729. 52 |
768. 26 |
652. 67 |
773. 00 |
699. 11 |
|
Public - and private - sector managers |
2 302.62 |
4 553.45 |
5 120.62 |
2 901.73 |
3 350.03 |
|
Professionals |
1 741.36 |
2 738.52 |
1 629.66 |
2 009.79 |
2 287.99 |
|
Technic al and professional support |
1 312.00 |
953.87 |
1 330.96 |
1 347.46 |
1 494.56 |
|
Office workers |
1 052.66 |
1 242.11 |
1 225.09 |
1 122.73 |
1 205.53 |
|
Retail and s ervice sector workers |
645.09 |
608.82 |
476.88 |
638.57 |
488.84 |
|
Agricultur e , livestock and fish ery workers |
105.51 |
101.96 |
107.88 |
170.91 |
130.20 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
306.13 |
342.04 |
309.93 |
469.83 |
473.92 |
|
Equipment and machin e ry operators |
916.00 |
1 142.09 |
739.44 |
1 175.13 |
500.36 |
|
Unskilled workers |
479.65 |
474.28 |
442.01 |
529.61 |
442.27 |
|
A rmed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
198.06 |
189.66 |
193.28 |
240.91 |
269.88 |
|
Public- and private- sector managers |
1 743.54 |
694.70 |
1 454.36 |
1 209.19 |
2 541.58 |
|
Professionals |
864.88 |
1 509.95 |
1 016.52 |
1 305.17 |
1 522.78 |
|
Technical and professional support |
847.23 |
796.96 |
614.68 |
1 066.78 |
1 034.19 |
|
Office workers |
496.38 |
759.56 |
847.51 |
560.48 |
971.35 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
717.70 |
407.72 |
507.32 |
377.47 |
282.08 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
96.26 |
102.11 |
121.70 |
157.66 |
187.22 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
524.49 |
486.42 |
483.73 |
576.98 |
466.70 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 568.83 |
1 166.44 |
994.15 |
1 309.67 |
1 109.58 |
|
Unskilled workers |
511.73 |
516.54 |
129.64 |
551.83 |
488.60 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
2 216.30 |
0.00 |
3 161.92 |
1 500.00 |
Table 2.2 (continued)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Men |
271.59 |
267.58 |
272.45 |
345.83 |
394.02 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1 580.11 |
828.71 |
1 503.37 |
1 218.04 |
2 485.25 |
|
Professionals |
823.34 |
1 621.39 |
1 114.09 |
1 376.51 |
1 550.86 |
|
Technical and professional support |
957.64 |
840.27 |
701.27 |
1 110.44 |
1 023.95 |
|
Office workers |
670.78 |
811.52 |
1 201.48 |
633.14 |
1 028.96 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
753.09 |
1 116.96 |
1 077.89 |
491.99 |
516.54 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
151.31 |
154.60 |
178.38 |
242.29 |
290.23 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
655.93 |
642.27 |
639.06 |
705.57 |
678.30 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 573.93 |
1 166.44 |
994.15 |
1 309.67 |
1 354.77 |
|
Unskilled workers |
639.92 |
580.23 |
216.59 |
638.61 |
533.21 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
2 216.30 |
0.00 |
3 161.92 |
1 500.00 |
|
Women |
112.80 |
90.81 |
93.02 |
94.65 |
112.61 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2 132.63 |
355.36 |
848.96 |
1 171.22 |
2 850.17 |
|
Professionals |
945.27 |
967.50 |
910.99 |
1 186.95 |
1 486.92 |
|
Technical and professional support |
664.61 |
733.27 |
504.95 |
947.84 |
1 117.48 |
|
Office workers |
364.23 |
712.95 |
282.74 |
503.88 |
900.00 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
709.32 |
279.22 |
366.54 |
353.49 |
226.97 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
34.86 |
35.67 |
36.00 |
44.83 |
54.83 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
235.52 |
193.44 |
192.33 |
182.81 |
226.32 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1 425.80 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
77.79 |
|
Unskilled workers |
271.66 |
410.80 |
56.51 |
322.07 |
382.60 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3
Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
654.60 |
685.80 |
603.84 |
712.01 |
631.49 |
|
Manual worker |
762.95 |
774.10 |
739.63 |
701.93 |
818.84 |
|
White-collar worker |
1 371.80 |
1 621.56 |
1 439.99 |
1 570.32 |
1 499.74 |
|
Self-employed |
567.88 |
534.69 |
505.81 |
650.35 |
560.80 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
3 820.64 |
2 725.42 |
3 759.94 |
3 554.82 |
3 153.64 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 712.46 |
1 971.39 |
1 664.15 |
1 274.12 |
1 206.76 |
|
Production cooperative member |
959.22 |
839.01 |
502.59 |
727.12 |
708.05 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
9.06 (1) |
10.19 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
515.10 |
589.29 |
587.01 |
663.72 |
439.52 |
|
Men |
824.67 |
847.83 |
764.04 |
888.85 |
781.31 |
|
Manual worker |
813.97 |
821.02 |
781.01 |
759.31 |
864.07 |
|
White-collar worker |
1 525.69 |
1 839.37 |
1 582.80 |
1 755.39 |
1 532.48 |
|
Self-employed |
607.94 |
545.28 |
557.10 |
701.35 |
656.11 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
3 530.66 |
2 853.48 |
4 189.41 |
3 697.80 |
2 941.09 |
Table 3 (continued)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner oremployer |
1 725.95 |
1 781.98 |
1 984.93 |
1 278.42 |
1 176.03 |
|
Production cooperative member |
959.22 |
866.40 |
521.34 |
746.35 |
708.05 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
13.44 (1) |
8.43 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
661.47 |
843.23 |
692.61 |
878.22 |
529.59 |
|
Women |
446.82 |
480.63 |
409.64 |
482.55 |
444.13 |
|
Manual worker |
375.13 |
422.60 |
453.14 |
402.70 |
487.85 |
|
White-collar worker |
1 105.99 |
1 261.28 |
1 212.05 |
1 240.76 |
1 447.48 |
|
Self-employed |
514.10 |
517.89 |
431.52 |
574.37 |
446.69 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
4 791.19 |
2 009.24 |
2 163.44 |
2 651.30 |
4 434.46 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 661.10 |
2 499.55 |
953.39 |
1 257.91 |
1 378.65 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
270.11 |
104.42 |
213.94 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.40 (1) |
11.26 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
507.41 |
581.58 |
582.79 |
656.09 |
435.85 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 021.47 |
1 052.56 |
932.86 |
1 091.50 |
913.18 |
|
Manual worker |
829.72 |
806.54 |
785.39 |
719.26 |
858.81 |
|
White-collar worker |
1 420.86 |
1 694.34 |
1 491.15 |
1 615.14 |
1 536.59 |
|
Self-employed |
818.12 |
743.62 |
724.09 |
860.71 |
742.66 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
3 944.45 |
2 889.69 |
3 931.69 |
3 817.38 |
3 192.28 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 936.97 |
2 199.21 |
2 071.96 |
2 014.60 |
1 770.48 |
|
Production cooperative member |
1 699.11 |
941.50 |
560.17 |
756.79 |
650.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
13.02 (1) |
17.89 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
533.65 |
590.62 |
594.05 |
687.00 |
445.43 |
|
Men |
1 250.54 |
1 277.41 |
1 172.22 |
1 351.44 |
1 086.06 |
|
Manual worker |
880.00 |
852.23 |
826.66 |
767.97 |
894.54 |
|
White-collar worker |
1 569.86 |
1 921.66 |
1 637.19 |
1 816.92 |
1 561.38 |
|
Self-employed |
1 049.44 |
881.32 |
967.97 |
1 102.41 |
991.91 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
3 668.03 |
3 060.96 |
4 294.65 |
3 965.63 |
2 980.83 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 971.04 |
1 974.07 |
2 612.11 |
2 098.01 |
1 817.06 |
|
Production cooperative member |
1 699.11 |
990.34 |
573.45 |
769.02 |
650.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
26.10 (1) |
9.72 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
608.41 |
780.28 |
708.33 |
987.37 |
534.01 |
|
Women |
729.52 |
768.26 |
652.67 |
773.00 |
699.11 |
|
Manual worker |
448.34 |
470.67 |
490.49 |
465.07 |
570.43 |
Table 3.1 (continued)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
White-collar worker |
1 154.84 |
1 319.85 |
1 257.88 |
1 265.85 |
1 498.16 |
|
Self-employed |
620.18 |
610.01 |
520.39 |
657.47 |
547.42 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
4 791.19 |
2 009.24 |
2 436.61 |
2 883.79 |
4 434.46 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 815.75 |
2 804.75 |
1 070.17 |
1 782.07 |
1 624.71 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
270.11 |
200.00 |
268.18 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
4.66 (1) |
23.80 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
529.69 |
585.58 |
589.28 |
677.25 |
442.72 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
( bolivianos)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
198.06 |
189.66 |
193.28 |
240.91 |
269.88 |
|
Manual worker |
607.47 |
661.00 |
633.72 |
664.95 |
722.20 |
|
White-collar worker |
823.64 |
871.02 |
944.38 |
1 054.49 |
1 177.48 |
|
Self-employed |
275.47 |
269.95 |
263.41 |
370.12 |
337.83 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
2 047.27 |
491.66 |
381.11 |
827.49 |
1 400.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 013.98 |
619.03 |
570.14 |
534.34 |
647.49 |
|
Production cooperative member |
533.65 |
623.80 |
482.63 |
675.60 |
774.50 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.19 (1) |
7.42 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
374.16 |
568.05 |
502.97 |
356.29 |
382.49 |
|
Men |
271.59 |
267.58 |
272.45 |
345.83 |
394.02 |
|
Manual worker |
660.33 |
713.28 |
673.94 |
740.82 |
787.46 |
|
White-collar worker |
948.33 |
1 005.22 |
1 054.27 |
1 128.30 |
1 304.95 |
|
Self-employed |
269.99 |
271.66 |
277.63 |
391.25 |
387.95 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
2 047.27 |
491.66 |
573.74 |
930.80 |
1 400.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 006.67 |
713.61 |
609.16 |
564.55 |
662.25 |
|
Production cooperative member |
533.65 |
623.80 |
503.04 |
705.66 |
774.50 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10.57 (1) |
7.90 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
1 100.00 |
1 142.48 |
296.93 |
257.84 |
520.00 |
|
Women |
112.80 |
90.81 |
93.02 |
94.65 |
112.61 |
|
Manual worker |
203.66 |
241.40 |
373.96 |
269.86 |
335.28 |
|
White-collar worker |
672.57 |
639.51 |
770.22 |
868.47 |
912.51 |
|
Self-employed |
288.51 |
264.35 |
222.29 |
292.04 |
234.05 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.00 |
0.00 |
216.50 |
150.00 |
0.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1 049.08 |
287.51 |
419.27 |
370.72 |
423.92 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
80.00 |
173.20 |
10.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.77 (1) |
7.15 (1) |
|
Domestic worker |
338.87 |
513.53 |
506.96 |
364.05 |
361.60 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sexand economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
|
Total |
654.60 |
685.80 |
603.84 |
712.01 |
631.49 |
|
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
127.77 |
149.54 |
203.01 |
229.31 |
208.12 |
|
|
Forestry and fishery |
410.86 |
618.21 |
275.10 |
232.16 |
1 261.46 |
|
|
Mining/quarrying |
1 296.17 |
3 044.92 |
1 263.76 |
1 413.33 |
1 817.15 |
|
|
Manufacturing industry |
699.98 |
747.73 |
663.94 |
744.69 |
748.42 |
|
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
1 789.59 |
2 148.05 |
1 692.98 |
3 508.49 |
1 515.58 |
|
|
Construction |
1 169.37 |
1 107.43 |
923.75 |
979.63 |
789.11 |
|
|
Sales and repairs |
813.41 |
673.18 |
581.96 |
868.41 |
618.10 |
|
|
Hotels and restaurants |
893.24 |
769.48 |
637.91 |
676.48 |
465.48 |
|
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 400.23 |
1 415.84 |
1 254.09 |
1 319.79 |
1 135.02 |
|
|
Financial brokerage |
2 430.26 |
3 073.29 |
5 460.83 |
4 052.25 |
3 057.45 |
|
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2 199.46 |
2 050.49 |
1 595.11 |
1 960.62 |
1 747.78 |
|
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1 733.78 |
1 796.34 |
2 320.21 |
2 314.45 |
1 999.98 |
|
|
Education |
1 067.83 |
1 062.13 |
1 141.25 |
1 558.38 |
1 697.66 |
|
|
Social and health services |
1 316.42 |
1 500.33 |
1 197.74 |
1 499.08 |
1 669.01 |
|
|
Community and personal services |
637.40 |
691.76 |
777.89 |
1 004.79 |
757.52 |
|
|
Private homes |
455.40 |
523.05 |
537.38 |
644.14 |
423.15 |
|
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
758.33 |
3 434.39 |
1 053.23 |
1 238.02 |
6 028.46 |
|
|
Men |
824.67 |
847.83 |
764.04 |
888.85 |
781.31 |
|
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
203.54 |
220.57 |
283.06 |
345.94 |
310.89 |
|
|
Forestry and fishery |
461.08 |
652.31 |
382.95 |
352.22 |
1 446.82 |
|
|
Mining/quarrying |
1 523.59 |
2 991.64 |
1 302.18 |
1 221.16 |
1 817.69 |
|
|
Manufacturing industry |
933.14 |
935.14 |
894.00 |
907.41 |
979.48 |
|
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
1 751.18 |
2 278.46 |
1 757.42 |
3 650.93 |
1 422.22 |
|
|
Construction |
1 174.06 |
993.69 |
895.20 |
993.41 |
818.10 |
|
|
Sales and repairs |
1 081.45 |
904.83 |
788.33 |
1 250.01 |
815.56 |
|
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1 420.59 |
1 197.05 |
968.01 |
775.12 |
465.45 |
|
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 315.79 |
1 353.77 |
1 204.43 |
1 310.57 |
1 129.48 |
|
|
Financial brokerage |
2 883.21 |
3 208.70 |
5 030.17 |
5 834.87 |
2 940.22 |
|
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2 417.57 |
2 297.21 |
1 723.77 |
2 101.84 |
2 000.78 |
|
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1 639.23 |
1 639.66 |
2 421.40 |
2 525.60 |
1 723.18 |
|
|
Education |
1 173.03 |
1 303.23 |
1 498.50 |
1 882.80 |
1 858.83 |
|
|
Social and health services |
1 775.22 |
1 552.12 |
1 298.20 |
1 831.70 |
1 619.64 |
|
|
Community and personal services |
838.74 |
918.63 |
964.45 |
1 553.38 |
955.55 |
|
|
Private homes |
661.47 |
490.19 |
552.09 |
653.79 |
396.57 |
|
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
758.33 |
1 100.00 |
1 053.23 |
1 260.97 |
6 933.33 |
|
|
Women |
446.82 |
480.63 |
409.64 |
482.55 |
444.13 |
|
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
37.28 |
54.06 |
99.14 |
56.65 |
74.11 |
|
|
Forestry and fishery |
70.56 |
435.20 |
40.38 |
28.66 |
382.13 |
|
|
Mining/quarrying |
169.02 |
3 448.75 |
789.84 |
3 135.20 |
1 810.58 |
|
|
Manufacturing industry |
375.72 |
448.34 |
334.10 |
483.21 |
451.74 |
|
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
2 166.67 |
1 118.76 |
1 514.58 |
2 737.95 |
2 369.30 |
|
|
Construction |
798.49 |
4 284.96 |
1 769.50 |
721.54 |
362.17 |
Table 4 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Sales and repairs |
655.50 |
534.31 |
453.50 |
633.63 |
480.57 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
709.35 |
645.74 |
523.95 |
647.05 |
465.49 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
2 905.68 |
2 029.35 |
1 644.08 |
1 440.45 |
1 205.90 |
|
Financial brokerage |
1 945.78 |
2 788.62 |
6 891.39 |
1 520.15 |
3 352.41 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
1 852.42 |
1 315.75 |
1 327.58 |
1 691.75 |
1 213.47 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2 030.36 |
2 300.72 |
1 931.84 |
1 612.00 |
2 946.94 |
|
Education |
951.51 |
867.07 |
879.38 |
1 274.86 |
1 549.21 |
|
Social and health services |
1 110.59 |
1 462.38 |
1 106.18 |
1 315.11 |
1 709.31 |
|
Community and personal services |
390.44 |
487.84 |
623.10 |
517.90 |
640.33 |
|
Private homes |
447.42 |
525.21 |
536.72 |
642.91 |
424.97 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
4 656.16 |
0.00 |
1 213.58 |
2 400.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 021.47 |
1 052.56 |
932.86 |
1 091.50 |
913.18 |
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
441.39 |
576.92 |
706.57 |
766.13 |
437.14 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
931.72 |
1 089.73 |
0.00 |
545.96 |
1 830.52 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2 669.98 |
4 163.94 |
1 795.19 |
1 708.18 |
1 228.25 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
736.69 |
802.60 |
709.96 |
778.02 |
849.08 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
2 086.08 |
2 259.55 |
1 710.95 |
3 636.44 |
1 918.17 |
|
Construction |
1 281.25 |
1 158.73 |
958.24 |
1 024.42 |
821.41 |
|
Sales and repairs |
817.02 |
694.28 |
593.97 |
915.50 |
651.74 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
933.43 |
803.20 |
651.90 |
710.48 |
519.93 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 396.08 |
1 443.49 |
1 276.89 |
1 324.70 |
1 163.36 |
|
Financial brokerage |
2 430.26 |
3 073.29 |
5 460.83 |
4 128.93 |
3 057.45 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2 207.00 |
2 088.66 |
1 623.62 |
1 988.20 |
1 746.33 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1 781.51 |
1 870.39 |
2 396.06 |
2 488.43 |
2 060.50 |
|
Education |
1 118.63 |
1 129.64 |
1 219.46 |
1 600.68 |
1 825.36 |
|
Social and health services |
1 325.03 |
1 540.31 |
1 184.64 |
1 582.52 |
2 006.97 |
|
Community and personal services |
643.46 |
719.16 |
810.99 |
1 033.28 |
774.53 |
|
Private homes |
465.16 |
534.50 |
553.07 |
661.64 |
431.16 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
758.33 |
3 434.39 |
1 053.23 |
1 328.01 |
6 028.46 |
|
Men |
1 250.54 |
1 277.41 |
1 172.22 |
1 351.44 |
1 086.06 |
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
578.46 |
712.97 |
888.25 |
964.87 |
613.21 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
931.72 |
1 397.03 |
0.00 |
545.96 |
1 742.13 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2 782.77 |
4 205.89 |
1 841.92 |
1 372.64 |
1 155.90 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
955.64 |
967.00 |
919.10 |
937.19 |
985.79 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
2 073.34 |
2 340.38 |
1 783.98 |
3 759.70 |
1 840.47 |
|
Construction |
1 285.80 |
1 033.96 |
924.38 |
1 036.50 |
852.27 |
|
Sales and repairs |
1 093.34 |
891.98 |
777.59 |
1 302.74 |
879.48 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1 497.57 |
1 212.99 |
1 011.83 |
801.64 |
569.67 |
Table 4.1 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 303.16 |
1 368.24 |
1 223.10 |
1 312.71 |
1 159.81 |
|
|
Financial brokerage |
2 883.21 |
3 208.70 |
5 030.17 |
6 056.45 |
2 940.22 |
|
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2 417.71 |
2 357.08 |
1 748.84 |
2 148.74 |
1 998.86 |
|
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1 678.17 |
1 693.67 |
2 506.10 |
2 713.35 |
1 780.27 |
|
|
Education |
1 262.79 |
1 443.06 |
1 721.27 |
1 977.64 |
2 173.56 |
|
|
Social and health services |
1 781.48 |
1 543.91 |
1 303.40 |
1 954.15 |
2 146.07 |
|
|
Community and personal services |
849.74 |
942.61 |
984.26 |
1 618.37 |
955.55 |
|
|
Private homes |
608.41 |
503.65 |
575.36 |
667.40 |
463.29 |
|
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
758.33 |
1 100.00 |
1 053.23 |
1 451.77 |
6 933.33 |
|
|
Women |
729.52 |
768.26 |
652.67 |
773.00 |
699.11 |
|
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
86.11 |
257.52 |
480.36 |
205.12 |
163.25 |
|
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.00 |
617.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2 185.24 |
|
|
Mining/quarrying |
673.79 |
3 924.54 |
1 016.85 |
5 112.94 |
1 810.58 |
|
|
Manufacturing industry |
398.42 |
514.91 |
374.73 |
520.79 |
592.97 |
|
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
2 166.67 |
1 395.98 |
1 514.58 |
2 941.74 |
2 369.30 |
|
|
Construction |
798.29 |
4 284.96 |
1 889.01 |
787.19 |
330.27 |
|
|
Sales and repairs |
647.86 |
567.51 |
471.93 |
667.12 |
504.91 |
|
|
Hotels and restaurants |
721.48 |
673.18 |
525.16 |
682.13 |
500.17 |
|
|
Transport, storage, communications |
3 092.06 |
2 176.25 |
1 670.48 |
1 474.68 |
1 205.90 |
|
|
Financial brokerage |
1 945.78 |
2 788.62 |
6 891.39 |
1 520.15 |
3 352.41 |
|
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
1 877.72 |
1 315.75 |
1 364.10 |
1 691.75 |
1 213.47 |
|
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2 111.48 |
2 406.30 |
1 986.79 |
1 729.47 |
2 954.29 |
|
|
Education |
967.90 |
898.91 |
900.53 |
1 290.30 |
1 581.43 |
|
|
Social and health services |
1 112.39 |
1 537.57 |
1 075.34 |
1 395.19 |
1 937.71 |
|
|
Community and personal services |
396.30 |
514.48 |
661.97 |
520.36 |
657.62 |
|
|
Private homes |
459.68 |
535.80 |
552.04 |
660.93 |
430.08 |
|
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
4 656.16 |
0.00 |
1 213.58 |
2 400.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
( bolivianos )
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
198.06 |
189.66 |
193.28 |
240.91 |
269.88 |
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
110.54 |
116.95 |
118.96 |
180.32 |
185.51 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
302.95 |
445.26 |
275.10 |
213.37 |
1 160.62 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
631.35 |
730.44 |
742.38 |
868.18 |
3 095.97 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
391.57 |
374.67 |
394.68 |
448.59 |
296.34 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
1 167.59 |
874.34 |
856.18 |
595.54 |
694.84 |
|
Construction |
620.07 |
643.56 |
706.58 |
739.31 |
604.38 |
|
Sales and repairs |
772.17 |
441.63 |
455.65 |
403.71 |
316.09 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
550.56 |
500.14 |
542.15 |
345.54 |
243.82 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 489.38 |
1 123.59 |
993.06 |
1 259.84 |
699.01 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1 359.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
1 905.41 |
547.26 |
820.78 |
589.76 |
4 200.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
638.43 |
1 101.13 |
1 262.77 |
820.61 |
1 006.15 |
|
Education |
860.44 |
774.38 |
847.04 |
1 265.77 |
1 230.57 |
|
Social and health services |
1 165 70 |
1 013.78 |
1.329.48 |
775.01 |
827.80 |
|
Community and personal services |
548 78 |
330.08 |
434.04 |
650.08 |
451.25 |
|
Private homes |
364 75 |
402.58 |
388.33 |
375.66 |
357.30 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Men |
271.59 |
267.58 |
272.45 |
345.83 |
394.02 |
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
175.73 |
173.84 |
184.16 |
274.50 |
278.55 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
345.65 |
474.33 |
382.95 |
333.11 |
1 396.37 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
781.06 |
744.04 |
751.42 |
931.38 |
3 095.97 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
622.00 |
641.81 |
685.09 |
637.09 |
863.12 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
1 167.59 |
1 164.58 |
856.18 |
740.90 |
694.84 |
|
Construction |
614.94 |
643.56 |
714.77 |
758.72 |
616.23 |
|
Sales and repairs |
889.30 |
1 179.63 |
993.91 |
533.13 |
425.74 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
88.36 |
868.66 |
629.59 |
386.73 |
62.83 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1 594.98 |
1 203.19 |
1 010.67 |
1 285.55 |
699.01 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.359.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2 413.33 |
547.26 |
1 063.17 |
589.76 |
4 200.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
643.58 |
1199.45 |
1346.66 |
861.44 |
994.35 |
|
Education |
851.27 |
840.54 |
908.92 |
1 361.93 |
1 206.00 |
|
Social and health services |
1 567.37 |
1 690.99 |
1 242.97 |
1 170.06 |
1 031.65 |
|
Community and personal services |
700.83 |
550.38 |
700.76 |
809.9 |
0.00 |
|
Private homes |
1 100.00 |
470.14 |
232.81 |
513.39 |
341.58 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Women |
112.80 |
134.34 |
93.02 |
94.65 |
112.61 |
|
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting |
35.67 |
62.54 |
33.76 |
48.13 |
66.25 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
70.56 |
299.10 |
40.38 |
28.66 |
6.34 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
110.50 |
510.26 |
654.21 |
405.46 |
0.00 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
257.00 |
175.31 |
173.06 |
160.58 |
189.29 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.00 |
458.59 |
0.00 |
216.67 |
0.00 |
Table 4.2 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Construction |
798.80 |
0.00 |
240.12 |
448.82 |
483.18 |
|
Sales and repairs |
729.30 |
530.46 |
304.37 |
352.48 |
166.58 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
622.42 |
1 044.03 |
515.94 |
337.83 |
321.25 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
242.80 |
190.88 |
414.64 |
519.59 |
0.00 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
100.00 |
0.00 |
267.43 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
627.28 |
436.77 |
720.84 |
699.88 |
1 561.87 |
|
Education |
873.21 |
624.17 |
770.69 |
1 139.00 |
1 295.82 |
|
Social and health services |
1 084.78 |
654.31 |
1 401.09 |
314.65 |
245.36 |
|
Community and personal services |
283.48 |
178.73 |
283.46 |
484.76 |
451.25 |
|
Private homes |
333.01 |
374.59 |
393.24 |
348.71 |
364.85 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
T otal |
654.60 |
685.80 |
603.84 |
712.01 |
631.49 |
|
Domestic |
515.10 |
589.29 |
587.01 |
663.72 |
439.52 |
|
State |
1 331.07 |
1 398.71 |
1 611.34 |
1 636.90 |
1 582.41 |
|
Family business |
346.26 |
337.13 |
278.55 |
377.03 |
331.28 |
|
Semi-business |
918.83 |
820.16 |
802.06 |
897.95 |
772.80 |
|
Business |
1 550.60 |
1 803.06 |
1 403.65 |
1 621.97 |
1 422.33 |
|
Men |
824.67 |
847.83 |
764.04 |
888.85 |
781.31 |
|
Domestic |
661.47 |
843.23 |
692.61 |
878.22 |
529.59 |
|
State |
1 423.41 |
1 521.12 |
1 851.98 |
1 831.19 |
1 643.78 |
|
Family business |
438.81 |
412.55 |
366.85 |
481.58 |
441.39 |
|
Semi-business |
926.74 |
850.20 |
833.21 |
932.10 |
815.10 |
|
Business |
142.13 |
1 942.23 |
1 462.94 |
1 736.05 |
1 359.13 |
|
Women |
446.82 |
480.63 |
409.64 |
482.55 |
444.13 |
|
Domestic |
507.41 |
581.58 |
582.79 |
656.09 |
435.85 |
|
State |
1 211.09 |
1 222.68 |
1 287.63 |
1 399.27 |
1 500.56 |
|
Family business |
259.41 |
258.29 |
192.10 |
270.57 |
231.53 |
|
Semi-business |
896.80 |
712.00 |
712.74 |
801.49 |
621.82 |
|
Business |
1 248.10 |
1 458.23 |
1 230.11 |
1 230.22 |
1 672.62 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 021.47 |
1 052.56 |
932.86 |
1 091.50 |
913.18 |
|
Domestic |
533.65 |
590.62 |
594.05 |
687.00 |
445.43 |
|
State |
1 416.85 |
1 512.84 |
1 730.97 |
1 759.31 |
1 707.78 |
|
Family business |
667.78 |
624.13 |
519.76 |
700.46 |
557.41 |
|
Semi-business |
1 006.05 |
868.24 |
863.08 |
989.74 |
848.06 |
|
Business |
1 644.18 |
1 879.81 |
1 522.49 |
1 769.26 |
1 523.11 |
|
Men |
1 250.54 |
1 277.41 |
1 172.22 |
1 351.44 |
1 086.06 |
|
Domestic |
608.41 |
780.28 |
708.33 |
987.37 |
534.01 |
|
State |
1 529.69 |
1 648.44 |
2 016.61 |
2 003.47 |
1 780.21 |
|
Family business |
888.68 |
771.25 |
715.46 |
923.87 |
749.23 |
|
Semi-business |
997.99 |
889.77 |
904.28 |
1 032.27 |
899.57 |
|
Business |
1 765.12 |
2 050.18 |
1 594.43 |
1 911.39 |
1 450.40 |
|
Women |
729.52 |
768.26 |
652.67 |
773.00 |
699.11 |
|
Domestic |
529.69 |
585.58 |
589.28 |
677.25 |
442.72 |
|
State |
1 270.53 |
1 321.49 |
1 355.73 |
1 478.58 |
1 621.70 |
|
Family business |
491.03 |
492.44 |
364.74 |
521.98 |
410.16 |
|
Semi-business |
1 027.88 |
792.95 |
758.82 |
890.05 |
687.91 |
|
Business |
1 282.85 |
1 486.57 |
1 325.54 |
1 313.78 |
1 778.45 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
198.06 |
189.66 |
193.28 |
240.91 |
269.88 |
|
Domestic |
374.16 |
568.05 |
502.97 |
356.29 |
382.49 |
|
State |
882.81 |
835.96 |
941.63 |
972.31 |
1 086.91 |
|
Family business |
129.65 |
129.42 |
115.26 |
157.65 |
159.67 |
|
Semi-business |
561.06 |
603.44 |
584.52 |
634.01 |
558.44 |
|
Business |
856.74 |
872.30 |
747.50 |
750.30 |
981.47 |
|
Men |
271.59 |
267.58 |
272.45 |
345.83 |
394.02 |
|
Domestic |
1 100.00 |
1 142.48 |
296.93 |
257.84 |
520.00 |
|
State |
870.82 |
921.20 |
988.66 |
1 041.53 |
1 215.49 |
|
Family business |
175.09 |
185.12 |
170.18 |
237.35 |
241.06 |
|
Semi-business |
644.88 |
677.95 |
614.22 |
693.58 |
601.18 |
|
Business |
886.92 |
917.33 |
811.73 |
802.59 |
1 008.44 |
|
Women |
112.80 |
90.81 |
93.02 |
94.65 |
112.61 |
|
Domestic |
338.87 |
513.53 |
506.96 |
364.05 |
361.60 |
|
State |
898.53 |
701.25 |
869.25 |
852.65 |
809.01 |
|
Family business |
82.19 |
64.25 |
53.23 |
61.97 |
76.14 |
|
Semi-business |
299.01 |
295.43 |
440.21 |
305.48 |
314.19 |
|
Business |
570.34 |
503.58 |
461.60 |
460.34 |
771.60 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
36. The Committee asks the State party to ensure that the excessive time period for collective negotiation does not constitute an obstacle to the right to strike.
The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his choice
59.This right is recognized in Bolivia’s Constitution, and is governed by the General Labour Act and the corresponding regulatory statute.
60.Following a restructuring process from the previous year, the Ministry of Labour retains the Trade Union Affairs Department, which is responsible for ensuring the implementation of the above-mentioned rules and fostering the development and strengthening of the role of trade unions in workers’ representation, protection, education and culture.
The right of trade unions to establish national federations or confederations and the right of the latter to form or join international trade-union organizations, and the right of trade unions to function freely subject to no limitations other than those prescribed by law
61.Article 102 of the General Labour Act implicitly recognizes the right of trade unions to establish federations or confederations by mentioning that relations between public authorities and workers shall be channelled through departmental trade union federations or within national confederations.
62.There is no provision under national legislation restricting the establishment of workers’ organizations, whether national or international, as long as their aims are lawful.
63.Negotiations on political, labour policy, economic, social and cultural issues at the macro level are conducted with top representatives of trade unions and/or confederations, as they represent the views of the vast majority of workers.
The right to strike, exercised in conformity with the laws of the country
64.This right is recognized under the Constitution and governed by the General Labour Act and the corresponding regulatory statute. Nevertheless, the rate of legally recognized strikes is low, owing mainly to the various steps involved in organizing a strike.
Statistical tables
Table 1
Illegal strikes and conciliation exercises handled by the Department of Labour, by sector, 2004: Conflicts dealt with by the Department of Labour
|
Illegal strikes |
Conciliation exercises |
|
|
Health sector |
6 |
7 |
|
Education sector |
1 |
0 |
|
Oil sector |
0 |
2 |
|
Entel ( Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones ) |
0 |
6 |
|
Unemployed |
0 |
2 |
|
Manufacturing sector |
0 |
2 |
|
Mining sector |
0 |
1 |
Source: Department of Labour and Industrial Safety.
(p) = Preliminary.
Imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of the State
65.Article 1 of the General Labour Act and article 1 of its regulatory statute exclude the following from their scope:
Civil servants (who are subject to the Civil Service Regulations);
Members of the armed forces; and
Members of the national police force (Act of 2 December 1947).
66.Article 104 of this Act, together with articles 120 and 148 of its regulatory statute and articles 7 to 9 of the 1999 Civil Service Regulations, prohibits civil servants from establishing trade unions regardless of their grade or employment status.
67.Bolivia has not yet corrected this situation for the above-cited category of workers.
37. The Committee urges the State party to combat violence against women by initiating a campaign with a view to combating negative traditional practices and prejudices and their effects and consequences. In this regard, the Committee also calls on the State party to ensure adequate financial and human resources for the implementation of the National Plan for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information and up-to-date statistics on the phenomenon of violence against women in Bolivia, as well as results of the measures taken to combat this serious problem.
68.The Family and Domestic Violence Act (Act No. 1674) provides legal protection to ensure the physical, psychological, moral and sexual integrity of each family member.
69.The State, through its specialized institutions and in coordination with civil society and private institutions dealing with the issue, is drawing up a national strategy for eradicating domestic violence. This strategy aims to:
(a)Promote the incorporation into curricular and extracurricular education of the guiding principles and values of respect, solidarity and self-esteem among children, young people and adults, both male and female, by fostering access to and the use and enjoyment of citizens’ rights without discrimination on the grounds of sex, age, culture or religion;
(b)Promote a change in sociocultural patterns of behaviour of men and women, including through the establishment of formal and informal education programmes adapted to every level in the educational process, in order to counteract prejudices, customs and any other practice based on the alleged inferiority or superiority of either sex, or attributing stereotypical roles for men and women that legitimize or exacerbate violence;
(c)Raise awareness of the rights and protection of women within the family as well as their access to health, to prevent discrimination or acts of violence that may harm or negatively affect their health;
(d)Conduct large-scale community awareness campaigns on how to care for pregnant women, and on preventing any kind of violence that might affect them or their unborn children;
(e)Educate health-care personnel on how to provide proper treatment and comprehensive care to victims of domestic violence, in a way that is respectful of their privacy, and minimizing clinical examinations that might affect their psychological well-being;
(f)Coordinate joint actions between health services and comprehensive legal services to provide adequate care to victims of domestic violence;
(g)Train and foster awareness of measures for the prevention, punishment and elimination of domestic violence among judicial, police and other officials responsible for the enforcement of the Act;
(h)Conduct awareness-raising campaigns through interactive and mass media groups for the community as a whole, to reinforce the rejection of domestic violence;
(i)Conduct communications campaigns for the different regions, age groups and socio‑economic strata, using traditional and alternative means of communication to publicize women’s rights and the conviction that domestic violence constitutes a violation of human rights;
(j)Incorporate into the language and content of the mass media a continuing message of rejection of domestic violence and the full exercise of individual rights, through special programmes, interviews and regular news bulletins;
(k)Disseminate the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women;
(l)Circulate the text of the Act to specialized groups, policy-makers, trade union leaders and members and leaders of public opinion;
(m)Promote studies and research on the causes and consequences of domestic violence and adopt measures to promote their eradication;
(n)Ensure that the national police dispatches mobile patrol units to areas where there is a high incidence of domestic violence;
(o)Promote the establishment of temporary shelters for victims of violence and the creation of institutions for treating the perpetrators of acts of violence;
(p)Promote and help disseminate the Family and Domestic Violence Act through the national education system;
(q)Incorporate a training course on the Family and Domestic Violence Act into the curriculum of military academies and the National Police Academy;
(r)Encourage the establishment of psychological advice centres to diagnose and treat victims of domestic violence.
The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights
70.Under the Constitution, all human beings have legal personality and capacity, in accordance with the law. They enjoy the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by the Constitution, and discrimination on grounds of sex is prohibited.
71.The Constitution also states that equal rights and duties of both spouses are the foundation of matrimony.
72.Notwithstanding these constitutional provisions, the General Labour Act of 21 December 1948 considers women as being in the same situation as minors, and this is an obstacle to equality of opportunity.
73.Likewise, Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997 is designed to guarantee equality of rights between men and women in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as gender mainstreaming in public policies, in order to achieve genuine equality.
74.Also, under Act No. 2446of 27 March 2003, the Executive Organization Act, an Office of the Deputy Minister for Women’s Affairs was instituted within the Ministry of Sustainable Development with the aim of drafting public policies to promote equal opportunities for women, through the following:
Drafting policies, regulations and instructions for the incorporation of the gender approach, on the basis of equity and equality of opportunities;
Drafting policies, regulations and instructions for strengthening mechanisms to prevent and penalize domestic violence, and to provide care, recovery and protection to its victims;
Coordinating with the National Personnel Administration Service (SNAP) in creating opportunities to promote the equitable inclusion of women in the sphere of public service;
Strengthening the mechanisms for women’s representation in and access to policymaking;
Monitoring compliance with legislation and international agreements in gender matters.
75.With regard to the right to education and the right to health, both legislation and public policy tend to embrace both men and women. There are also measures geared exclusively towards women, such as the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme (SUMI), which will be discussed below in the section on the right to health.
38. The Committee also urges the State party to ratify ILO Convention No. 182 (worst forms of child labour), and to take effective measures to eradicate the phenomenon of “criaditos”.
76.ILO Convention No. 182 was ratified via Act No. 2428 of 28 November 2002.
39. The Committee recommends that Bolivia explicitly take the Covenant into account when implementing the policies, programmes and projects deriving from its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, which forms part of the enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. In this regard, the State party is referred to the statement on poverty adopted by the Committee on 4 May 2001.
A. Right to an adequate standard of living
Background
77.According to official statistics from the Water and Sanitation Information System, coverage in terms of water and sanitation at the national level is as follows:
(a)Total coverage in the urban areas:
Drinking water: 88.21 per cent;
Sanitation: 48 per cent.
(b)Total coverage of basic services in the rural areas:
Drinking water: 46.38 per cent;
Sanitation: 31.71 per cent.
Information source: National Population and Housing Census 2001.
Progress
78.Unfortunately, owing to the lack of economic resources, there are no current data, which makes it difficult to show any progress made in the matter.
B. Protection from hunger
Background
79.In the framework of the National Programme for Food and Nutrition, strategic steps are being taken as part of the national health policy aimed at improving the nutritional status of Bolivians, especially vulnerable groups such as pregnant or newly delivered women and children under five years of age. These are: food fortification (iodine and fluoride added to salt, iron, B‑complex vitamins and folic acid to wheat flour, and vitamin A to oil); supplementation with micronutrients, including vitamin A capsules and ferrous sulphate, under the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme; and the promotion of breastfeeding and timely and adequate food supplements. A Supreme Decree covers food fortification, and another on salt iodization and fortification of flour with iron, B-complex vitamins and folic acid, while a draft bill on the marketing of breastmilk substitutes is currently before Parliament, together with a series of technical regulations.
80.A number of regulations on nutritional care for pregnant and breastfeeding women and small children, vitamin A supplements and iron supplements are currently in print.
81.We believe that information, education and communication for different target groups are of vital importance. The Food and Nutrition Programme, with the technical and financial support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), has therefore developed two communication strategies: the social marketing and communication strategy for iodized salt and the vitamin A supplement communication strategy. A creative communication strategy for micronutrients, with emphasis on food fortification with iron and vitamin A, is currently being developed.
82.On the other hand, it should be noted that the health sector is unable to improve the nutritional status of under-fives and pregnant women single-handedly. Rather, a multisectoral approach involving all relevant actors, including the ministries of agriculture, education, economic development, popular participation, basic sanitation and health is required; efforts to this end are under way.
Progress
83.During the fiscal year 2004/05 a case study was carried out on food security in Bolivia, analysing the situation from the perspective of the human right to adequate food and nutrition.
84.The aim was to analyse the way in which issues related to food and nutrition are integrated into development and poverty eradication plans, with a view to ensuring compliance with the Millennium Development Goals and the realization of the human right to adequate food.
85.The study was mainly based on secondary information. The analysis of food, nutrition and food security programmes/projects was conducted on the basis of information provided by 14 bodies that responded to the invitation. The study was carried out between September 2004 and February 2005. It involved consultation with governmental and non-governmental actors working in the area of food and nutrition, as well as two consultative workshops carried out in October 2004 and February 2005 to strengthen dialogue on the matter between actors in different sectors.
The situation with regard to nutrition and food security in Bolivia
86.The main problems relating to nutrition in Bolivia are: malnutrition, nutritional anaemia, vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders and chronic diseases (obesity, diabetes and arterial hypertension). Of all those problems, malnutrition isthe most worrying effect, consequence or manifestation, because it has far-reaching social and economic implications for the country.
87.At the national level, in the 2003 fiscal year, 26.5 per cent of children under 5 years of age suffered from moderate or severe chronic malnutrition; similar levels were recorded in 1998. According to the National Health Information System, the average prevalence of mild, moderate and severe malnutrition in children under 5 at the national level stood at 29.44 per cent (annual median rate) in 2003.
88.In 2003, Bolivia’s 314 municipalities, 131 recorded a high prevalence of mild, moderate or severe overall malnutrition; medium prevalence was recorded in 156 municipalities, and only 24 municipalities recorded low levels of malnutrition.
89.In 2005 of the 131 municipalities with high levels of malnutrition, vulnerability to food insecurity is high or very high (80 per cent); they are mainly located in the departments of Cochabamba, Potosí, Chuquisaca and La Paz.
90.Out of all the municipalities, 128 (41 per cent) have very poor agricultural potential or the development of agricultural activity is seriously limited; in 94 (30 per cent), severe limitations apply.
91.Agricultural production has increased by 15.4 per cent in the past decade, at an annual rate of 1.6 per cent - less than the population growth rate, which stood at 2.74 per cent in 2001. This gap indicates the shortfall in the availability or domestic supply of food.
92.In the past 40 years, the trend in food availability, as expressed in calories and proteins, has been on the rise. However, visible consumption in Bolivia is lower than in other Andean countries. As a result of the changes in the foods on offer and lifestyles, nutrition patterns have changed.
93.The incidence of extreme poverty in recent years has been falling, but in rural areas it is more than twice as high as in urban areas, which reveals the persistent critical food insecurity that affects more than half the rural population.
Progress
National development plans and policies that cover food and nutritional security
94.In accordance with the General Economic and Social Development Plan, responsibility for implementing food and nutrition programmes and projects is in the hands of the Ministry of Health and Sports, which has a food and nutrition programme that is part of the national health plan, and the Ministry of Peasant Affairs and Agriculture, which is in charge of the multisectoral National Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy. However, the issue of food security and nutrition was not considered important enough to be incorporated as a fundamental strategy of the General Economic and Social Development Plan and within the sectors.
95.The still incipient efforts to generate comprehensive and cooperative action may influence the development of relevant plans and policies.
Trends in support of compliance with the Millennium Development Goals
96.The progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals in Bolivia has been evaluated in the framework of the poverty eradication strategy. The most recent report shows that it will not be possible to comply with all the objectives and aims proposed for 2015. However, some of the goals related to human development may well be attained, such as reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and increasing education coverage, which would help reduce the incidence of undernourishment and malnutrition and improve living conditions for the poorest segments of the Bolivian population.
Progress in incorporating an approach based on the human right to adequate food in food security
97.The survey of the situation in Bolivia, viewed from a multidimensional perspective, shows that existing programmes and projects relating to food and nutrition security do not take account of the approach based on the human right to adequate food. It is important to promote its progressive inclusion in sectoral strategies and policies and into a national strategy based on human rights principles, such as responsibility, transparency, popular participation, decentralization, the power to legislate and independence of the judiciary.
98.There is also a need for a framework law as a major instrument for the implementation of the food and nutrition security strategy with a focus on the human right to adequate food as well as a national and international monitoring system, making it possible to ascertain achievements with effective response mechanisms which are accessible to victims of violations of the human right to adequate food.
General assessment of food and nutrition programmes
Availability, allocation and efficiency of resources
99.The most realistic study in this category, which was carried out by the World Bank, estimates that in the period 1999-2000 Bolivia allocated approximately US$ 1.15 billion for programmes directly or indirectly related to nutrition. Of these resources, only 9 per cent of government funds and 7 per cent of NGO funds were used for “efficient” nutrition programmes targeting high-priority groups.
Levels of coordination and duplication of efforts
100.Another study carried out by the World Bank shows that there is no common approach or coordinated effort in aspects related to the institutional structure and internal links between programmes and projects. There is also disregard for synergies between causes and effects of malnutrition; stand-alone, ineffective policies resulting from a lack of leadership and coordination and decision-making capacity; and a lack of funds and interest in problems relating to food and nutrition security.
101.In terms of coordination among public institutions, some progress was made with the establishment of the National Food and Nutrition Council as the mechanism responsible for coordinating the work of government institutions, civil society and international cooperation. However, to date no proper institutional structure has been put into place.
Strengths and weaknesses of existing efforts to implement the human right to adequate food
102.One of the principal strengths is an institutional framework that coordinates the actions of the Ombudsman and civil society in different regions of the country. At the same time, legislation exists that seeks to foster a holistic approach on the part of the State, and international cooperation appears to be willing to support processes involving the integrated and progressive implementation of the human right to adequate food. The Bolivian people have mechanisms at their disposal to exert pressure and thus place issues relevant to them on the Government’s agenda, which might help facilitate the realization of the human right to adequate food.
103.Among the main weaknesses are the lack of institutional leadership for coordinating multisectoral action and the lack of public funds to support the formulation and implementation of policies related to food and nutrition security. The approach involving the human right to adequate food is still being developed, and legislation therefore does not yet take account of this approach.
Contribution of food and nutrition programmes to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and the human right to adequate food
104.The analysis of 14 programmes/projects shows the wide range of food- and nutrition‑related measures pertinent to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals as a whole. They seek to reduce hunger and contribute implicitly to attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, since many of them are related to five or six Development Goals, highlighting the central role of food and nutrition.
105.With regard to the hierarchy of causes of malnutrition, the programmes/projects of the Ministry of Health and NGOs address immediate causes. The Ministry of Peasant Affairs and Agriculture, the food security support programme and the NGO network Asociación de Instituciones de Promoción y Educación, which is also involved in public policies related to food and nutrition security, seek to address the root causes. All the programmes/projects address the underlying causes.
106.From a human rights perspective, all the programmes/projects aim at meeting the obligation to facilitate the enjoyment of the human right to adequate food, often in combination with the obligation to provide and, in some cases, meeting the obligation to protect the human right to adequate food.
School programme 2005
107.The school programme of the Ministry of Health and Sports commenced activities during the 2005 fiscal year; its main limitation is funding. The programme includes the following objectives, some of which have produced first results:
To reduce the incidence of helminthiasis among schoolchildren in the Camiri and Coroico districts. Drugs to treat the parasite are available, but so far have not been administered owing to a lack of funds.
To prepare a summary report on studies on parasites in Bolivia. Result: information is available to identify risk areas.
To prepare information on integrated health care at school. Result: activities have commenced in coordination with the Ministry of Education.
To design a health card for schoolchildren. Result: design and implementation are under way (it is important to point out that 38 primary health interventions were included).
To participate in inter-agency working groups together with the Ministry of Education. As a result, norms and regulations are currently being formulated.
School lunch programme
108.The school lunch programme extends to 320 municipalities in the country, covering 13,960 school centres (44.08 per cent), which means that 55.92 school centres are not part of the school lunch programme. Information was provided by the Office of the Deputy Minister for Popular Participation (annex 1).
C. Right to physical and mental health
Sports and physical activity
109.Within the framework of legal provisions in force, the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports is mandated to develop public policies that encourage all Bolivians to engage in physical activities and sports to enhance their social and human development, thus ensuring the enjoyment of the right to physical activity and sports. In the medium term, this will help incorporate physical activity and sports fully into the culture and nature of Bolivian men and women, building healthy, competent, competitive and productive generations with a high level of self-esteem and pride in their national identity.
110.In order to implement these measures, the national sports policy is based on fundamental pillars that guarantee the inclusion of all members of society. These pillars are popularization of the practice of physical activities and sports through community involvement in sports and the programme “Get Moving Bolivia” (Muévete Bolivia), and promotion of competitive sports and the strengthening of sports institutions and physical activity, with the involvement of the public and private sectors and national and international governmental and non-governmental bodies.
111.A gap in the law was remedied with the adoption of the Sports Act on 7 July 2004, promulgation of which had been delayed for more than 20 years for a variety of reasons.
112.Norms and regulations produced:
The Sports Act, Act No. 2770, and its regulatory statute, No. 27779, article 1 of which stipulates that: “The purpose of this Act is to regulate the practice of sport; facilitate its popularization; promote physical education; promote extracurricular sports for children and young people at all levels and across social classes; guarantee the right to all-round training; foster the practice of recreational sport among the Bolivian population; and develop competitive sport through continuing training for all participants”.
Formulation and publication of basic guidelines for the development of sports infrastructure projects, a guide to supervision and monitoring of facilities and a guide to specifying dimensions for sports facilities, which were distributed to the 324 Bolivian municipalities and the organizations in the national sports system (2000-2004).
Progress
Training programme
113.Promotes the development of physical culture in the country, encouraging the population to exercise their right to practise physical activities and sports for the benefit of their physical and mental health, which brings with it the need for human resources trained to disseminate, raise awareness and educate. The following training activities have been conducted for physical education teachers, trainers, monitors and professionals specializing in motor skills:
190 courses in training, judging, refereeing, psychology, nutrition, etc. in various sports disciplines.
Two diploma courses in motor skills taught in coordination with the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports and San Andrés University; 300 persons obtained certificates.
Introduction of a course in physical education at the Adventist University of Bolivia in Cochabamba.
Physical education workshops for teachers working in this field; 1,500 teachers participated from throughout the country.
Design of a masters’ course in physical education at the Salesian University of Bolivia.
Seven training courses for promoters of physical education for health in La Paz, Tarija, Sucre, Trinidad and Cochabamba. Approximately 1,500 promoters participated.
114.The programme “Get moving for your health, Bolivia” (Por tu salud, muévete Bolivia), which includes various Ministry of Health programmes and is intended to address the need to provide alternatives to combat the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases caused by a sedentary lifestyle.
115.The aim of the programme is to promote physical activity as a factor in the health and well-being of the population.
116.The development of the “Get Moving Bolivia” programme included a series of awareness‑raising activities in public and private institutions, the involvement of international cooperation and the restructuring of the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports. Among the main activities are:
Coordination and participation in “Challenge Day”, a world event for the promotion of physical activity held every year on the last Wednesday in May. Bolivia has been participating since 1998, and each year a greater number of municipalities are involved. When the activity was launched, only staff from the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports participated; in the present year, 98 municipalities have participated nationwide, involving 1,450,000 inhabitants, with the aim of combating sedentary lifestyles.
Organization and participation in events involving physical activity on commemorative days such as non-smokers’ day, older persons’ day, disability day and others.
Support for organizations that promote physical activity and sport for all, such as the Special Olympics, diabetics, older persons and the disabled.
Participation by Bolivia in the Physical Activity Network of the Americas, through the planning and implementation of activities in Bolivia. The Network is supported and promoted by the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Centre for Disease Control in Atlanta and the International Federation of Sports Medicine.
117.Programme for the popularization of physical activity and sports. With the purpose of developing the habit of physical activity in support of all-round training from childhood onwards, the following activities were carried out:
50 sports schools for beginners established in medium-sized municipalities in Bolivia. The office of the Deputy Minister of Sports took on the task of providing sports material and training the teachers selected (2000).
250 summer sports schools throughout the country, organized in coordination with the Ministry of Education, for which 450 physical education teachers were recruited. The office of the Deputy Minister of Sports handed over a set of sports material to each teacher; 35,000 deprived children participated (2002).
Open schools - programme similar to the previous one. These cover 70,000 children and young people throughout the country; 300 schools were set up and 550 physical education teachers were recruited. These schools operate using the existing infrastructure of the schools in each participating municipality (2003).
National inter-college games, an annual sports event for schoolchildren, in which children from different municipalities participate, starting with competitions at class level, then between schools and between municipalities, concluding with national finals. Approximately 80,000 Bolivian children and young people participate in the games.
Support for training events in the different sports disciplines in the junior and youth categories. These events are held annually by approximately 25 sports federations.
Holding of the tenth South American School Games in Sucre in 2004, an event in which 600 athletes from six South American countries participated.
118.The programme to strengthen sports institutions and promote the development of competitive sports has achieved the following:
Economic, technical and logistical support to 35 national sports federations for the holding of competitive events, training and participation in international events, among others;
Financial support for outstanding sportspersons and new talent;
Holding of the fourth National Sports Games (2000);
Participation in sports events that are part of the Olympic cycle such as the Bolivarian Games, those of the South American Sports Organization, the Pan-American Games, closing with the Olympic Games;
Recruitment of international trainers for high-priority sports disciplines at the national level through an agreement with Cuba;
72 students given grants for university studies in physical education and sports in Cuba.
Mental health
Background
119.Since the 1970s, Bolivia has been implementing mental health programmes that include primary and secondary prevention activities and the promotion of healthy habits and lifestyles through the Ministry of Health. In 1992 specialized drug control bodies (the National Council for the Prevention of Drug Addiction were established within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year, drug control was brought within the competence of the Ministry of Health, and the mental health programme was established.
120.In 2003, the Bolivian strategy to combat trafficking in illegal drugs (2004-2008) was approved, comprising five components: eradication, prohibition, alternative development, prevention, rehabilitation and social reintegration, and social communication. It provides guidance in respect of the issue of drug control as a whole, with the participation of different sectors, and takes an intercultural approach.
Progress
121.Guidelines for the training and social reintegration of drug users have been formulated, providing a basis for the national effort in treatment and rehabilitation centres.
122.Bolivia has minimum care standards for the treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol or drug users and minimum standards for accreditation, which regulate the minimum requirements for the operation of treatment and social rehabilitation centres.
123.Printed information material was also produced on the prevention of legal and illegal drug use and the promotion of healthy lifestyles between 2001 and 2003. The purpose of the material was to provide information and transmit positive messages that help reduce demand for drugs in high-risk populations. Primary target groups: children and adolescents; secondary target groups: parents, teachers and the population as a whole.
D. Improving all aspects of occupational and environmental hygiene
124.The Ministry of Labour issued ministerial decision No. 348/04 of 14 July 2004 (annex 14), which provides for the issue of identity cards to the different categories of industrial safety professionals throughout the country.
125.Submission of a hygiene, industrial safety and occupational health plan to the Ministry of Labour is a mandatory requirement for approval of the environmental statement by the Ministry of Sustainable Development. As a result of this measure, the number of such plans submitted increased from 8 in 2002 to 200 by 2005.
126.In the field of health, the Bolivian Government has taken the following measures:
Background
Article 158, paragraph 1, of the Constitution provides that the State has an obligation to defend its human capital by protecting the health of the population.
Chapter V, article 20, of Decree‑Law No. 16998 provides that the National Institute for Occupational Health is competent to propose relevant technical standards in coordination with related bodies; in the discharge of this mandate, the following norms and regulations were developed:
Occupational safety and hygiene, Bolivian regulation on safety symbols, colours and signs NB 55001;
Bolivian standard for construction safety NB 513001 and NB 513002;
Bolivian standard for gas emissions from mobile sources.
Bolivian standard for noise pollution.
All standards mentioned were drawn up in the framework of the Health Safety and Welfare Act and the Environment Act, No. 1333.
127.There are also regulations for the management of solid waste generated in health establishments, and the Bolivian standard for solid waste generated in health establishments.
Progress
Programmes
Evaluation of physical risks (industrial noise, lighting, thermal stress) in Bolivian industry, including the textile, mining, milling, manufacturing and metallurgical industries;
Assessment of industry-generated noise pollution;
Industrial safety inspections in the different branches of Bolivian industry;
Assessment of noise pollution from stationary sources in public and private premises, discotheques, karaoke bars, dance halls, etc.;
Industrial health and safety training programme for workers, middle-level managers and executives.
Agreements
Agreement with the San Andrés University faculty of medicine (nursing course) on industrial health and safety training for third-year students.
Agreement with the Catholic University faculty of medicine (nursing course) on industrial health and safety training for third-year students.
E.Prevention and treatment of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other illnesses
Malaria
Background
Brief diagnosis of the malaria problem in Bolivia
128.The limitations and problems facing the National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme during the period 1998-2004 were analysed and the programme’s main achievements and challenges identified. The programme areas examined, covering epidemiological surveillance and information systems, programme management, health promotion and malaria prevention, entomological surveillance and vector control, were important factors in the programme’s implementation, strengthening and development.
129.The National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme contributes to the implementation of high-priority national health policies: universalization of insurance and the inclusion of health social protection as a high priority; the prioritization of maternal and child health, control of endemic diseases and vector-borne diseases; and involving society in decisions and actions for individual and collective health.
130.To keep the problem under control, goals were established such as: improving epidemiological surveillance and health information systems; improving the management of prevention and control activities carried out under the Programme; improving health promotion and malaria prevention; encouraging local diagnosis and treatment by general and community health services; stepping up environment and entomological surveillance and integrated malaria vector control; and carrying out supervision, monitoring and evaluation for disease prevention and control.
131.The programme serves to coordinate international technical and financial cooperation and provides a model for the work of the Ministry of Health and Sports in responding to health requirements and priorities. There was a satisfactory level of inter-institutional participation during the analysis and discussion of the programme. The programme brings together national, international and public bodies working jointly on the issue of malaria.
Health promotion and prevention of malaria
132.The health promotion and malaria prevention component means that control is sustainable in the medium to long term. It is based on information, education and communication campaigns to disseminate information on self-protection measures and on how to improve the behaviour of individuals and the population, in order to prevent the risk of malaria infection; promoting the use of impregnated materials to prevent transmission (mosquito nets and repellents); organizing and training community volunteer workers in detection, diagnosis and treatment; disseminating preventive measures and making physical improvements to the environment inside and around the home, in order to reduce transmission. Insecticide-impregnated materials are supplied to the population living in endemic areas, who are encouraged to use them; sanitary conditions are assessed, environments are adapted and housing improved, in order to change environmental health and housing conditions permanently with the aim of achieving sustained control of disease transmission. The Malaria Prevention Manual is being drawn up in line with these objectives.
133.The achievements in this area concern the organization of a network of voluntary workers and indigenous leaders whose work consists in detecting, treating and monitoring suspicious cases, and disseminating information on malaria prevention and control. Educational materials have been produced for health and community services (malaria manuals for leaders and voluntary workers, and a training manual for the community trainer).
134.Challenges are faced in developing and consolidating the information, education and communication strategy, the aim of which is to disseminate information on health promotion and disease prevention among the general population and train personnel in this field. Challenges include: consolidating and expanding the network of voluntary workers, increasing their numbers and monitoring and assessing their activities; validating and assessing the use of impregnated mosquito nets as a good strategy for malaria control in endemic areas; and improving environmental health and housing conditions in areas resistant to conventional vector‑control measures.
135.The information, education and communication documents became applicable from the time of their dissemination nationwide.
Objective
136.To reduce the incidence and prevalence of malaria through control levels of less than 5 per 1,000 exposed inhabitants, and contribute to the country’s socio-economic development.
137.To foster the reduction of malaria-related morbidity and mortality and help improve the quality of life of the Bolivian population.
138.To improve the malaria monitoring and control capacity of the eight departmental health services in the malaria endemic area, so as to carry out follow-up and assessment of compliance with objectives and goals relating to malaria control, improving the management of the components of the National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme at the different health service levels.
Progress made
139.The document “Epidemiological achievements in malaria control in Bolivia for 1998‑2004” indicates the work carried out in each department (because of the size of the document it will be provided separately).
140.The following awareness-raising material has been prepared:
Ministry of Health and SportsMalaria - prevention manual
Ministry of Health and SportsStandards for treating malaria - practical manual
Ministry of Health and SportsManual of malaria detection by microscopy
Ministry of Health and SportsMalaria manual for voluntary health workers and leaders
Ministry of Health and SportsTraining manual for voluntary trainers
Ministry of Health and SportsInstructions for treating malaria
Ministry of Health and SportsInformation material
Chagas’ disease
History
141.Chagas’ disease is acknowledged to be the most urgent and overwhelming health problem in southern South America, both in terms of scale and impact, and control of the disease has been declared a priority in the countries involved.
142.Consequently, the health ministries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, meeting in Brasilia in July 1991, undertook to carry out the necessary work to eradicate Triatoma infestans and control the transfusional transmission of Chagas’ disease. To meet this objective an intergovernmental commission was set up with the aim of promoting a subregional programme and plan of action, with the Pan American Health Organization acting as the secretariat.
143.Since then, the intergovernmental commission has requested periodic reports from member States on the status of prevention and control actions, holding 14 technical meetings on a rotating basis (Buenos Aires in August 1992, Bolivia in March 2005).
144.As a result of the conditions created under the INCOSUR-Chagas initiative (1991) and with the accumulation of existing knowledge in the country, 1998 was a historic year for Bolivia, since it was decided to implement the “Epidemiological Shield” as a fundamental health policy strategy, aimed at tackling diseases with high prevalence including, as a priority, control of Chagas’ disease. To this end, significant funds have been allocated by the Inter-American Development Bank.
145.In 1999 work started on establishing a baseline relating to the vector’s spread and house infestation. In subsequent years (2000 and 2004), with funds from the Bank, coverage of the endemic area was gradually extended, as part of which houses underwent two cycles of chemical treatment, and post-spraying entomological evaluation was stepped up. In 2003 all households in the area were treated. This was the most extensive anti-vector operation to be carried out in the country, with vector detection and insecticide spraying of approximately 670,000 houses. For the period 2004 this coverage - particularly the entomological evaluation - remained a priority.
146.For 2005 a methodology has been proposed for the consolidation phase, based on the control levels achieved.
147.Information, education and communication activities were carried out at the same time as the vector-related actions. At the start of 2000 various short-term actions were carried out in order to position the programme. Subsequently, with a basic diagnosis, the 10-year strategy was developed.
148.With regard to diagnosis and treatment of children under the age of 5, while there would seem to be a delay between the time the project started and the time activities in this area began, this delay can be explained by the fact that treatment of the population makes sense only in areas where vector transmission has been interrupted or where the risk of reinfection is very low.
Progress
Achievements in vector control
149.We have up-to-date entomological information relating to infestation, by department and municipality, which provides guidance for vector-control activities (see figure 1).
150.The vector-control situation in Bolivia is marked by a considerable drop in triatomine infestation in areas where work has been carried out: the level of infestation when the baseline was established (1999-2003) was 75 per cent, while the residual infestation level observed, as measured by post-spraying entomological evaluation, was 4.1 per cent in 2003 and 2.8 per cent in 2004 (see figure 2).
Achievements in diagnosis and treatment
151.Regional teams have been set up, except in Tarija and Potosí; manuals for diagnosis and clinical operations have been drawn up, validated by international expert consultants accredited by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization in Brazil and Argentina, the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization in Bolivia and the Bolivian Society of Pediatrics; and an intervention strategy has been drawn up to diagnose approximately 330,000 children under the age of 5 and treat 124,120 children infected with Chagas’ disease.
152.A pilot diagnosis and treatment scheme is currently being implemented in the municipality of Mairana, Santa Cruz, and the work is expected to finish by July 2005.
153.An integral component is the project for control of congenital Chagas’ disease, for which Belgian cooperation has been secured. The plan is to help control congenital Chagas’ disease by diagnosing and treating infected newborns in second- and third-level hospitals in endemic departments in Bolivia.
154.The following publications have been prepared for awareness-raising purposes:
Ministry of Health and SportsVector information unit
Ministry of Health and SportsCongenital Chagas’ disease - diagnosis and control strategies
Ministry of Health and SportsField operations manual
Ministry of Health and SportsCD, national programme for information, education, communication and training
Ministry of Health and SportsExecutive summary - “Information, education and communication strategy for the national Chagas programme”
Ministry of Health and SportsInformation, education and communication strategy for the national Chagas programme
Ministry of Health and SportsStudy of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Chagas’ disease
Ministry of Health and SportsNational Chagas plan
Ministry of Health and SportsTechnical and administrative functions and processes - national Chagas programme
155.Achievements of the information, education, communication and training component. Considering the cross-cutting nature of this component, which has links throughout the programme, actions will be carried out before, after and concomitantly with those funded by the Inter-American Development Bank. Significant achievements include the following:
The design of a policy that acknowledges the very important role played by communication in a society’s development and progress, by democratizing information and access to knowledge of health-related matters;
Findings of surveys carried out among inhabitants of endemic areas to determine their knowledge, attitudes, practices, perceptions and ideas concerning the main issues related to Chagas’ disease and its transmission;
Design of a short-, medium- and long-term strategy with activities aimed at changing attitudes and practices through local capacity-building, fostering participation, opening up forums for dialogue, democracy and plurality in a national context.
Figure 1
Initial infestation , 1999-2003
Post-spraying infestation , 2003-2004
Source: National Chagas Programme.
Figure 2
National Chagas Programme
Spraying operations - post-spraying infestation , 1999-2004
Source:National Chagas Programme.
Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Programme
Background
156.The Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Programme was set up to further policies, strategies and standards in the areas of canine rabies, leishmaniasis, dengue, leprosy, cholera and haemorrhagic fever, with the aim of alerting, informing and educating the general public concerning health and well-being and ensuring proper safety and risk prevention for citizens.
Progress
157.A five-year plan for 2003-2007 has been drawn up with the aim of preventing and controlling the occurrence of these diseases.
Results
The National Plan for the Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever was drawn up, reviewed and approved by the Deputy Minister for Public Expenditure, and is currently being implemented;
The National Plan for Cholera Research and Epidemiological Surveillance was drawn up and reviewed, and is currently being implemented;
National Plan for the Prevention of Leprosy: adopted;
Nation Plan for Haemorrhagic Fever: at review stage;
Canine rabies - a manual of standards has been drawn up, published and distributed to assist in epidemiological surveillance, and the Programme for National Rabies Control has been directed at urban municipalities.
158.Approval of this programme by the Deputy Minister for Public Expenditure means that since 2005 this programme has had a budget to implement the Plan.
159.An initial evaluation phase is planned for 2006, when qualitative and quantitative results of implementation will be available.
160.The following material has been drawn up by the Ministry of Health and Sports for dissemination:
Manual for Prevention, Monitoring and Control of taeniasis/cysticercosis;
National Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Programme (Five-Year Plan 2003-2007);
National Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Programme - Annual Plan for 2004;
Five Year Leishmaniasis Plan 2006-2010;
Strategic Plan aimed at reducing the incidence and prevalence of leprosy in Bolivia, 2006;
Manual of standards and procedures for leprosy in Bolivia, 2005;
Emergency Dengue Prevention and Control Plan in High-Priority Municipalities, 2005;
Dengue Monitoring and Control Plan, 2005;
Manual of standards for the prevention, monitoring and elimination of rabies, 2001;
Five-year plan 2004-2008 for the “Rabies-free municipalities” national rabies control programme.
STIs/HIV/AIDS Programme
Background
161.The National STIs/HIV/AIDS Programme is aimed at prevention, control and epidemiological surveillance of groups at risk. This group includes professional sex workers and men who have sex with men. However, the programme also includes actions targeted at the population in general, such as medical visits, laboratory work and advisory services provided in primary and secondary-level health centres, as part of a strategy to extend coverage.
Progress
162.Activities under the Strategic Programme for 2004-2008 are funded by the Global Fund and other external cooperation agencies.
Results
Instruments and standards have been drawn up to govern care in health centres, for use in training health workers;
Educational Guides to Care, aimed at patients;
Information Guides, aimed at the general public;
Surveys on knowledge of HIV/AIDS;
Studies on knowledge, attitudes and perceptions, aimed at young people and teenagers.
Main achievements
400 courses of antiretroviral triple therapy have been donated by Brazil since 2003 for persons living with HIV/AIDS;
An HIV/AIDS proposal has been approved by the Global Fund ($16 million over five years);
Seven sentinel posts have been established in different population groups in order to determine HIV/AIDS trends in Bolivia.
163.The Ministry of Health and Sports has produced the following material:
Guide for dealing with STI syndromes - 2001;
Biosafety standards for health workers - 2002;
Ministerial decision No. 0711 on HIV/AIDS prevention and monitoring in 2002;
Guide to carrying out voluntary HIV testing;
Sex knowledge of male and female members of youth associations in El Alto, and levels of information and attitudes with regard to STIs, HIV and AIDS;
Six-monthly AIDS bulletin, 5 July 2004;
Compilation of publications related to HIV/AIDS in Bolivia 1985-2000;
Project management guide, 2003;
Guide to drawing up protocols for HIV sentinel surveillance, 2003;
Guide to drawing up protocols for monitoring behaviour for HIV/AIDS and STIs, 2003;
Guide to second-generation HIV/AIDS and STI monitoring, 2003;
Training workshop in HIV sentinel surveillance, 2003;
Forms (31) for HIV/AIDS care;
Guide for clinical treatment of HIV infection in children, 2005;
Strategic plan for STI/HIV/AIDS prevention and control, 2004-2008;
Recommendations for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV and antiretroviral therapy for pregnant women, 2005.
Expanded Programme on Immunization (annex 2)
164.The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Bolivia was organized in October 1979, using various strategies aimed at achieving universal immunization of children.
165.Until 1999 the national scheme included four vaccines for the prevention of six childhood diseases and one vaccine for women of childbearing age. Since June 2000 the number of vaccines has remained the same, but the number of target diseases has risen to 12. In addition, a yellow fever vaccine is administered to the general population.
166.Bolivia has pledged its commitment, in various international forums, to the eradication of measles, maintaining the eradication of indigenous polio transmission, the virtual elimination of neonatal tetanus and control of other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Background
167.Analysis of the current situation of the Expanded Programme on Immunization shows that there have been major achievements, such as no cases of measles since October 2000, no cases of poliomyelitis for the last 19 years and a drop in the number of cases of yellow fever, diphtheria and neonatal tetanus. This information was obtained by rapidly monitoring local vaccination coverage and actively looking for suspected cases of these diseases.
168.The levels of coverage reached in administering the different vaccines under the Programme in the last five years are positive, and are increasing, accompanied by considerable progress in the epidemiological surveillance of the different vaccine-preventable diseases in the country.
169.A variety of tools for monitoring and evaluation have been developed and used, and the technical skills of health workers have been enhanced, leading to a gradual qualitative improvement in activities under the Programme.
170.Nevertheless, a number of shortcomings have been identified, such as no guarantee of funds for the purchase of vaccines and syringes, poor information on doses administered and uneven vaccination coverage. The Expanded Programme on Immunization will therefore face new challenges in the next five years. The present report gives information on a number of strategic operations that were incorporated in the annual plan for 2005, the approved budget, with its different sources of funding, and the anticipated results.
Objective
171.To reduce the risk of disease and death from vaccine-preventable diseases through universal vaccination and epidemiological surveillance.
Processes
|
Progress made |
Anticipated results |
|
1. Implementation of the logistics system for the Expanded Programme on Immunization in six departments The implementation of this system at national level will provide the necessary, periodically updated information on the movement of biological products and supplies, and on the real situation of the cold chain. |
Improvement of the logistics capacity for the storage, distribution, monitoring and control of biological products and supplies under the Programme, and the different elements of the cold chain system at national and local levels. |
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2. Improving the cold chain system by building storage facilities at national and departmental level In order to strengthen the cold chain storage system and ensure that biological products are kept in suitable conditions, it is planned to build cold chain storage facilities at national level and storage plants in the seven departments of La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Oruro, Tarija, and Beni (under construction). |
Improvement of the installed capacity of cold chain facilities at national and department level. Guaranteed potency of vaccines owing to a proper cold chain system. |
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3. Adoption of the Vaccines Act This will secure State funding for biological products under the Programme, ensuring the sustainability of its actions. The Act is currently being reviewed by the National Congress. |
Guaranteed sustainability of the total funding of vaccines and syringes for immunizing the population group covered by the Programme. |
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4. Reclassification of municipalities at chronic risk Bearing in mind that the indicator “municipalities at risk” makes its possible to ensure fairness, social justice and uniformity in vaccination coverage, it is important to monitor municipalities that have been at risk for more than five years. |
Identification of municipalities at chronic risk, for the purpose of prioritizing local interventions. |
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5. Training in ISO 9000:2000 quality management systems for certification of vaccination centres As part of the ongoing improvement of the quality of vaccination services, and in order to identify and respond to the needs of the population, 38 people are being trained (epidemiologists and regional managers of the Expanded Programme on Immunization). |
Improved quality of vaccination services and their certification. |
F.Creating conditions to ensure that medical servicesand assistance are provided to all in case of illness
Background
National Health Policy 2004
172.This policy assigns priority to the mother/child nucleus, but its strategic target is the population as a whole, and the total life cycle of all individuals.
173.Its overall objective is to “ensure fair, effective and universal access to the unified National Health System, without exception”.
174.Principles of health policy in Bolivia.
Universality, to protect the entire population, with no discrimination of any kind.
Gender and age equality, because all Bolivian men and women, of all ages, have the right to high-quality health care.
Humanism, to ensure that those habits and customs of the Bolivian people which do no harm are treated with respect in the delivery of all health-care services.
Solidarity, so that persons with greater resources help to ensure that the less well-off gain better access to health services.
Transparency, to ensure that all persons have access to timely, accurate and reliable technical and administrative information on health issues and the manner in which they are addressed by government authorities.
175.The functions of the unified national health system are acknowledged in the Bolivian National Health Policy, as follows:
(1) Health promotion, through community participation and social mobilization, information and education, and reorientation of health services to encourage healthy habits and prevent non-communicable diseases;
(2) Risk prevention, basically by promoting an environmental health culture and the Expanded Programme on Immunization;
(3) C ontrol of diseases, grouped under the Epidemiologic Shield, including malaria, dengue, fever, leishmaniasis, rabies, Chagas’ disease, tuberculosis, AIDS and diseases that endanger sexual and reproductive health, and maternal and infant health, because they serve as benchmarks of progress and defects in Bolivia’s health status, and are clearly identified in the Millennium Development Goals;
(4) Rehabilitation of persons with disabilities;
(5) Strengthening stewardship:
(a)In the management of the unified national health system, to foster universal coverage and the separation of roles in decentralization, and to guarantee a sustainable, effective and efficient health system;
(b)In intersectoral management, because it is crucial to join forces to achieve the Millennium Goals, which are the agreed objectives to which the entire Bolivian State apparatus is committed, not only in the health sector, but also because there have been positive examples of intersectoral work that must be further consolidated;
(c)In international management, because Bolivia is part of the process of globalization and integration in the Americas, and needs rules that regulate the health aspects of treaties concerning trade and regional integration.
Progress
176.National Health Policy, based on the concept that health is a right and a responsibility for everyone.
National Health Dialogue 1
177.A National Health Dialogue has been launched, with the participation of institutions in the public and private sectors and civil society, as a basic condition for introducing new approaches, redefining health practices and moulding a new model for health that meets the health-care needs of the Bolivian population.
178.The Dialogue set itself the following goals: (1) to reaffirm the orientation of the strategic objectives of the National Health System towards user satisfaction and the achievement of the Millennium Goals; (2) to establish a permanent forum for communication and participation by civil society in the formulation of health policies; (3) to recognize the stewardship necessary to ensure a National Health System of good quality that satisfies the needs of the population as a whole and the State, in the national and international contexts; (4) to ensure that primary health care is the unifying theme of the national model; (5) to make progress towards social protection in the area of health and universal coverage; (6) to agree on the outline of a comprehensive human resources policy; (7) to agree on the outline of a reform of short-term social security; and (8) to promote participation by civil society in the management of health care.
“Productive Bolivia”
179.In September 2003 the third Dialogue was launched and a National Board, composed of civil-society organizations and the Executive, was formed to ensure an inclusive and participatory process.
180.The consensus was dubbed the “Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue, and its purpose was “to coordinate and promote productive economic and social institutionalization with a comprehensive focus guiding the poverty reduction policy at the municipal, departmental and national levels, with due respect paid to interculturalism, equity and social inclusion”.
181.The dialogue was organized in four phases: (a) pre-dialogue; (b) municipal dialogue (or municipal round tables); (c) departmental dialogues; (d) national dialogue:
(a)Pre-dialogue: the first phase of the National Dialogue, in which organizations met internally to autonomously construct their comprehensive productive strategies based on their own habits and customs;
(b)Municipal dialogue: second phase of the National Dialogue, conducted in the country’s 314 municipalities, in which municipal-level comprehensive productive strategies were agreed;
(c)Departmental dialogue: the third phase, conducted in the nine departments. Once the dialogues had been concluded, the departmental-level comprehensive productive strategies were agreed;
(d)National Dialogue: final phase, in which representatives of the departments participated and the National Productive Strategy was agreed.
182.The Comprehensive Productive Strategy is a series of actions and participatory decisions designed to strengthen the productive processes and secure positive results.
183.Glossary of health terms [does not apply to English version].
G. Right to education and cultural rights
184.Act No. 1565, on the Educational Reform Act, which has been in force in Bolivia since 1994, builds on the premise that education should respond to social needs, and should be universal, free, democratic, participatory, intercultural and bilingual, while promoting democratic values and national unity. In that vein, the established goals highlight the all-round moulding of the individual and the promotion of human values and universally accepted ethical norms, taking cultural practices into account. Similarly, it stresses the strengthening of national identity, the recognition of work as a contributing factor to human fulfilment and development, the fostering of gender equity and the entrenchment of the principles of political and economic sovereignty.
185.The statistical information presented in this report conveys data and draws comparisons based on censuses conducted in Bolivia over recent years (1992 and 2001) and the Educational Information System. Official Ministry of Education data extend only up to the year 2002.
H. Right to primary, secondary and higher education
186.The following information is relevant to the right to education at the primary, secondary and higher levels:
187.Under the educational reform, the following teaching material has been produced:
Design of the curriculum for the different levels of the public education service
A document has been produced for the design of the curriculum for the pre-primary and primary levels that develops, under the heading of cross-cutting topics, conceptual tools, teaching ideas and groups of issues identified on the topic of education for democracy.
Plans and programmes for the first and second cycles of the primary level have been drafted, identifying responsibilities, indicators and socially relevant contexts for the broad-based topic of education for democracy.
A working paper for the third cycle of the primary level has also been prepared.
Teaching materials have been produced in the form of teachers’ guides, with a democracy perspective, in subjects such as mathematics, language, life sciences and technology, expression and creativity.
Learning modules for children in the first and second cycles of the primary level in four languages, Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní and Spanish, have been prepared.
Classroom libraries now contain material intended to stimulate work on the cross-cutting topics, such as the values of tolerance and respect for diversity.
Theoretical and practical teacher training
188.The work carried out in the teacher training colleges has been strengthened through the implementation of the new design for the base curriculum for the training of primary school teachers (1999). It is important to emphasize this last point, since it will enable Bolivia to train new teachers in keeping with a completely new curriculum. This training will not only be of high quality academically, but it will also include cross-cutting topics such as democracy.
Research
189.To date research has been carried out on cultural perceptions and democracy in the Quechua, Aymara, Movima, Tsimań, Moxeña, Guaraní, Ayorea and Chiquita cultures.
190.With the aim of strengthening the integration of democracy through interculturalism, research has been undertaken in the Oriente and Chaco regions, as well as in the Andes and along the Amazon. The findings of this research will assist in the preparation of teaching materials and other documentations intended for teachers.
191.Taking existing legislation into account and in an effort to make primary education, which is currently compulsory and free, more accessible, the Bolivian policy on education has managed to increase coverage, accessibility and retention, while improving the conditions for secondary education. Although problems remain, the indicators comparing data from 1992 and 2001 show that major progress has been achieved.
192.The Ministry of Education’s multi-year plan for 2004-2008 focuses on an improvement in quality, access and retention in the national education system among the population facing high levels of exclusion.
School-age population and enrolment
193.Table 1 shows the school-age population of Bolivia in 1992 and in 2001, by sex and geographical location. The age groupings show the number of persons attending each educational level: the population between 4 and 5 years of age attend school at the pre-primary level; those between 6 and 13 years of age receive primary education, and 14-to-17-year-olds attend secondary institutions. Account has also been taken of the population aged 3 and under, which represents future demand for education.
Table 1
Population trend, by age group, location and sex(1992 and 2001)
|
Age groups |
1992 |
2001 |
||||
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
|
0 to 3 years |
747 736 |
378 385 |
369 351 |
864 333 |
447 348 |
416 985 |
|
Rural |
347 436 |
175 485 |
171 951 |
364 963 |
187 843 |
177 120 |
|
Urban |
400 300 |
202 900 |
197 400 |
499 370 |
259 505 |
239 865 |
|
4 to 6 years |
387 264 |
196 431 |
190 833 |
449 466 |
233 069 |
216 397 |
|
Rural |
181 859 |
92 097 |
89 762 |
191 353 |
99 042 |
92 311 |
|
Urban |
205 405 |
104 334 |
101 071 |
258 113 |
134 027 |
124 086 |
|
6 to 13 years |
1 362 179 |
692 745 |
669 434 |
1 687 123 |
861 136 |
825 987 |
|
Rural |
608 500 |
312 443 |
296 057 |
682 743 |
353 842 |
328 901 |
|
Urban |
753 679 |
380 302 |
373 377 |
1 004 380 |
507 294 |
497 086 |
|
14 to 17 years |
562 876 |
279 723 |
283 153 |
729 350 |
366 847 |
362 503 |
|
Rural |
211 542 |
110 518 |
101 024 |
349 745 |
133 374 |
116 371 |
|
Urban |
351 334 |
169 205 |
182 129 |
479 605 |
233 473 |
246 132 |
Source: National Institute for Statistics (2002d).
194.Growth was strongest in the 14-to-17 age group (29.6 per cent), which corresponds to the population of secondary school age, while the age range experiencing least growth was the population between 4 and 5 years of age (15.6 per cent), which corresponds to the pre-primary level. Growth in the primary-school-age population was 23.9 per cent. This trend in the school‑age population highlights the need to increase supply in order to meet the growing demand for education. The population aged 3 and under has grown by 15.6 per cent, which implies greater potential demand for education in 2001 than in 1992, which will become real demand in the coming years.
195.The increase in pre-primary enrolment between 1992 and 2001 was 59.9 per cent, 34.5 per cent at the primary level, and 94.8 per cent at the secondary level (table 2). These rates of growth are much higher than the growth rate of the population in the various age groups, tending to show that an increasingly larger proportion of children are attending school, as a result of activities undertaken by the educational system and other factors such as migration and family decisions.
Table 2
Public and private schools: trend in enrolment by educational level and sex (1992, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002)
|
Level of education |
1992 |
1995 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Pre-primary |
136 520 |
156 912 |
215 602 |
218 237 |
222 313 |
|
Female |
66 922 |
77 416 |
106 348 |
107 576 |
109 981 |
|
Male |
69 598 |
79 495 |
109 254 |
110 661 |
112 332 |
|
Primary |
1 359 891 |
1 538 454 |
1 800 738 |
1 829 018 |
1 877 536 |
|
Female |
646 542 |
740 510 |
871 885 |
886 665 |
910 924 |
|
Male |
713 350 |
797 944 |
928 853 |
942 353 |
966 612 |
|
Secondary |
250 170 |
293 157 |
461 185 |
487 344 |
534 587 |
|
Female |
116 808 |
139 620 |
218 569 |
231 024 |
253 857 |
|
Male |
133 363 |
153 536 |
242 616 |
256 320 |
280 730 |
|
Pre-primary, primary and secondary |
1 746 582 |
1 988 522 |
2 477 525 |
2 534 599 |
2 634 436 |
|
Female |
830 271 |
957 547 |
1 196 802 |
1 225 265 |
1 274 762 |
|
Male |
916 311 |
1 030 976 |
1 280 723 |
1 309 334 |
1 359 674 |
Source: 1992-1995: National Education Secretariat (1997), 2000-2002: EducationalInformation System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
196.Enrolment of girls rose by 24.7 percentage points more than the school-age female population (4 to 17 years) between 1992 and 2001, while the increase in the number of boys enrolled was only 17.9 percentage points over that of the male school‑age population. This suggests a narrowing of the gender gap as far as access to school is concerned.
197.Geographically, the number of pupils enrolled in public schools at the pre-primary and primary levels does not differ significantly (table 3), although differences are greater at the secondary level with rural areas showing lower levels of enrolment.
Table 3
Public schools: trend in enrolment, by educational level and location(1997-2002)
|
Level of education |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Pre-primary Rural Urban |
182 30273 941108 361 |
188 49573 443115 052 |
187 75973 426114 333 |
196 05276 669119 383 |
198 64177 170121 471 |
201 69677 070124 626 |
|
Primary Rural Urban |
1 578 195694 768883 427 |
1 549 337673 361875 976 |
1 578 086676 744901 342 |
1 631 308697 026934 282 |
1 666 153705 633960 520 |
1 717 997731 787986 210 |
|
Secondary Rural Urban |
315 43661 457253 979 |
321 38165 788255 593 |
341 23568 892272 343 |
369 72976 893292 836 |
398 36485 969312 395 |
443 46999 919343 550 |
|
Pre-primary, primaryand secondary Rural Urban |
2 075 933830 1661 245 767 |
2 059 213812 5921 246 621 |
2 107 080819 0621 288 018 |
2 197 089850 5881 346 501 |
2 263 158868 7721 394 386 |
2 363 162908 7761 454 386 |
Source: Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
Years of schooling
198.From an analysis of the number of years of schooling completed, it is evident that the female segment of the population, and more specifically girls living in rural areas, face the most difficulties. Girls in rural areas complete three years of education on average, which, at best, corresponds to the third year of primary school, while their male counterparts complete five years of schooling on average. By contrast, in urban areas, the average number of years of schooling completed is approximately 8 for girls and 10 for boys.
Table 4
Average number of years of schooling for the population as a whole (1992-2001)
|
Area |
1992 census |
2001 census |
Annual variation (per cent) |
||||||
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
|
Rural |
3.4 |
4.3 |
2.4 |
4.2 |
5.2 |
3.12 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
|
Urban |
7.9 |
8.9 |
7.1 |
9.2 |
10.1 |
8.51 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
|
Total |
6.1 |
7.0 |
5.2 |
7.4 |
8.2 |
6.72 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
Source: INE.
199.For the adult rural population, 39.3 per cent of women and 15.7 per cent of men have had no education at all. In urban areas, 10.5 per cent of women and 3.2 per cent of men have no education.
Figure 3
Retention of schoolchildren
Source: Educational Information System.
Access to education
200.The activities undertaken within the education sector and Bolivia’s economic development have contributed to an increase in access to schools between 1992 and 2001. Even so, access to secondary education remains low, with only half the population between 14 and 17 years of age attending secondary school. This can be explained by persisting problems at the primary level and the inadequate supply of secondary education. At the pre-primary level, access is even lower, with only a quarter of the 4-to-5-year-old population attending school. This is perhaps due to the scarce supply of schools and teachers, and a lack of understanding on the part of the public of the importance of pre-primary education to high levels of achievement at subsequent stages of education. At the primary level, access is relatively high compared with the other levels: 86.5 per cent of the population between 6 and 13 years of age receive primary education. However, problems such as retention and completion of primary education have yet to be resolved.
201.Access to school in rural areas is lower at all levels of education, most notably the secondary level, which is attended by only 30.9 per cent of those between the ages of 14 and 17, while the corresponding figure in the urban areas is 61.6 per cent.
Figure 4
P ublic and private schools
Access to schools before and after the educational reform
Number of pupils enrolledEnrolment at the pre-primary, primary and secondary levelsEnrolment at the primary level
202.The first year of secondary education shows the lowest rate of advancement of all the 12 years of primary and secondary education. One interesting aspect is that girls demonstrate higher rates of advancement than boys. This does not necessarily reflect better utilization of the educational system by girls: it might be demonstrating that less favourably situated girls in fact give up school earlier and that the indicator reflects the advancement of the better-situated girls who continue their studies. By contrast, in the case of boys, the less favourably situated remain in school and consequently lower the average advancement rate for boys.
Table 5
Gross and net coverage in public primary education for girls and boys(1998-2002)
|
Girls% |
Boys% |
Total% |
Girls% |
Boys% |
Total% |
|
|
1998 |
95.1 |
99.0 |
97.0 |
85.6 |
87.7 |
86.7 |
|
1999 |
95.0 |
98.2 |
96.6 |
86.1 |
87.9 |
87.0 |
|
2000 |
96.1 |
99.0 |
97.6 |
86.3 |
87.6 |
87.0 |
|
2001 |
97.7 |
99.8 |
98.7 |
87.7 |
88.1 |
87.9 |
|
2002 |
98.0 |
99.8 |
98.9 |
88.0 |
88.1 |
88.0 |
|
Annual variation % |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
Source: Educational Information System.
203.Pupils begin to drop out of school at around the age of 10 or 11, a phenomenon that is more pronounced in rural areas. Girls drop out of school more rapidly than boys from the age of 13 or 14. At 17, only 43 per cent of young people living in the rural areas and 67 per cent of those living in the urban areas are still attending school.
204.In addition, problems preventing pupils from continuing to progress through the successive years of schooling persist, when they drop out, fall behind or fail to move up to the next class. Although there was a decline in the dropout rate between 1997 and 1999, it remained relatively constant from that point up to the year 2002.
Dropping out
205.Analysing the dropout rate by year, it can clearly be seen that the seventh year of primary education and the first year of secondary education have high dropout rates. However, the dropout rate for the first year of primary education is also high: in fact it is the highest of the first five years of primary education.
206.Up to the fifth year of primary education there are no major differences in dropout rates between boys and girls, although after the sixth year males are more likely to be affected, a phenomenon that is still more marked over the entire period of secondary education. In geographical terms, dropping out is more common in rural areas at all levels.
207.Pupils begin to fall behind in the first year of primary school because they start school late, and there is no difference between boys and girls. Starting from the third year of primary education, boys fall further behind, and this pattern continues until the end of secondary education. This does not mean that this is a minor problem for girls: it still exists, but to a lesser degree (33 per cent for boys and 25.9 per cent for girls in the fourth year of secondary education). In general, it is more common for pupils in rural areas to fall behind in their studies, at both the primary and secondary levels.
Figure 5
Dropout rate by area
Source : Educational information system.
Reasons for non-attendance
208.From household surveys carried out by the National Statistics Institute it is possible to identify various reasons for school non-attendance. According to preliminary data from a survey carried out in 2002, more than 500,000 children and young people between the ages of 5 and 19 do not attend school. As can be seen in table 6, the most common reasons cited include financial problems (45.9 per cent), personal and family problems (41.7 per cent), problems related to the availability of education (5 per cent), other problems (4.2 per cent) and illness or disability (3.1 per cent).
Table 6
Percentage of persons aged between 5 and 19 who do not attend school,by reason for non-attendance (2002)
|
Reason for non-attendance |
Percentage |
|
Financial problems |
45.9 |
|
Personal and family circumstances |
41.7 |
|
Educational problems |
5.0 |
|
Other |
4.2 |
|
Illness or disability |
3.1 |
|
Total |
100.0 |
Source: National Statistics Institute (2003). Preliminary.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
209.It is noteworthy that the majority of those surveyed stated that they were not attending school owing to financial problems or personal or family issues. This suggests that efforts aimed at improving the availability of education would not affect poor school attendance. However, some reasons for non-attendance, included in the categories of financial or family and personal problems, may be due to the limited capacity of the education system to respond to the needs of the population. This applies to those who said they did not attend because they were too old or pregnant, which might point to failure by schools to cater to these groups.
210.The response that non-attendance was due to work or lack of interest could be a sign that the education system is not meeting the expectations of students and families in that regard.
211.In any case, in order to improve attendance, joint efforts aimed at improving the quantity and quality of educational services and encouraging demand for education should be considered.
212.Bearing in mind that higher education must be made accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means, and in particular through the gradual introduction of free education, it should be noted that Bolivia has State universities that offer free training.
213.Under the Covenant, the provision of fundamental education to persons who have not completed primary education is guaranteed. In this regard, the Bolivian Government has promoted alternative education.
214.Alternative education is aimed at enabling people to complete their education and providing access to education for those who have not started or not completed their formal education for reasons of age or exceptional physical and mental conditions. Alternative education is divided into three main areas: adult education, special education and continuing education.
215.Adult education is aimed at persons who were unable to start or complete formal education at primary and/or secondary level. It includes adult primary education, adult secondary education, adult technical education and alternative education for young people. Adult education also includes literacy and post-literacy programmes and projects for adults, designed to introduce illiterate people over the age of 15 to reading and writing in their mother tongue.
216.Special education is designed to meet the educational needs of children, young people and adults who require specialized teaching, and is provided by specialist teachers.
217.Continuing education is lifelong learning, which includes all the knowledge and experience acquired and developed on a daily basis at the individual and collective level. In continuing education, the mass media (print, radio and television) perform an educational role in that they fulfil a social function in informing and educating, supporting awareness-raising campaigns and promoting community action related to social welfare and stability. Given the characteristics of this type of education, it is difficult to provide statistical information.
(a)Adult education
218.In 2002, there were 403 adult education centres to cater for persons who had been unable to complete their studies in the formal sector, distributed throughout Bolivia as follows: 106 in Santa Cruz, 95 in La Paz, 64 in Cochabamba, 29 in Oruro, 29 in Chuquisaca, 27 in Tarija, 27 in Potosí, 21 in Beni and 5 in Pando.
219.Table 7 shows the distribution of centres by type of educational services offered. As can be observed, approximately 80 per cent of the total is made up of integrated centres, accelerated intermediate education centres, Bolivian apprenticeship institutes and accelerated basic education centres, which are concentrated in urban areas, while the remaining 20 per cent are human sciences and agricultural technical education centres and integrated community and rural education centres, which serve the rural areas and are designed to respond to technical training needs in agriculture.
Table 7
Number of adult education centres by type of educationalservice provided (1999 and 2002)
|
Type of centre |
1999 |
2002 |
|
Bolivian Apprenticeship Institute |
76 |
84 |
|
Accelerated Basic Education |
19 |
21 |
|
Accelerated Intermediate Education Centre |
87 |
105 |
|
Integrated Centre |
96 |
111 |
|
Human Sciences and Agricultural Technical Education Centre |
30 |
42 |
|
Integrated Community and Rural Education Centre |
10 |
13 |
|
Others* |
22 |
27 |
|
Total |
340 |
403 |
Source: Department of Literacy and Children’s and Adult Education, Office of the Deputy Minister for School and Alternative Education.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
* Includes mobile units offering primary and technical education.
220.In accordance with Act No. 1565, these centres offer primary, secondary and technical education for adults. There was rapid growth in enrolment in the years 1999-2000 (21.6 per cent) and 2001-2002 (18.5 per cent), although there was only a modest increase in 2000-2001 (2.8 per cent). The largest increase in enrolment was registered in adult primary education between 1999 and 2002 (220.7 per cent).
Table 8
Enrolment in adult education by programme (1999-2002)
|
Programme |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Primary |
13 546 |
25 797 |
27 913 |
43 441 |
|
Secondary |
37 863 |
36 650 |
35 852 |
40 938 |
|
Technical |
30 071 |
36 652 |
38 147 |
36 401 |
|
Total |
81 480 |
99 099 |
101 912 |
120 780 |
Source: Department of Literacy and Children’s and Adult Education, Office of the Deputy Minister for School and Alternative Education.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
221.In 2002, there were 2,929 adult education teachers throughout the country (table 9); 67.6 per cent of them were based in centres along the country’s central axis (La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz). As can be seen, the number of teachers increased by 7.6 per cent between 2000 and 2002, although there was a slight decrease in 2001. There were 908 administrative staff in 2002, making up 23.6 per cent of all staff.
Table 9
Number of teachers and administrative staff in the adulteducation sector (2000-2002)
|
Staff |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Teachers |
2 722 |
2 671 |
2 929 |
|
Administrative staff |
Not available |
Not available |
908 |
Source: Department of Literacy and Children’s and Adult Education, Office ofthe Deputy Minister for School and Alternative Education.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
222.From these tables, it can be deduced that there is a student-teacher ratio of roughly 41:1. This is higher than the ratio recommended by education specialists, even for the formal education sector, pointing to the need to raise the number of teachers in the adult education sector.
223.Although some progress has been made, there are still difficulties in relation to the training of teachers for adult education, curricular shortcomings, budgetary allocations, a shortage of teacher training colleges, a shortage of teachers, etc.
224.The illiteracy rate in Bolivia decreased between 1992 and 2001, as shown in table 10.
Table 10
Illiteracy rate among those over 15, by age group (1992 and 2001)
(percentage)
|
Population by age group |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
1992 Census |
20.01 |
11.84 |
27.87 |
|
Adolescents (15 to 18) |
5.39 |
3.46 |
7.30 |
|
Young people (19 to 25) |
7.20 |
4.12 |
10.09 |
|
Adults (26 to 44) |
15.90 |
7.88 |
23.48 |
|
Adults (45 to 64) |
38.37 |
22.70 |
53.07 |
|
Older adults (65 or more) |
59.59 |
45.63 |
71.41 |
|
2001 Census |
13.28 |
6.94 |
19.35 |
|
Adolescents (15 to 18) |
2.00 |
1.23 |
2.79 |
|
Young people (19 to 25) |
3.42 |
1.75 |
5.03 |
|
Adults (26 to 44) |
8.29 |
3.57 |
12.79 |
|
Adults (45 to 64) |
25.56 |
12.61 |
38.27 |
|
Older adults (65 or older) |
51.92 |
34.49 |
66.26 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
225.Gender inequality in education is particularly evident in the illiteracy rates (table 10). The last census reveals that 19.35 per cent of women cannot read or write, compared with 6.94 per cent of men. This inequality exists in all age groups. Although significant progress has been made in the last 25 years, the fact that illiteracy exists among young people is a major concern. Illiteracy among this age group reflects the difficulties faced by the education system in ensuring that children attend, and remain in, school. Therefore, as mentioned previously, a programme to encourage rural girls to attend and remain in school was developed some years ago (see executive summary attached).
(b)Special education
226.Special education, as an element of alternative education, is aimed at enabling people to complete their education and providing access to education for those who have not started or not completed their formal education for reasons of exceptional physical and mental conditions. Children with special educational needs must have access to specific services and/or support, and therefore a series of educational resources are made available to them.
227.In 2002, 6,981 children attended special education centres across the country: 48.3 per cent were girls and 51.7 per cent boys (table 11). It should be noted that more than two thirds of those children had learning difficulties (38.3 per cent) and mental disabilities (30.6 per cent). Almost two thirds of the total number attended centres in Santa Cruz (44.3 per cent) and Cochabamba (21.3 per cent).
Table 11
Beneficiaries of special needs education, by condition* (2002)
|
Condition |
Female |
Male |
Total |
Percentage |
|
Learning difficulties |
1 237 |
1 399 |
2 636 |
38.3 |
|
Hearing impairment |
552 |
562 |
1 114 |
16.2 |
|
Visual impairment |
218 |
257 |
475 |
6.9 |
|
Mental disability |
1 044 |
1 067 |
2 111 |
30.6 |
|
Physical disability |
201 |
197 |
398 |
5.8 |
|
Multiple disabilities |
73 |
81 |
154 |
2.2 |
|
Gifted |
1 |
2 |
3 |
0.0 |
|
Total |
3 326 |
3 565 |
6 891 |
100.0 |
Source: Departmental education services.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
* The category of “emotional or behavioural problems” is not included. In addition, since enrolment in Cochabamba is not disaggregated by sex, it was estimated on the basis of relative participation in the total for each condition in 2001.
228.Under the process of educational reform, persons with mild disabilities are integrated into the regular education sector. Under article 85 of the regulations on curricular organization, “special education for students who do not present major problems will be provided by integrating them into the education system’s regular establishments, under the constant guidance of duly qualified staff”. Not all special needs students can be integrated into the regular system ‑ only those who have mild mental disabilities and some others with sensory or motor disabilities. However, “in practice, a process of integration into education and employment for people with special educational needs has not been consolidated or become widespread”.
229.Table 12 shows that 1,212 people, or 34.1 per cent of the total population receiving special education in 2002, have been integrated into the regular system. It is notable that a high percentage of children in the learning difficulties (71 per cent) and visual impairment (52.9 per cent) categories were integrated.
Table 12
Number of people integrated into regular education by condition (2002)
|
Condition |
Number of people integrated |
Percentage |
|
Learning difficulties |
780 |
71.0 |
|
Hearing impairment |
59 |
10.6 |
|
Visual impairment |
163 |
52.9 |
|
Mental disability |
169 |
12.9 |
|
Physical disability |
38 |
14.6 |
|
Multiple disabilities |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Gifted |
3 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
1 212 |
34.1 |
Source: Departmental education services.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
230.In 2002, there were a total of 678 teachers in special education, of whom 42.5 per cent worked with people with mental disabilities, while 18 per cent handled learning difficulties (table 13).
Table 13
Number of special education teachers by condition catered for (2002)
|
Condition |
Female |
Male |
Total |
Percentage |
|
Learning difficulties |
105 |
17 |
122 |
18.0 |
|
Hearing impairment |
131 |
28 |
159 |
23.5 |
|
Visual impairment |
43 |
20 |
63 |
9.3 |
|
Mental disability |
221 |
67 |
288 |
42.5 |
|
Physical disability |
14 |
16 |
30 |
4.4 |
|
Multiple disabilities |
15 |
1 |
16 |
2.4 |
|
Gifted |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Total |
529 |
149 |
678 |
100.0 |
Source: Departmental education services.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
231.In 2002, there were 102 special education centres across the country, in both urban and rural areas, the majority of which catered for people with learning difficulties and mental disabilities (table 14).
Table 14
Number of special education centres by condition catered for* (2002)
|
Area |
Centres |
Percentage |
|
Learning difficulties |
45 |
44.1 |
|
Hearing impairment |
31 |
30.4 |
|
Visual impairment |
25 |
24.5 |
|
Mental disability |
36 |
35.3 |
|
Physical disability |
21 |
20.6 |
|
Multiple disabilities |
7 |
6.9 |
|
Gifted |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Total |
102 |
100.0 |
Source: Departmental education services.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
* The numbers of centres do not necessarily add up to the total since some centres cater for more than one condition.
232.There are still problems in special education related to the curriculum, teacher training, infrastructure, the administrative structure and others that have not yet been resolved. Other types of problems, beyond the direct control of the State, are linked to a lack of community commitment to special education.
Compulsory free primary education system
233.As already mentioned in the section on article 13, primary education in Bolivia is compulsory and free. Consequently, to improve access to education and conditions in secondary schools, Bolivian education policy has achieved increased coverage, accessibility and retention rates and, although some problems persist, some important advances have been made which are reflected in indicators comparing data from 1992 and 2001.
234.At the moment the Ministry of Education’s multiyear plan for 2004‑2008 focuses on an improvement in quality, access and retention in the national education system of among the population facing high levels of exclusion.
235.One of the concluding observations adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights referred to the slow process of spreading literacy, the high levels of illiteracy in Bolivia and the degree of non‑attendance at school. In this connection, we will present some of the progress made in relation to this concern since 2001.
236.As previously mentioned, the educational situation is analysed by means of results indicators such as the rate of illiteracy, children’s access to school and how long they stay there, and others. However, it should be pointed out that the results from the national educational system do not reflect only the effort being made in the sector, but also relate to the pupil’s family environment and the economic situation of the country. The fact that Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with more than half of its population in a situation of poverty, especially those living in the rural areas, has a negative impact on its educational results.
Table 15
Trends in some indicators
|
Indicator |
1992 |
2001 |
|
Average years of study 1 |
6.1 |
7.4 |
|
Illiteracy 2 |
20 |
13.3 |
|
Gross coverage (primary) |
99.8 |
108.4 |
|
Gross coverage (all levels) |
75.5 |
88.4 |
|
Drop‑out rate (all levels) |
10.1 |
6.4 |
|
Completion rate (8th year of primary) |
55.4 |
75.5 |
|
Completion rate (4th year of secondary) |
31.1 |
48.4 |
|
Expenditure on education/GDP 3 |
2.8 |
4.2 |
1 Population 19 years old or more.
2 Population 15 years old or more.
3 Does not include universities.
237.The illiteracy rate among the population aged 15 or over was 13.3 per cent according to the 2001 census. Despite the fact that the rate had decreased in comparison with the previous census (table 15), the current level and disparities that exist between the sexes and geographical areas are nonetheless a matter of concern. There is a high illiteracy rate in rural areas (25.8 per cent) ‑ a phenomenon which affects women (37.9 per cent) more than men (14.4 per cent).
Table 16
Illiteracy rate among the population aged 15 or over by sex and geographical area (1992 and 2001) (percentages)
|
Area |
1992 census* |
2001 census* |
||||
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
|
Rural |
36.5 |
23.1 |
49.9 |
25.8 |
14.4 |
37.9 |
|
Urban |
8.9 |
3.8 |
13.5 |
6.4 |
2.5 |
10.0 |
|
Total |
20.0 |
11.8 |
27.7 |
13.3 |
6.9 |
19.4 |
Source: National Statistics Institute (2002 b).
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
* Does not include people who are normally resident abroad or who do not specify whether they can read and write.
238.The educational status of the adult population described in the tables above, showing the particularly disadvantaged position of the rural and female population, reflects the problems and limitations of the education system prior to 1994, above all in the formal sector.
239.In accordance with the recommendation of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights concerning the possibility of educating indigenous people in their native tongues, Bolivia has decided to encourage education that fosters interaction among the different cultures in the country, in order to facilitate the coexistence of people in an atmosphere of mutual respect, consolidation of democracy and development, without social exclusion. The Educational Reform Programme meets this need through bilingual and intercultural education, which is reflected in Act No. 1565, in various curricula, in teaching materials and in teacher training.
240.The intercultural nature of education makes for experiences which allow children to use, take advantage of, critically assess, know and develop their own languages and cultures, and at the same time to recognize, accept and appreciate the existence of others. Interculturality is one of the foundations and purposes of Bolivian education, and accordingly it is present in all forms and levels of education.
241.Under the bilingual method, children learn to read and write in their mother tongue (Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní or another indigenous language), and to speak, read and write in Spanish; it is also intended to develop various skills in mathematics, life sciences and other areas in both their mother tongue and in Spanish.
242.In this way bilingual intercultural education seeks to ensure not only that children begin their studies in their mother tongue, but that they also enhance and reclaim their culture.
243.In rural areas of Bolivia 29.9 per cent of the population do not speak Spanish and 63.1 per cent claim that they learned to speak in their native language, which shows that children need to start learning to read and write in their mother tongue, so that they are not ashamed of speaking, asking questions and participating in classes (which increases their self‑esteem), because on the one hand they understand what the teacher is telling them and they do not repeat things without understanding them and, on the other hand, having learned in their mother tongue it is easier for them to learn and understand a second language.
244.The bilingual method is used mainly in rural areas. Figure 6 shows the trend in schools selected to use the bilingual method, and it may be seen that an increasing number of schools are bilingual. Until 2002, there was a large rise in the number of these schools, which reached 2,899 in all rural areas ‑ over two and half times the number in 1997.
Figure 6
Public‑sector schools in rural areas selected to use the bilingual method (1997‑2002)
Source: Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
245.To date learning modules have been prepared for the first and second cycles of primary school in Spanish, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní for life sciences, language and mathematics. In this way learning in a first and second language has become a reality.
Completion rate
246.The completion rate for primary school is defined as the proportion of children aged 13, the official age for attending grade 8, who successfully complete this grade. The completion rate for secondary school is defined as the proportion of children aged 17, the official age for grade 4 of secondary school, who successfully complete this grade. These indicators provide a rough picture of the retention rate by measuring the number of children who complete primary and secondary school as a percentage of the population which is of an age to complete them.
247.The proportion of girls completing primary school increased from 52.1 per cent in 1992 to 69.6 per cent in 2001. In the case of boys, this percentage rose from 58.7 per cent to 73.3 per cent (figure 7). This means that in 2001 approximately 70,600 girls and 75,700 boys completed primary school compared with approximately 39,500 girls and 45,300 boys in 1992. In 2001, of all the children who completed primary school, 54,000 were of the official age, whereas more than 150,600 boys who were of an age to complete primary school did not and will never do so.
Figure 7
Completion rate for grade 8 of primary school, by sex (1992 and 2001)
Source: National Statistics Institute, Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
248.Between 1992 and 2001, the proportion of young persons who completed secondary school rose from 32.8 per cent to 48.9 per cent for boys and from 29.4 per cent to 47.9 per cent for girls. In 2001, approximately 140,000 young persons aged 17 had not completed secondary school or will never do so (figure 8).
Figure 8
Completion rate for grade 4 of secondary school, by sex (1992 and 2001)
Source: National Statistics Institute, Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
249.In rural areas only 53.9 per cent of boys and approximately 43.9 per cent of girls complete primary school. In urban areas the rate is higher: 85.7 per cent for boys and 84.2 per cent for girls. Nonetheless, greater efforts must be made to ensure that more children complete primary school (figure 9).
250.The situation in secondary education is more worrying: in urban areas around 60.1 per cent of children complete this level, whereas only 22.9 per cent do so in rural areas (figure 10). This situation causes concern given that completion of secondary studies is necessary to ensure better integration into the labour market, which does not happen to a satisfactory level in urban areas, and less so in rural areas.
251. Observing the percentage of children who have completed primary school in rural areas (figure 9), one can see that girls fare worse than boys: the highest dropout rate is for girls aged between 11 and 14. This severely jeopardizes their chances of continuing into secondary education and further studies in the future.
252.With a view to redressing the balance for girls in rural areas, in 1999 the Ministry of Education embarked on efforts to ensure that girls in rural areas have access to and stay in school, which has been implemented thus far in 50 municipalities in Oruro, Chuquisaca, Potosí and La Paz with high dropout rates for girls. The aim is to promote access to and retention in primary schools in rural areas for girls through sustainable and replicable strategies, placing emphasis on research, awareness-raising and targeted assistance, as well as identifying factors which facilitate or impede the process (see the attached executive summary).
253.Pursuant to Act No. 1565 and Supreme Decree No. 23950, secondary education has a complex structure, but this has not been implemented in practice owing to delays with the introduction of the educational reform programme. Under the proposed structure, secondary education is divided into two cycles. The first (technology) cycle lasts two years and is targeted at all students; completion of this cycle should lead to a basic technical diploma, with a specialization defined at the regional level. The second (differentiated) cycle lasts two years and leads to a dual-track qualification: the technical baccalaureate and the humanities baccalaureate. The technical baccalaureate is intended to prepare students for joining the labour market thanks to a vocational specialization defined at the regional level; they will undergo further training mainly in technical and technological institutes. The humanities baccalaureate should offer students the possibility of majoring in various fields and leads to university studies or teacher training. The subject areas laid down in Supreme Decree No. 23950 for secondary education are communication and language, mathematics, expression and creativity, natural sciences and ecology, social sciences, psychology, philosophy, logic and ethics, technology and computing and vocational training.
Figure 9
Completion rate for grade 8 of primary school, by sex and geographical area (2001)
Source: National Statistics Institute, Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
Figure 10
Completion rate for grade 4 of secondary school, by sex and geographical area (2001)
Source: National Statistics Institute, Educational Information System.
Prepared by: Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
254.As part of the National Education Congressthematic workshopshave been held on specific themes; departmental congresses dealing with the same themes have also been held. In the workshop on secondary education, held in Cobija in November, there was broad consensus that secondary education has not benefited sufficiently from the process of educational reform and that it should be redefined with a comprehensive humanities-technical baccalaureate in contrast to the dual-track option laid down in Act No. 1565.Another idea which gainedacceptance during the National Education Congress and other meetings and processes - the “Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue and the Bolivian Poverty Reduction Strategy 2004-2007 - was that of a production-oriented education linked to vocational, technical and technological training.
255.As the educational reform programme has continued, with a view to achieving generally accessible technical and vocational secondary education, a project has been launched to reform secondary education so that it will tie in with the new system of technical and technological training. There is already a preliminary version of the project which includes components and subcomponents intended to improve access and retention, quality and relevance and educational management.
Right to take part in cultural life
256.Bolivia has special legislation to ensure the observance of this right, details of which are given below:
1.Constitution - articles 7 (e), 171 (1), 177 (1), 191 and 192;
2.Property of the Nation (Tiahuanaco Ruins and Lake Titicaca) Act;
3.National Monument Act;
4.Bibliographical and Documentary Heritage Protection Acts;
5.Cinema Act - articles 1, 2, 30, 33 and 34;
6.Copyright Act;
7.Administrative Decentralization and Cultural Heritage Act;
8.Citizen Participation and Municipal and Community Cultural Property Act;
9.Supreme Decree on National Monuments;
10.Supreme Decree on the Bibliographical and Documentary Heritage;
11.Supreme Decree on Cataloguing and Preservation of the Artistic Heritage of the Nation;
12.Supreme Decree on Palaeontological Research;
13.Supreme Decree prohibiting the sale of archaeological objects;
14.Supreme Decree on Protection of the Ethnological and Ethnographic Heritage;
15.Ministerial decision on Archaeological Excavations;
16.Regulations governing anthropological research;
17.Regulations pursuant to the Copyright Act.
257.Bolivia has also signed a number of agreements in this area:
I. CONVENTIONS
1.Agreement on the Fund for the Development of Cultures and Dialogue
258.The purpose of the agreement is to establish a cultural fund to develop and promote cultural output and support cultural processes and projects in a spirit of diversity, pluralism and dialogue. The parties to the agreement are the Government of Bolivia and the Danish Embassy in Bolivia.
259.The guiding principle of all the projects and studies is to ensure their sustainability as processes that inspire and promote public policies; the projects and policies will be approved by the Board of Governors of the Cultural Fund, which may propose project guidelines in the framework of intercultural dialogue. The projects will be implemented as a result of invitations to tender, merit-based competitions or direct invitations.
2.Convention on People of African Descent
260.In 2002, the first National Afro-Bolivian Meeting was held to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the country, and to establish forums for reflection and debate with a view to devising development policies to promote integration into State institutions.
Right to enjoy scientific progress and its applications
261.Bearing in mind that higher education must be made accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means, and in particular through the gradual introduction of free education, it should be noted that Bolivia has State universities that offer free training.
262.In order to ensure that scientific progress makes a substantial contribution to national economic, cultural and social development, and to enhance Bolivia’s standing, a number of specific policies must be put into practice.
263.The Department of Science and Technology, which reports to the Deputy Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology, has prepared a National Science and Technology and Innovation Plan for 2004-2009, which it is hoped will provide genuine support for the scientific and technological component of education.
264.Activities to disseminate science and culture, which are important in ensuring, through the process of integration, the adoption of genuine national and regional mechanisms that promote coordination and exchange and the establishment of networks and strategic alliances, have been pursued mainly through the Andrés Bello Convention.
265.Over the last few decades formal and informal educational programmes on science and technology have been implemented, which are intended to develop different strategies for acquainting children and young people with scientific knowledge.
266.Examples include the Cucli-Cucli Programme under the Andrés Bello Convention, the regional medium-term project on educational innovations organized by UNESCO and l’Oreal, and the innovative education network INNOVEMOS.
267.In addition, it should be noted that in cooperation with national science and technology organizations the Andrés Bello Convention has been promoting a joint plan of action on the popularization and teaching of science.
268.The National Science and Technology Plan includes a Programme for the Dissemination and Popularization of Science and Technology, whose purpose will be to promote the dissemination and spread of scientific knowledge in Bolivian society.
269.Activities to promote and develop cooperation are very useful; accordingly, human resources training has been promoted, for example by granting fellowships and periods of training in centres of excellence abroad.
270.Examples of such activities include those conducted under the Ibero-American Programme of Science and Technology for Development, such as workshops and courses, exchanges among researchers, miniforums, forums, etc.
271.UNESCO has also organized higher education fellowships and even competitive examinations for posts.
40. The Committee urges the State party to pursue land reform as a priority in its agenda, to provide the economic and human resources needed for its implementation and to proceed without delay with the title establishment procedures.
272.Please see the report on population and housing.
41. The Committee recommends that the State party address the problems of the large housing shortage, the high incidence of forced evictions and the lack of social housing for low - income, vulnerable and marginalized groups. The Committee requests the State party, in its second periodic report, to give detailed information on the number and nature of forced evictions having taken place in Bolivia, in accordance with general comment No. 7 of the Committee.
273.Please see the report on the population and housing census.
42. The Committee urges the State party to address the problems and shortcomings facing children and affecting their welfare, beginning with the varied types of child exploitation such as the trafficking of children, their sexual exploitation and domestic maltreatment. The Committee urges the State party to provide the necessary financial resources needed for children’s education and the eradication of child malnutrition.
Protection and assistance on behalf of all children and young persons to protect them against economic and social exploitation
274.On 27 October 1999, the Children’s and Young Persons’ Code was adopted. Title VI establishes the right to protection at work, by prohibiting the employment of children in dangerous and unhealthy activities, and work which undermines their dignity. Through the inspection and registration of companies, the Ministry of Labour monitors the employment of children or young persons.
275.The National Plan for the Progressive Eradication of Child Labour, which is to be implemented by 2010, was approved by Supreme Decision No. 220849 of 7 June 2001.
276.Below is a report submitted by the Government of Bolivia in accordance with article 22 of the ILO Constitution, covering the period 1 June 2003 to 1 June 2004, on measures taken to give effect to the provisions of the:
Convention concerning medical examination for fitness for employment in industry of children and young persons (Convention No. 77), 1946,ratified by Bolivia on 15 November 1973
I.The legal provisions through which this Convention is implemented, and which are attached to this report, are the following:
(a)Children’s and Young Persons’ Code, Act No. 2026 of 27 October 1999;
(b)Regulations relating to the Children’s and Young Persons’ Code, Supreme Decree No. 27443 of 8 April 2004;
(c)Biministerial decision of 11 May 2004, adopted further to the provisions of the aforementioned Convention, and also as part of the National Plan for the Progressive Eradication of Child Labour, which is being implemented pursuant to Convention No. 182.
II.This Convention was ratified by Decree-Law No. 7737 of 28 July 1966 [sic]. In the absence of any express provisions and by virtue of international practice and doctrine, any instrument incorporated into Bolivian legislation by ratification takes precedence in terms of its implementation, as it is considered to be a special law.
277.As far as the implementation of Convention No. 77 is concerned, the Children’s and Young Persons’ Code contains two chapters which deal with the labour regime for young persons aged between 14 and 18: one concerning minors who work for others (applicable to industry, mining, business, etc.) and another concerning those who work for themselves.
278.A draft supreme decree regulating salaried employment in agriculture (attached) is currently awaiting approval by the Executive. The draft contains a specific chapter on the employment of young persons, making it compulsory to conduct free regular medical examinations to confirm their fitness for employment in the sector.
279.The Ministry of Labour is introducing a new form (attached) to be used by its inspectors, with detailed specifications concerning health, hygiene and occupational safety in respect of young persons. The Ministry has also made contact with the Bolivian Standardization and Quality Institute, the specialist body in such matters, to seek its advice on drafting regulations under the General Health, Occupational Safety and Welfare Act concerning the work of young persons in industry and mining; it is hoped that the regulations will be ready within 45 days.
Part 1. General provisions
Article 1
The Children’s and Young Persons’ Code contains express provisions which differentiate between working for others and for oneself, in addition to working for one’s family. This specific division ensures compliance with article 1, paragraph 3, of the Convention. Furthermore, and as mentioned above, the draft regulations on salaried employment in agriculture (drafted and submitted to the Executive for promulgation, and currently with the Political and Economic Analysis Unit), will have a chapter relating specifically to young persons, which will complete the division of the different sectors in which young persons work.
Article 2
The Ministry of Health and Sports has launched a programme for the carrying out of medical examinations on young persons as part of the National Plan for the Progressive Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, under which, and in cooperation with the Ministry of Labour, priority has been accorded to three areas: work during harvest time, work in mining and sexual exploitation. Under the programme for 2004, in cooperation with NGOs such as CARE and Save the Children (Canada) and with financial support from UNICEF, priority will be given to medical examinations on young persons working during the sugar cane harvest and in mining, in the latter case with special checks on the use of toxic and chemical substances.
In order to ensure that medical examinations to certify fitness for work are generally and progressively introduced, the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Health and Sports issued biministerial decision No. 001/04, which stipulates that medical certificates shall be issued free of charge with four copies made for the young person in question, the employer, the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Ministry of Labour.
Article 3
There is no legal provision relating to the periodicity of medical examinations. This and other issues covered in Convention No. 77 will be defined in the general regulations pursuant to the General Health, Occupational Safety and Welfare Act which are being drafted. It should also be pointed out that Bolivia has requested technical cooperation for the implementation of conventions and recommendations. As part of this international assistance it is planned to promote the implementation of this Convention first and foremost in the priority areas mentioned above, and in accordance with the National Plan for the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child Labour.
Article 4
Please refer to the answer relating to the previous article.
Article 5
Please refer to the second paragraph of the comments on article 2 of this report. In addition, it should be noted that all the regulations to be drafted will stipulate that all medical examinations should be free of charge.
Article 6
Please refer to the answer relating to article 3.
Article 7
The methods of supervision established by the Ministry of Labour are followed by the Industrial Safety Department, the Labour Department and the Department of Trade Union Affairs, which report to the Deputy Minister of Labour. They use a technical inspection form (attached) which covers aspects relating to supervision of the work of young persons, taking into account domestic legislation pursuant to the Convention.
Part II. Special provisions for certain countries
The Government of Bolivia wishes to point out that the financial constraints imposed by the crisis currently affecting the Americas, as well as political conditions, have impeded full implementation of the Convention nationwide, especially in remote departmental capitals and in rural areas. However, measures are being adopted which, as far as possible, will gradually allow for implementation throughout the country and in all the sectors in which young persons work.
Article 8
The following are responsible for implementing the legal provisions and regulations relating to this Convention:
(a)The Ministry of Health and Sports as far as carrying out the medical examination for fitness for work and issuing the medical certificate are concerned. At the departmental level, it is the departmental health services attached to the prefectures which are responsible for implementing the provisions of the Convention;
(b)In the administrative sphere at the national level, the Ministry of Labour is responsible for monitoring the implementation of labour and occupational safety standards, through the inspection services under the supervision of the Labour Department and the Industrial Safety Department. Infringements of labour and occupational safety standards are subject to administrative penalties in the form of fines of between 1,000 and 10,000 bolivianos. These amounts are to be changed, as is borne out by the Tripartite Negotiation Agreement concluded with the technical assistance of ILO on 21 April 2004 (attached).
At the local level, the Offices of the Ombudsmen for Children and Young Persons are responsible for handling individual complaints concerning violations of labour standards affecting young persons who work.
IV.To date no court decisions have been handed down on matters of principle relating to the implementation of the Convention.
V.There is no information on the implementation of the Convention in the administrative sphere. The necessary steps are being taken so that statistics on the degree of implementation of the Convention will be available in the future.
VI.This report was sent to the Bolivian Trade Union Federation (Central Obrera Boliviana), which is acknowledged to be the most representative trade union organization in Bolivia, and the Bolivian Confederation of Private Businessmen, representing the employers. No comments have yet been received, as the report was submitted on 4 June 2004. Notes acknowledging receipt of the report by the two organizations are attached (annex No. 3 (a)).
280.In addition to ratifying various ILO conventions (see annex No. 13), the Government has taken the following action in the health sector.
Background
281.In its capacity as the body which regulates and promotes the health of young persons, the Ministry of Health and Sports, in order to ensure comprehensive care with emphasis on prevention, including in areas other than health services and through strategic alliances with the education and justice and other sectors, has drawn up new rules, regulations and programmes aimed at the protection of and assistance to children and young people in Bolivia.
Progress
282.Since 2004, the following plans have been implemented:
1.National Plan for the Comprehensive Health and Development of Young People, 2004-2008;
2.A high-quality outreach programme for young people;
3.New rules and regulations governing clinical protocols for comprehensive health care for young people;
4School Health Programme.
43. The Committee calls upon the State party to take measures to reduce the female mortality rate, and in particular to bring about a reduction of deaths caused by illegal abortion and unassisted childbirth. In particular, the Committee recommends that the State party intensify the implementation of its National Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme, organize educational campaigns regarding women’s sexual and reproductive health, and include such subjects in school curricula.
283.In this connection, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act, Act No. 2426 of 21 November 2002, sets out government policy to combat the problem of maternal and infant mortality. The results of the application of this measure are discussed in the relevant part of this report.
Reduction of the stillbirth rate and of infant mortality and healthy development of the child
Background
284.Bolivia’s efforts in the area of maternal and infant health stretch back many years. In 1994, the National Health Department drew up the Plan for Life, aimed at securing a swift reduction inmortality among mothers and children under 5.
285.As a complement to the Plan for Life, the publicly funded National Maternity and Childhood Insurance scheme wasestablished in 1996.
286.Since 1999, the Basic Health Insurance scheme has covered complications involving haemorrhage in the first half of pregnancy.
287.As a priority component of efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and those of the Bolivian poverty reduction strategy, this scheme constitutes one of the strategies under the specific programme designed to protect the health of pregnant women and children below the age of 5. It also facilitates the implementation of the decentralized and participatory management model and the Unified National Supply System.
288.Since 2003, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme covers all disorders affecting women during pregnancy, childbirth and the first six months of the post-partum period, as well as children up to the age of 5.
289.As part of its duties under the national health service, in addition to providing care free of charge to users in line with the national health policy, Bolivia should promote healthy and safe health facilities and personalized care, through dialogue and respect for values and beliefs, and encourage better health practices, namely those which are evidence-based and in keeping with national standards, thereby providing qualified care to pregnant women and the newborn.
Rules and regulations
290.The Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme was established under Act No. 2426 of 21 November 2002 in pursuance of government policy as a priority component of efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and those of the Bolivian poverty reduction strategy. It constitutes one of the priority strategies under the health policy and the specific programme designed to protect the health of pregnant women and children below the age of 5.
291.The purpose of the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme is to secure a sustainable reduction in maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The objectives of the scheme are:
To promote demand for health care by providing health services free of charge to users -pregnant women up to six months after childbirth and children below the age of 5 - in the areas of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation;
To subsidize demand and improve incentives to multiple health service providers through a system of payment for each package of services provided;
To increase municipal and departmental responsibility for health care;
To ensure shared and collaborative management involving public participation;
To step up decentralization processes, social control and participation in health management at the community level through the organization of local health units and social health networks.
292.Municipal governments are responsible for implementing this insurance scheme and for managing its accounts at the municipal level. They are funded from tax revenue-sharing on an agreed scale of 7 per cent for 2003, 8 per cent for 2004 and 10 per cent as of 2005. Should these funds be insufficient, funds are allocated monthly from the National Solidarity Fund, which come from external debt relief (National Dialogue Act of 2000).
293.The provision of services is compulsory and enforceable in 2,259 public health and social security institutions. In 2003, 1,252,157 children below the age of 5 and 327,700 expectant mothers benefited from these services in urban and rural areas at the three levels of public health care, short-term social security schemes (health funds) and recognized private profit-making and non-profit-making schemes, all of which are organized in municipal health networks consisting of primary health-care institutions and a larger referral institution.
294.The target population for the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme is as follows:
In 2004, 1,267,325 children below the age of 5 and 328,682 expectant mothers;
In 2005, 1,279,269 children below the age of 5 and 328,682 expectant mothers.
Supreme Decree No. 26874 of 12 December 2002 (Regulations governing the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme)
295.This decree regulates the implementation of the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme in terms of its scope, funding, administration, penalties and transitional provisions, setting forth explicitly the rights and obligations of health service providers and beneficiaries.
Supreme Decree No. 26875 of 21 December 2002 (Management model and local health units)
296.This decree regulates the structure of the networks of health institutions, taking into account geographical and functional criteria that enhance the rational use of resources. It also refers to local health units, in the context of the management of the public health system, specifying the functions, duties and responsibilities of the different levels of care.
Ministerial decision No. 0735 (Regulations governing the Unified National Health System )
297.Further to Act No. 1737 (the Medicines Act), Supreme Decree No. 25235 (Regulations pursuant to the Medicines Act) and Supreme Decree No. 26873, the Regulations stipulate that it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health to protect the pharmaceutical service by establishing a legal framework for the management of medicines and supplies throughout the public system.
Progress
298.In the two years since the initiation of the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme (2003 and 2004), the following results have been achieved.
In terms of impact
Public insurance schemes and the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme have helped to reduce mortality rates;
According to the National Demographic and Health Survey for 2003, public insurance schemes in Bolivia brought about a rapid and considerable reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates;
The maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births fell by 41 per cent, from 390 in 1994 to 230 in 2003;
The infant mortality rate (under one year) fell by 44 per cent from 96 per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 54 in 2003;
At the current rate it is estimated that by 2015 (target year for the Millennium Development Goals) figures may be reached that are in line with international standards.
In terms of process
Bolivia’s 314 municipalities are involved in the implementation of the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme;
Some 2,756 establishments are providing services under the Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme at the three levels of health-care management (primary health care includes health units, doctors’ surgeries, health teams; services involve health promotion and prevention, outpatient treatment and temporary hospitalization; secondary health care consists of the basic support hospital, which is larger and has the basic specializations of internal medicine, surgery, paediatrics, gynaecology and obstetrics as well as anaesthaesiology; tertiary health care consists of general hospitals and institutions and specialist hospitals, which provide specialist and subspecialist care);
The proportion of services provided was 70 per cent at the primary health-care level, 18 per cent at the secondary level and 12 per cent at the tertiary level;
Services under the scheme provided in rural areas: 54 per cent for children under 5, 15 per cent for care of the newborn and 36 per cent for pregnant women;
In 2003, a total of 8,378,271 services were provided; in 2004, 13,576,456;
Global membership coverage of 77 per cent was achieved for the period 2003-2004;
Handbooks on administrative processes (instructions for completing forms and collection and payment mechanisms) were designed, approved, printed, given official status and distributed;
A total of 34 administrative technical and medical checks were conducted in the main health institutions in Bolivia;
The institutional logo for the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme was redesigned;
A communication strategy was launched;
Some 1,400 key actors from 314 municipalities and 9 headquarters offices received training in implementing the management model, health networks, local health units, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme and the Unified National Health System.
44. The Committee recommends that the State party give priority to education in its budget, establish literacy programmes for adults, in particular in the rural areas, and make efforts to increase the school attendance levels of children under the age of 9. In this regard, the State party is urged to implement a comprehensive national plan for education for all, as anticipated by paragraph 16 of the Dakar Framework of Action, taking into account the Committee’s general comment Nos. 11 and 13.
299.No information available.
45. The Committee encourages the State party to proceed with enacting the Penal Procedures Code, which renders three of the main indigenous languages, namely Quechua, Aymara and Tupi Guarani, languages of judicial and administrative procedures.
300.The New Code of Criminal Procedure was promulgated by Act No. 1970 of 25 March 1999. However, it does not provide for judicial and administrative proceedings in indigenous languages, although it does provide for the right to an interpreter for accused persons who do not understand Spanish. Interpreters may be chosen by the accused and must assist them in all the procedures necessary for their defence; if an accused persons has no financial resources, the court must assign an interpreter.
301.Furthermore, article 28 of the new law on criminal procedure lays down that criminal proceedings may be terminated as a result of the application of community justice, as follows: “Criminal proceedings shall be terminated when the offence is committed within an indigenous and peasant community by one of its members against another member and when their natural authorities have settled the conflict in accordance with their indigenous customary law, provided that such settlement does not run counter to the basic individual rights and guarantees enshrined in the Constitution. Compatibility in the application of indigenous customary law shall be ensured by means of the law.”
302.In addition, it should be pointed out that the Executive Committee for the Implementation of the New Code of Criminal Procedure has begun to disseminate the new Code to social groups belonging to the Aymara, Quechua Tupi-Guaraní and other communities.
47. The Committee requests the State party to disseminate its concluding observations widely among all levels of society and to inform the Committee on all steps taken to implement them. It also encourages the State party to consult with non-governmental organizations and other members of civil society in the preparation of its second periodic report.
303.The concluding observations were brought to the attention of the State bodies with an interest in their application.
304.In addition, pursuant to Supreme Decree No. 27,420 any further observations on this report will be widely disseminated among representatives of State bodies and civil society.
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