Substantive session of 2007
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANTON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant
Addendum
Bolivia* ** ***
[30 January 2007]
REPORT SUBMITTED BY BOLIVIA TO THE COMMITTEE ONECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CONCERNINGTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIALAND CULTURAL RIGHTS
Recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights concerning the initial country report
1.The initial country report submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in compliance with the relevant International Covenant (E/1990/5/Add.44) was examined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at its 15th, 16th and 17th meetings (E/C.12/2001/SR.15-17), held on 2 and 3 May 2001, and the following concluding observations were adopted:
26. T he Committee strongly urges the State party to ensure that the Covenant is taken into account in the formulation and implementation of all policies concerning economic, social and cultural rights.
2.Inpursuance of Supreme Decree No. 27420 of 26 March 2004,Bolivia is drawing up a National Human Rights Strategy as a mechanism to formulate and implement public policies aimed at promoting the protection of and respect for human rights by:
Promoting the incorporation of the conclusions and recommendations of the various international human rights bodies into the annual work plans of each government entity, in order to ensure compliance with the relevant international treaties and conventions to which Bolivia is a party. The latest recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been included here.
Monitoring compliance with and implementation of the aforementioned recommendations.
Monitoring the implementation of the international human rights norms ratified by Bolivia, together with principles and minimum standards established by specialized international human rights bodies.
Proposing machinery for the implementation of judgements, decisions and recommendations of international human rights bodies.
3.This mechanism is entrusted to the Inter-Agency Council, composed of the following:
(a)Minister for Foreign Affairs and Worship;
(b)Minister for the Presidency;
(c)Minister of Education;
(d)Minister for Indigenous Affairs and Native Peoples;
(e)Minister of Sustainable Development;
(f)Minister of Labour;
(g)Minister of Defence;
(h)Minister of Health;
(i)Judiciary;
(j)Public Prosecutor’s Office;
(k)Representatives of the human rights community (civil society).
The Council is chaired by the Minister for the Presidency and is in charge of formulating and implementing the National Human Rights Strategy. To do so, it must administer the economic resources necessary for the implementation and execution of the Strategy, together with the national treasury and international cooperation.
4.The functions of the Inter-Agency Council are: to promote the incorporation of the conclusions and recommendations of different United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies in the annual work plans of each government entity, in order to ensure compliance with human rights treaties and conventions; and to monitor compliance with and implementation of the conclusions and recommendations of the various United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies.
5.The Inter-Agency Council also monitors the implementation of the international human rights norms ratified by Bolivia, together with guidelines, principles and minimum standards pursuant to resolutions of specialized human rights bodies. The Council proposes machinery for the implementation of judgements, decisions and recommendations by international human rights bodies and implements the international agenda on human rights commitments.
6.In order to attain the stated goals, the National Human Rights Strategy also has an Inter‑Ministerial Human Rights Commission, which comprises all the deputy ministers in the executive and whose main function is to prepare country reports on human rights for the various international bodies.
7.Lastly, the National Human Rights Strategy has a technical secretariat tasked to coordinate this whole process. It is attached to the office of the Deputy Minister of Justice, which is the implementing body of the Strategy and provides continuous liaison between the Inter-Agency Council, the Inter-Ministerial Commission and civil society.
8.Work in the framework of the National Human Rights Strategy commenced in the 2004 financial year with the preparation of a document on human-rights-related public policies, which will be finalized shortly and submitted to Parliament to initiate the legislative process. However, it will hopefully be possible to implement some of the measures set forth in the document concurrently with the legislative process. The adoption of the National Human Rights Strategy will enable the Government to identify the objectives to be pursued.
9.To conclude, it should be pointed out that a Constituent Assembly will meet in 2006, providing an opportunity for Bolivian society to adopt a new Constitution, which will no doubt mark a step forward in terms of human rights compared with the current basic law of the Republic.
27. The Committee encourages the State party to ratify the Protocol of San Salvador to the American Convention on Human Rights, which the State party signed in 1988.
10.The “Protocol of San Salvador” was ratified pursuant to Act No. 3293 of 12 December 2005.
28. The Committee calls upon the State party to ensure that the economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in the Covenant are directly applicable in the domestic legal order.
11.The economic, social and cultural rights of the Bolivian people are guaranteed in the Constitution, which recognizes the right of individuals to health; the right to work and engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity; the right to receive an education and to acquire culture; the right to fair remuneration for their labour, which will provide them and their families with an existence worthy of a human being; and the right to social security.
12.These principles are consistent with other principles enunciated in the same body of law, as provided in articles 156 and 192.
13.Articles 2 (aims) and 3 (objectives and policies) of the Educational Reform Act complement and define several provisions of the national education system.
14.With regard to the functions of the State institution responsible for plans and programmes in the area of culture, Supreme Decree No. 26973 sets forth the powers of the Deputy Minister of Culture.
15.With regard to health, in addition to the regular services and benefits provided by the Ministry of Health, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act is designed to provide universal, comprehensive and free health benefits at all levels of the national health system and the short-term social security scheme for expectant mothers from the beginning of pregnancy to six months after the birth, and children from birth until five years of age.
29. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the effect of the decentralization of government on the enjoyment by Bolivian citizens of their economic, social and cultural rights.
16.Articles 200 and 206 of the Constitution establish the general principles applicable in the matter, which are reflected in the following specific legal provisions:
The People’s Participation Act
This Act recognizes, promotes and consolidates the process of popular participation by bringing together the indigenous, rural and urban communities in the legal, political and economic life of the nation. It endeavours to improve the quality of life of Bolivian men and women by means of a fairer distribution and better administration of public resources. It strengthens the political and economic instruments necessary to enhance representative democracy by facilitating citizen participation and guaranteeing equality of opportunity at the various levels of representation to men and women.
To achieve these objectives, the Act:
Recognizes the legal personality of urban and rural grassroots organizations (Organizaciones territoriales de base) and defines their relationship with public institutions;
Gives municipal governments territorial jurisdiction over provincial sections. Increases the powers and resources of municipal governments and transfers to them the physical infrastructure relating to education, health, sports, local roads and small irrigation projects, including the obligation to manage, maintain and renew them;
Establishes the principle of equal distribution per inhabitant of the joint resources from taxation allocated and transferred to the departments, through the corresponding municipalities and universities, and seeks to correct the historical imbalances between urban and rural areas;
Reorganizes the functions and powers of public institutions so that they act within the framework of the rights and duties articulated in the present Act.
Recognition of the grassroots organizations and their representatives:
I.Popular participation is ensured through grassroots organizations, in the shape of peasant communities, indigenous peoples and neighbourhood groups, organized in accordance with their customs or statutory provisions.
II.Male and female captains, jilacatas, curacas, mallcus, general secretaries and others who have been appointedin accordance with the customs and statutory provisions of the grassroots organizations are recognized to be the representatives of these organizations.
The Municipalities Act
Article 1 of the Act provides that the municipality, a local and autonomous government unit, is a public-law entity with legal personality and its own property representing all persons living in a given territorial jurisdiction with the aim of meeting the daily needs of the community.
The Administrative Decentralization Act
Aims:
To lay down the organizational structure of the Executive at the departmental level within the administrative decentralization regime;
To establish arrangements governing economic and financial resources at the departmental level;
To improve and strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration in providing direct, community-based services.
On 18 December 2005 the Bolivian people elected the Prefects of the nine departments for the first time by direct ballot, as a way of decentralizing power through popular elections.
30. The Committee urges the State party to take remedial action against the marginalization of, and discrimination against, indigenous populations in all sectors of society. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the efforts made by the State party to enhance the enjoyment of rural populations, in particular rural indigenous populations, of their economic, social and cultural rights.
17.Article 171 of the Constitution stipulates:
I.“The law recognizes, respects and protects the social, economic and cultural rights of the indigenous peoples living in the national territory, especially those relating to their ancestral communal lands, in which it guarantees the sustainable use and enjoyment of their natural resources, and those relating to their identity, values, languages, customs and institutions.
II.The State recognizes the legal personality of indigenous and peasants’ communities, associations and trade unions.
III.The traditional authorities of indigenous and peasants’ communities may exercise administrative functions and apply their own laws as alternative means of conflict resolution, in conformity with their own procedures and customs, provided that they are not contrary to this Constitution and the law. The law shall ensure compatibility between these powers and the role of State institutions.”
18.These provisions are elaborated on in articles 165 to 169 and 172 to 175.
31. The Committee urges the State party to take effective measures to combat discrimination against women in public, economic and social life.
19.Article 6 of the Constitution provides that:
I.“All human beings are endowed with legal personality and capacity in conformity with the law. They shall enjoy the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to race, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, origin, economic or social condition, or any other.”
20.The State has adopted special legislation to enhance the protection of women’s rights in Bolivia, including:
Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997
The Government guarantees equality of rights between men and women in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as gender mainstreaming in public policies, in order to achieve genuine equality by promoting specific measures.
Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997
on equality of opportunity for women and men
Act No. 2119 of 11 September 2000
ratifying the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16 December 1966.
Act No. 2117 of 11 September 2000
ratifying the Convention on the Political Rights of Women.
Act No. 1599 of 18 August 1994
ratifying the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women.
Act No. 1100 of 15 September 1989
ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
21.Protection of mothers for a reasonable period of time before and after childbirth. The Ministry of Labour, through complaints, conciliation, inspections and review of records verifies the payment of family allowances due to workers in accordance with the law. It also verifies compliance with Act No. 975 of 2 May 1988, which affords special protection to pregnant female workers. The Department of Labour and Industrial Safety verifies, by way of on-site inspections, that pregnant female workers are protected and not subject to hazards that could harm the unborn baby or their own health.
22.In addition to these measures, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act, No. 2426, of 21 November 2002, provides for mandatory and enforceable free health benefits for expectant mothers until six months after the birth and to children up to five years of age in all public health establishments, and private establishments that have concluded relevant agreements.
23.In this regard, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reports as follows:
Background
In accordance with the basic principles enunciated in article 58, paragraph 2, of the Constitution and elsewhere, new regulations were formulated on the payment of family allowances by public and private employers to insured or entitled persons.
Pursuant to Supreme Decree No. 27049 of 26 May 2003, the national minimum wage was raised from 430 to 440 bolivianos as of 1 January 2003. This amount is taken as reference for antenatal benefits, nursing mothers’ allowances (in kind) and allowances for birth and burial (in cash). The allowance is payable by the employer.
Currently, approximately 27,000 persons benefit from the Family Allowance Programme at the national level (information for May 2005, provided by the Department for Social Security of the Ministry of Health and Sports).
Developments
24.Rules and regulations drawn up
Regulation s on family allowances 2002-2003, based on the Social Security Code. These regulations make reference to the four types of benefits available to workers and/or their beneficiaries:
Antenatal benefit, which is payable from the first day of the fifth month of pregnancy until the birth of the child.
Nursing mother’s allowance, which is payable from the day the child is born for each child during the first months of life.
Birth allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage to each insured or eligible expectant mother for each child born.
Burial allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage for the death of each under-age child.
The purpose of these allowances is to improve the nutritional status of mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
25.Internal staff regulations of the Ministry of Health and Sports. These are geared towards compliance with the legal provisions governing social security, and cover the following aspects:
Flexible working hours for breastfeeding mothers, that is:
Maternity leave: “Pregnant female workers who have duly informed their employer of their condition exclusively by means of a medical certificate issued by their insurance provider are entitled to six weeks’ leave before and six weeks after the birth of their child” (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act). Provisions are also made for a daily one-hour break for breastfeeding, which may be split into two 30-minute breaks (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act).
32. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt and implement programmes to increase technical and professional training opportunities and job opportunities and to reduce unemployment.
26.The Constitution and other legal instruments establish the right to work as a government priority. The relevant articles of the Constitution provide as follows:
Article 7 (d) establishes the “right to work and to engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity, provided that no harm is done to the common welfare”;
Article 156: “Work is a right and a duty and forms the basis of the social and economic order.”
Article 157:
I.“Labour and capital are under the protection of the State. The relations between labour and capital shall be regulated by the law, which shall lay down rules concerning individual and collective contracts, the minimum wage, hours of work, work by women and minors, weekly and annual paid leave, holidays, Christmas and other bonuses and other forms of company profit-sharing, long-service allowances, dismissal, vocational training and other social benefits and provisions relating to workers’ protection.
II.The Government is responsible for establishing conditions which will guarantee employment opportunities for all, stable employment and fair remuneration.”
27. The General Labour Act
The Law contains general provisions regarding labour rights and obligations, with the exception of the agricultural sector, which is governed by special legislation. It also applies to State-owned enterprises and public or private associations, including charitable associations, except for specially defined cases.
28.It should be pointed out that all forms of forced labour are prohibited in Bolivia, as stated in the presentations made to the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2004 on the measures adopted to implement the provisions of Convention No. 105 (1957) concerning the abolition of forced labour (annex 3 (c)).
29.The Bolivian Government also submitted a presentation for the period 2000 to 2004 relating to article 22 of the ILO Constitution. According to this report:
2. Technical and professional guidance and training, development of programmes, norms and techniques designed to secure continuous economic, social and cultural development and the full and productive employment of persons in Bolivia.
30.The social aspect of employment policy falls within the purview of the Ministry of Labour; the main functions of the General Directorate of Employment relating to the social regime are:
To promote policies and coordinate action to ensure the quality and continuity of sources of occupation and employment.
To provide information on labour market supply and demand as a tool to support the employment policy.
31. Agreements concluded:
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the environment and development organization ORMADE, with the objective of building an inter-agency alliance for the implementation of training programmes aimed at developing productive employment and setting up micro-businesses.
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the Bolivian oil company YPFB (Yacimientos PetrolíferosFiscalesBolivianos), with the objective of building cooperation to strengthen training programmes aimed at developing productive employment.
An agreement was signed between the Ministry of Labour and the NGO Fundación Trabajo Empresa, with the objective of coordinating the development of policies, programmes and projects aimed at curbing unemployment, promoting self-employment and/or strengthening micro-businesses through the exchange of information using the employment network.
Agreement between companies and the National Institute for Labour Training concerning the technical and vocational training of workers.
32.Furthermore, the labour exchange, a body attached to the General Directorate of Employment, has the objective of enhancing supply and demand in the labour market through its programmes, projects and computer systems, in order to reduce distortions arising from unemployment, underemployment and low skill levels.
33.A computer project is currently being implemented by the labour exchange within the General Directorate of Employment in order to improve the quality of employment and strengthen the role of intermediaries. The project is financed by USAID and open to unemployed persons.
STATISTICALTABLES
Table 1
Employment status, by year and by sex, 1999-2003
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003(p) |
|
Total |
8 000 798 |
8 274 803 |
8 248 404 |
8 547 091 |
8 778 538 |
|
Not of working age |
2 078 517 |
2 155 145 |
2 202 118 |
2 283 974 |
2 350 742 |
|
Of working age |
5 922 281 |
6 119 658 |
6 046 286 |
6 263 117 |
6 427 796 |
|
Economically active |
3 802 361 |
3 820 208 |
4 099 151 |
4 046 536 |
4 346 862 |
|
Employed |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Unemployed |
164 468 |
183 160 |
214 900 |
221 598 |
261 060 |
|
Redundant |
108 835 |
140 796 |
168 757 |
177 006 |
189 172 |
|
Seeking work |
55 633 |
42 364 |
46 143 |
44 592 |
71 888 |
|
Economically inactive |
2 119 920 |
2 299 450 |
1 947 135 |
2 216 581 |
2 080 934 |
|
Temporary |
662 410 |
805 962 |
739 486 |
745 109 |
681 997 |
|
Permanent |
1 457 510 |
1 493 488 |
1 207 649 |
1 471 472 |
1 398 937 |
|
Men |
3 959 863 |
4 060 023 |
4 057 188 |
4 244 421 |
4 364 345 |
|
Not of working age |
1 075 426 |
1 114 264 |
1 122 188 |
1 161 259 |
1 213 475 |
|
Of working age |
2 884 437 |
2 945 759 |
2 935 000 |
3 083 162 |
3 150 870 |
|
Economically active |
2 077 390 |
2 115 469 |
2 227 786 |
2 257 521 |
2 377 036 |
|
Employed |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Unemployed |
76 894 |
83 287 |
99 384 |
97 363 |
106 604 |
|
Redundant |
58 499 |
64 167 |
82 626 |
80 958 |
81 456 |
|
Seeking work |
18 395 |
24 817 |
16 758 |
16 405 |
25 148 |
|
Economically inactive |
807 047 |
830 290 |
707 214 |
825 641 |
773 834 |
|
Temporary |
206 996 |
209 343 |
227 103 |
209 033 |
196 380 |
|
Permanent |
600 051 |
620 947 |
480 111 |
616 608 |
577 454 |
|
Women |
4 040 935 |
4 214 780 |
4 191 216 |
4 302 670 |
4 414 193 |
|
Not of working age |
1 003 091 |
1 040 881 |
1 079 930 |
1 122 715 |
1 137 267 |
|
Of working age |
3 037 844 |
3 173 899 |
3 111 286 |
3 179 955 |
3 276 926 |
|
Economically active |
1 724 971 |
1 704 739 |
1 871 365 |
1 789 015 |
1 969 826 |
|
Employed |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Unemployed |
87 574 |
99 873 |
115 516 |
124 235 |
154 456 |
|
Redundant |
50 336 |
76 629 |
86 131 |
96 048 |
107 716 |
|
Seeking work |
37 238 |
30 295 |
29 385 |
28 187 |
46 740 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 312 873 |
1 469 160 |
1 239 921 |
1 390 940 |
1 307 100 |
|
Temporary |
455 414 |
596 619 |
512 383 |
536 076 |
485 617 |
|
Permanent |
857 459 |
872 541 |
727 538 |
854 864 |
821 483 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.1
Urban areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
5 035 535 |
5 268 526 |
5 148 771 |
5 330 045 |
5 647 224 |
|
Not of working age |
1 150 005 |
1 239 406 |
1 257 797 |
1 331 849 |
1 463 283 |
|
Of working age |
3 885 530 |
4 029 120 |
3 890 974 |
3 998 196 |
4 183 941 |
|
Economically active |
2 173 700 |
2 259 792 |
2 356 504 |
2 320 060 |
2 528 507 |
|
Employed |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Unemployed |
156 656 |
168 617 |
200 254 |
201 624 |
231 770 |
|
Redundant |
102 580 |
129 464 |
160 174 |
162 890 |
168 407 |
|
Seeking work |
54 076 |
39 153 |
40 080 |
38 734 |
63 363 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 711 830 |
1 769 328 |
1 534 470 |
1 678 136 |
1 655 434 |
|
Temporary |
511 347 |
597 853 |
574 734 |
517 397 |
495 276 |
|
Per m anent |
1 200 483 |
1 171 475 |
959 736 |
1 160 739 |
1 160 158 |
|
Men |
2 479 023 |
2 543 702 |
2 492 765 |
2 615 698 |
2 766 529 |
|
Not of working age |
595 991 |
643 450 |
645 945 |
692 425 |
756 028 |
|
Of working age |
1 883 032 |
1 900 252 |
1 846 820 |
1 923 273 |
2 010 501 |
|
Economically active |
1 204 577 |
1 245 117 |
1 256 778 |
1 258 504 |
1 365 843 |
|
Employed |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Unemployed |
74 365 |
77 425 |
93 903 |
92 046 |
95 237 |
|
Redundant |
56 253 |
60 255 |
79 039 |
76 181 |
71 366 |
|
Seeking work |
18 112 |
17 170 |
14 864 |
15 865 |
23 871 |
|
Economically inactive |
678 455 |
655 135 |
590 042 |
664 769 |
644 658 |
|
Temporary |
165 661 |
160 528 |
187 738 |
156 333 |
153 177 |
|
Per m anent |
512 794 |
494 607 |
402 304 |
508 436 |
491 481 |
|
Women |
2 556 512 |
2 724 824 |
2 656 006 |
2 714 347 |
2 880 695 |
|
Not of working age |
554 014 |
595 956 |
611 852 |
639 424 |
707 255 |
|
Of working age |
2 002 498 |
2 128 868 |
2 044 154 |
2 074 923 |
2 173 440 |
|
Economically active |
969 123 |
1 014 675 |
1 099 726 |
1 061 556 |
1 162 664 |
|
Employed |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Unemployed |
82 291 |
91 192 |
106 351 |
109 578 |
136 533 |
|
Redundant |
46 327 |
69 209 |
81 135 |
86 709 |
97 041 |
|
Seeking work |
35 964 |
21 983 |
25 216 |
22 869 |
39 492 |
|
Economically inactive |
1 033 375 |
1 114 193 |
944 428 |
1 013 367 |
1 010 776 |
|
Temporary |
345 686 |
437 325 |
386 996 |
361 064 |
342 099 |
|
Permanent |
687 689 |
676 868 |
557 432 |
652 303 |
668 677 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.2
Rural areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002
|
Employment status |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 965 263 |
3 006 277 |
3 099 633 |
3 217 046 |
3 131 314 |
|
Not of working age |
928 512 |
915 739 |
944 321 |
952 125 |
887 459 |
|
Of working age |
2 036 751 |
2 090 538 |
2 155 312 |
2 264 921 |
2 243 855 |
|
Economically active |
1 628 661 |
1 560 416 |
1 742 647 |
1 726 476 |
1 818 355 |
|
Employed |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Unemployed |
7 812 |
14 543 |
14 646 |
19 974 |
29 290 |
|
Redundant |
6 255 |
11 332 |
8 583 |
14 116 |
20 765 |
|
Seeking work |
1 557 |
3 211 |
6 063 |
5 858 |
8 525 |
|
Economically inactive |
408 090 |
530 122 |
412 665 |
538 445 |
425 500 |
|
Te m porary |
151 063 |
208 109 |
164 752 |
227 712 |
186 721 |
|
Per m anent |
257 027 |
322 013 |
247 913 |
310 733 |
238 779 |
|
Men |
1 480 840 |
1 516 321 |
1 564 423 |
1 628 723 |
1 597 816 |
|
Not of working age |
479 435 |
470 814 |
476 243 |
468 834 |
457 447 |
|
Of working age |
1 001 405 |
1 045 507 |
1 088 180 |
1 159 889 |
1 140 369 |
|
Economically active |
872 813 |
870 352 |
971 008 |
999 017 |
1 011 193 |
|
Employed |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Unemployed |
2 529 |
5 862 |
5 481 |
5 317 |
11 367 |
|
Redundant |
2 246 |
3 912 |
3 587 |
4 777 |
10 090 |
|
Seeking work |
283 |
1 950 |
1 894 |
540 |
1 277 |
|
Economically inactive |
128 592 |
175 155 |
117 172 |
160 872 |
129 176 |
|
Te m porary |
41 335 |
48 815 |
39 365 |
52 700 |
43 203 |
|
Per m anent |
87 257 |
126 340 |
77 807 |
108 172 |
85 973 |
|
Women |
1 484 423 |
1 489 956 |
1 535 210 |
1 588 323 |
1 533 498 |
|
Not of working age |
449 077 |
444 925 |
468 078 |
483 291 |
430 012 |
|
Of working age |
1 035 346 |
1 045 031 |
1 067 132 |
1 105 032 |
1 103 486 |
|
Economically active |
755 848 |
690 064 |
771 639 |
727 459 |
807 162 |
|
Employed |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Unemployed |
5 283 |
8 681 |
9 165 |
14 657 |
17 923 |
|
Redundant |
4 009 |
7 420 |
4 996 |
9 339 |
10 675 |
|
Seeking work |
1 274 |
1 261 |
4 169 |
5 318 |
7 248 |
|
Economically inactive |
279 498 |
354 967 |
295 493 |
377 573 |
296 324 |
|
Te m porary |
109 728 |
159 294 |
125 387 |
175 012 |
143 518 |
|
Per m anent |
169 770 |
195 673 |
170 106 |
202 561 |
152 806 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2
Main employment indicators, by year and by sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
55.75 |
60.19 |
47.50 |
54.78 |
47.87 |
|
Men |
38.85 |
39.25 |
31.75 |
36.57 |
32.55 |
|
Women |
76.11 |
86.18 |
66.26 |
77.75 |
66.36 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
74.02 |
73.96 |
73.30 |
73.28 |
73.22 |
|
Men |
72.84 |
72.56 |
72.34 |
72.64 |
72.20 |
|
Women |
75.18 |
75.30 |
74.23 |
73.91 |
74.24 |
|
Employment rate |
61.43 |
59.43 |
64.24 |
61.07 |
63.56 |
|
Men |
69.35 |
68.99 |
72.52 |
70.06 |
72.06 |
|
Women |
53.90 |
50.56 |
56.43 |
52.35 |
55.40 |
|
Gross participation rate |
47.52 |
46.17 |
49.70 |
47.34 |
49.52 |
|
Men |
52.46 |
52.10 |
54.91 |
53.19 |
54.46 |
|
Women |
42.69 |
40.45 |
44.65 |
41.58 |
44.62 |
|
Redundancy rate |
2.86 |
3.69 |
4.12 |
4.37 |
4.35 |
|
Men |
2.82 |
3.03 |
3.71 |
3.67 |
3.43 |
|
Women |
2.92 |
4.50 |
4.60 |
5.39 |
5.47 |
|
Dependency rate |
1.20 |
1.28 |
1.12 |
1.23 |
1.15 |
|
Men |
0.98 |
1.00 |
0.91 |
0.96 |
0.92 |
|
Women |
1.47 |
1.63 |
1.39 |
1.58 |
1.43 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
4.33 |
4.79 |
5.24 |
5.48 |
6.01 |
|
Men |
3.70 |
3.94 |
4.46 |
4.31 |
4.48 |
|
Women |
5.08 |
5.86 |
6.17 |
6.94 |
7.84 |
|
Global employment rate |
95.67 |
95.21 |
94.76 |
94.52 |
93.99 |
|
Men |
96.30 |
96.06 |
95.54 |
95.69 |
95.52 |
|
Women |
94.92 |
94.14 |
93.83 |
93.06 |
92.16 |
|
Global participation rate |
64.20 |
62.43 |
67.80 |
64.61 |
67.63 |
|
Men |
72.02 |
71.81 |
75.90 |
73.22 |
75.44 |
|
Women |
56.78 |
53.71 |
60.15 |
56.26 |
60.11 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.1
Urban areas:Main employment indicators, by year and sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
78.75 |
78.30 |
65.12 |
72.33 |
65.47 |
|
Men |
56.32 |
52.62 |
46.95 |
52.82 |
47.20 |
|
Women |
106.63 |
109.81 |
85.88 |
95.46 |
86.94 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
77.16 |
76.48 |
75.57 |
75.01 |
74.09 |
|
Men |
75.96 |
74.70 |
74.09 |
73.53 |
72.67 |
|
Women |
78.33 |
78.13 |
76.96 |
76.44 |
75.45 |
|
Employment rate |
51.91 |
51.90 |
55.42 |
52.98 |
54.89 |
|
Men |
60.02 |
61.45 |
62.97 |
60.65 |
63.20 |
|
Women |
44.29 |
43.38 |
48.60 |
45.88 |
47.21 |
|
Gross participation rate |
43.17 |
42.89 |
45.77 |
43.53 |
44.77 |
|
Men |
48.59 |
48.95 |
50.42 |
48.11 |
49.37 |
|
Women |
37.91 |
37.24 |
41.41 |
39.11 |
40.36 |
|
Redundancy rate |
4.72 |
5.73 |
6.80 |
7.02 |
6.66 |
|
Men |
4.67 |
4.84 |
6.29 |
6.05 |
5.23 |
|
Women |
4.78 |
6.82 |
7.38 |
8.17 |
8.35 |
|
Dependency rate |
1.50 |
1.52 |
1.39 |
1.52 |
1.46 |
|
Men |
1.19 |
1.18 |
1.14 |
1.24 |
1.18 |
|
Women |
1.88 |
1.95 |
1.67 |
1.85 |
1.81 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
7.21 |
7.46 |
8.50 |
8.69 |
9.17 |
|
Men |
6.17 |
6.22 |
7.47 |
7.31 |
6.97 |
|
Women |
8.49 |
8.99 |
9.67 |
10.32 |
11.74 |
|
Global employment rate |
92.79 |
92.54 |
91.50 |
91.31 |
90.83 |
|
Men |
93.83 |
93.78 |
92.53 |
92.69 |
93.03 |
|
Women |
91.51 |
91.01 |
90.33 |
89.68 |
88.26 |
|
Global participation rate |
55.94 |
56.09 |
60.56 |
58.03 |
60.43 |
|
Men |
63.97 |
65.52 |
68.05 |
65.44 |
67.94 |
|
Women |
48.40 |
47.66 |
53.80 |
51.16 |
53.49 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.2
Rural areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Description |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Ratio of inactive to active population |
25.06 |
33.97 |
23.68 |
31.19 |
23.40 |
|
Men |
14.73 |
20.12 |
12.07 |
16.10 |
12.77 |
|
Women |
36.98 |
51.44 |
38.29 |
51.90 |
36.71 |
|
Potential labour supply rate |
68.69 |
69.54 |
69.53 |
70.40 |
71.66 |
|
Men |
67.62 |
68.95 |
69.56 |
71.21 |
71.37 |
|
Women |
69.75 |
70.14 |
69.51 |
69.57 |
71.96 |
|
Employment rate |
79.58 |
73.95 |
80.17 |
75.34 |
79.73 |
|
Men |
86.91 |
82.69 |
88.73 |
85.67 |
87.68 |
|
Women |
72.49 |
65.20 |
71.45 |
64.51 |
71.52 |
|
Gross participation rate |
54.92 |
51.91 |
56.22 |
53.67 |
58.07 |
|
Men |
58.94 |
57.40 |
62.07 |
61.34 |
63.29 |
|
Women |
50.92 |
46.31 |
50.26 |
45.80 |
52.64 |
|
Redundancy rate |
0.38 |
0.73 |
0.49 |
0.82 |
1.14 |
|
Men |
0.26 |
0.45 |
0.37 |
0.48 |
1.00 |
|
Women |
0.53 |
1.08 |
0.65 |
1.28 |
1.32 |
|
Dependency rate |
0.83 |
0.94 |
0.79 |
0.89 |
0.75 |
|
Men |
0.70 |
0.75 |
0.62 |
0.64 |
0.60 |
|
Women |
0.98 |
1.19 |
1.01 |
1.23 |
0.94 |
|
Official unemployment rate |
0.48 |
0.93 |
0.84 |
1.16 |
1.61 |
|
Men |
0.29 |
0.67 |
0.56 |
0.53 |
1.12 |
|
Women |
0.70 |
1.26 |
1.19 |
2.01 |
2.22 |
|
Global employment rate |
99.52 |
99.07 |
99.16 |
98.84 |
98.39 |
|
Men |
99.71 |
99.33 |
99.44 |
99.47 |
98.88 |
|
Women |
99.30 |
98.74 |
98.81 |
97.99 |
97.78 |
|
Global participation rate |
79.96 |
74.64 |
80.85 |
76.23 |
81.04 |
|
Men |
87.16 |
83.25 |
89.23 |
86.13 |
88.67 |
|
Women |
73.00 |
66.03 |
72.31 |
65.83 |
73.15 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.83 |
1.29 |
0.92 |
1.42 |
1.31 |
|
Professionals |
4.10 |
2.94 |
5.06 |
4.69 |
3.38 |
|
Technical and professional support |
5.12 |
6.64 |
3.86 |
3.81 |
4.33 |
|
Office workers |
3.17 |
3.21 |
3.39 |
2.52 |
1.98 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
15.96 |
15.85 |
15.73 |
15.15 |
17.03 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
38.61 |
37.06 |
30.44 |
40.19 |
37.79 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
18.37 |
17.21 |
15.16 |
16.84 |
18.59 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
4.66 |
4.89 |
5.11 |
4.86 |
4.42 |
|
Unskilled workers |
7.98 |
10.73 |
20.24 |
10.47 |
11.03 |
|
Armed forces |
0.20 |
0.18 |
0.08 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2.40 |
1.42 |
1.39 |
2.02 |
1.72 |
|
Professionals |
4.04 |
3.29 |
4.70 |
4.18 |
2.68 |
|
Technical and professional support |
6.33 |
7.04 |
4.96 |
4.56 |
5.41 |
|
Office workers |
2.60 |
2.49 |
2.46 |
2.07 |
1.70 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
7.58 |
8.28 |
8.11 |
7.56 |
10.08 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
37.59 |
37.67 |
33.64 |
41.32 |
38.37 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
25.27 |
24.41 |
21.09 |
21.62 |
24.31 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
8.43 |
8.62 |
9.20 |
8.43 |
7.83 |
|
Unskilled workers |
5.39 |
6.46 |
14.30 |
8.11 |
7.65 |
|
Armed forces |
0.36 |
0.32 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.25 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755.849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.15 |
1.13 |
0.36 |
0.64 |
0.80 |
|
Professionals |
4.16 |
2.50 |
5.50 |
5.35 |
4.25 |
|
Technical and professional support |
3.64 |
6.12 |
2.54 |
2.82 |
2.97 |
|
Office workers |
3.86 |
4.12 |
4.52 |
3.10 |
2.33 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
26.20 |
25.43 |
24.96 |
24.98 |
25.73 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
39.85 |
36.28 |
26.55 |
38.71 |
37.06 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
9.94 |
8.10 |
7.98 |
10.65 |
11.45 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.05 |
0.18 |
0.16 |
0.22 |
0.15 |
|
Unskilled workers |
11.14 |
16.14 |
27.44 |
13.53 |
15.26 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
2.92 |
1.81 |
1.44 |
2.25 |
1.96 |
|
Professionals |
6.81 |
5.02 |
7.57 |
7.78 |
5.56 |
|
Technical and professional support |
7.88 |
9.89 |
6.51 |
6.16 |
6.34 |
|
Office workers |
5.60 |
5.34 |
6.01 |
4.40 |
3.42 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
25.95 |
24.75 |
25.30 |
24.68 |
26.88 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
3.35 |
3.72 |
4.51 |
5.27 |
5.61 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
27.34 |
25.77 |
23.04 |
26.54 |
26.59 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
7.88 |
7.47 |
8.19 |
7.79 |
7.37 |
|
Unskilled workers |
11.90 |
15.95 |
17.29 |
15.01 |
16.07 |
|
Armed forces |
0.36 |
0.27 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.20 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
3.76 |
1.91 |
2.16 |
3.28 |
2.50 |
|
Professionals |
6.47 |
5.59 |
7.12 |
6.97 |
4.33 |
|
Technical and professional support |
9.70 |
10.50 |
8.61 |
7.51 |
7.49 |
|
Office workers |
4.52 |
4.13 |
4.39 |
3.71 |
2.93 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
12.45 |
13.64 |
13.73 |
13.17 |
16.84 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
4.16 |
4.80 |
5.41 |
6.69 |
5.93 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
37.63 |
37.61 |
33.44 |
34.73 |
37.20 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
14.03 |
13.14 |
14.94 |
13.83 |
13.27 |
|
Unskilled workers |
6.64 |
8.21 |
9.94 |
9.89 |
9.14 |
|
Armed forces |
0.64 |
0.49 |
0.26 |
0.21 |
0.37 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
1.86 |
1.68 |
0.60 |
0.98 |
1.29 |
|
Professionals |
7.23 |
4.31 |
8.10 |
8.78 |
7.08 |
|
Technical and professional support |
5.57 |
9.13 |
4.05 |
4.51 |
4.92 |
|
Office workers |
6.98 |
6.88 |
7.90 |
5.24 |
4.02 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
43.16 |
38.80 |
38.84 |
38.78 |
39.33 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
2.31 |
2.36 |
3.44 |
3.53 |
5.22 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
14.23 |
10.80 |
10.87 |
16.51 |
13.45 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.06 |
0.31 |
0.28 |
0.38 |
0.06 |
|
Unskilled workers |
18.60 |
25.73 |
25.90 |
21.28 |
24.64 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Occupational g roup |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.48 |
0.59 |
0.27 |
0.39 |
0.49 |
|
Professionals |
0.72 |
0.13 |
1.93 |
0.85 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.68 |
2.23 |
0.56 |
0.88 |
1.74 |
|
Office workers |
0.14 |
0.32 |
0.13 |
0.18 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
3.53 |
3.80 |
3.78 |
3.31 |
4.39 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
82.49 |
82.16 |
62.79 |
83.53 |
79.10 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
7.21 |
5.63 |
5.33 |
4.80 |
8.34 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.64 |
1.41 |
1.28 |
1.22 |
0.63 |
|
Unskilled workers |
3.10 |
3.67 |
23.92 |
4.84 |
4.56 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.63 |
0.75 |
0.45 |
0.54 |
0.74 |
|
Professionals |
0.89 |
0.20 |
1.80 |
0.91 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.95 |
2.38 |
0.56 |
1.10 |
2.77 |
|
Office workers |
0.11 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
1.26 |
1.04 |
1.34 |
0.98 |
1.49 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
81.01 |
82.08 |
67.64 |
81.97 |
79.60 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
9.23 |
6.57 |
6.23 |
6.22 |
7.93 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
1.16 |
2.52 |
2.29 |
2.10 |
0.91 |
|
Unskilled workers |
3.77 |
4.10 |
19.56 |
6.03 |
5.75 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.10 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
0.31 |
0.38 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
|
Professionals |
0.53 |
0.05 |
2.11 |
0.76 |
0.57 |
|
Technical and professional support |
1.37 |
2.05 |
0.56 |
0.57 |
0.43 |
|
Office workers |
0.17 |
0.39 |
0.12 |
0.24 |
0.13 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
6.16 |
7.31 |
6.87 |
6.55 |
8.05 |
|
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers |
84.21 |
82.26 |
56.65 |
85.70 |
78.46 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
4.87 |
4.44 |
4.20 |
2.83 |
8.85 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.27 |
|
Unskilled workers |
2.33 |
3.13 |
29.45 |
3.18 |
3.06 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Manual worker |
8.13 |
8.10 |
9.72 |
8.63 |
13.51 |
|
White-collar worker |
20.77 |
20.93 |
19.75 |
20.58 |
16.62 |
|
Self-employed |
40.22 |
40.82 |
35.73 |
36.58 |
37.17 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.77 |
0.64 |
0.49 |
0.61 |
0.32 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
2.17 |
1.31 |
1.72 |
3.84 |
3.21 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.31 |
0.34 |
0.40 |
0.26 |
0.07 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
25.74 |
24.42 |
29.15 |
27.17 |
26.57 |
|
Domestic worker |
1.89 |
3.45 |
3.05 |
2.33 |
2.53 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Manual worker |
13.06 |
12.80 |
15.51 |
12.83 |
21.39 |
|
White-collar worker |
23.92 |
23.30 |
22.16 |
23.34 |
18.38 |
|
Self-employed |
41.92 |
45.80 |
38.57 |
38.75 |
36.45 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.07 |
1.00 |
0.70 |
0.93 |
0.50 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
3.13 |
1.70 |
2.16 |
5.38 |
4.90 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.57 |
0.60 |
0.69 |
0.44 |
0.12 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
16.16 |
14.70 |
20.00 |
18.19 |
18.08 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.17 |
0.10 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Manual worker |
2.10 |
2.20 |
2.71 |
3.19 |
3.65 |
|
White-collar worker |
16.92 |
17.80 |
16.83 |
17.01 |
14.40 |
|
Self-employed |
38.15 |
36.50 |
32.28 |
33.75 |
38.08 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.39 |
0.20 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
0.10 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.00 |
0.80 |
1.18 |
1.85 |
1.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
37.45 |
36.70 |
40.24 |
38.81 |
37.20 |
|
Domestic worker |
3.98 |
5.70 |
6.49 |
5.18 |
5.46 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p): = Preliminary.
Table 4.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Manual worker |
10.25 |
11.00 |
12.23 |
10.61 |
17.00 |
|
White-collar worker |
34.39 |
33.10 |
32.25 |
34.19 |
26.53 |
|
Self-employed |
39.09 |
40.50 |
33.86 |
37.72 |
36.42 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.29 |
1.00 |
0.84 |
1.00 |
0.56 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
2.97 |
2.00 |
2.25 |
3.47 |
2.84 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.21 |
0.40 |
0.18 |
0.30 |
0.06 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
8.80 |
7.80 |
13.31 |
8.79 |
12.51 |
|
Domestic worker |
3.01 |
4.20 |
5.07 |
3.92 |
4.07 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Manual worker |
16.17 |
17.30 |
19.90 |
16.17 |
27.34 |
|
White-collar worker |
39.34 |
36.90 |
36.77 |
39.36 |
29.15 |
|
Self-employed |
32.17 |
35.70 |
28.58 |
31.29 |
28.92 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.74 |
1.50 |
1.25 |
1.56 |
0.87 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
4.13 |
2.50 |
2.71 |
4.64 |
3.90 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.37 |
0.70 |
0.33 |
0.53 |
0.12 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
5.82 |
5.10 |
10.09 |
6.22 |
9.49 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.27 |
0.20 |
0.38 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Manual worker |
2.72 |
3.00 |
3.26 |
3.80 |
4.20 |
|
White-collar worker |
28.08 |
28.30 |
26.95 |
27.86 |
23.28 |
|
Self-employed |
47.91 |
46.60 |
40.05 |
45.60 |
45.71 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.72 |
0.40 |
0.36 |
0.30 |
0.18 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.48 |
1.20 |
1.71 |
2.04 |
1.54 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
12.60 |
11.10 |
17.09 |
11.94 |
16.24 |
|
Domestic worker |
6.49 |
9.40 |
10.57 |
8.44 |
8.85 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 4.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Manual worker |
5.48 |
4.30 |
6.59 |
6.17 |
9.03 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.83 |
4.30 |
4.15 |
3.69 |
3.89 |
|
Self-employed |
41.63 |
43.30 |
38.05 |
35.15 |
38.14 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.19 |
0.40 |
1.05 |
4.31 |
3.68 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.45 |
0.30 |
0.66 |
0.21 |
0.07 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
46.82 |
47.00 |
48.91 |
49.98 |
44.63 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.49 |
0.40 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Manual worker |
9.02 |
6.80 |
10.22 |
8.90 |
13.82 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.91 |
4.90 |
4.56 |
4.53 |
4.71 |
|
Self-employed |
54.58 |
59.30 |
50.60 |
47.51 |
46.02 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.21 |
0.20 |
0.04 |
0.18 |
0.03 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
1.83 |
0.60 |
1.49 |
6.25 |
6.18 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.83 |
0.50 |
1.13 |
0.34 |
0.13 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
29.58 |
27.70 |
31.95 |
32.24 |
28.99 |
|
Domestic worker |
0.04 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.13 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Manual worker |
1.37 |
1.10 |
2.00 |
2.38 |
2.95 |
|
White-collar worker |
3.74 |
3.60 |
3.64 |
2.51 |
2.87 |
|
Self-employed |
26.62 |
22.90 |
22.16 |
17.92 |
28.15 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.44 |
0.20 |
0.49 |
1.61 |
0.52 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
66.82 |
71.40 |
70.39 |
74.70 |
64.44 |
|
Domestic worker |
1.01 |
0.70 |
1.18 |
0.82 |
1.07 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.54 |
38.60 |
44.12 |
42.26 |
38.33 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.41 |
0.30 |
0.08 |
0.13 |
0.92 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.45 |
1.40 |
1.27 |
0.99 |
0.56 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
11.40 |
10.10 |
9.20 |
11.17 |
10.82 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.22 |
0.50 |
0.29 |
0.21 |
0.39 |
|
Construction |
5.84 |
6.60 |
4.93 |
5.38 |
7.26 |
|
Sales and repairs |
16.22 |
16.00 |
14.78 |
14.20 |
16.16 |
Table 5 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
3.89 |
3.90 |
4.00 |
4.61 |
5.40 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
4.98 |
4.30 |
4.64 |
4.60 |
4.55 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.48 |
0.50 |
0.52 |
0.45 |
0.34 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2.02 |
2.70 |
2.72 |
2.04 |
2.07 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2.26 |
2.20 |
1.79 |
1.97 |
1.91 |
|
Education |
4.64 |
4.50 |
4.03 |
3.90 |
3.38 |
|
Social and health services |
1.84 |
1.50 |
1.55 |
1.63 |
1.67 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.25 |
2.90 |
2.60 |
3.03 |
3.39 |
|
Private homes |
2.53 |
3.80 |
3.47 |
3.33 |
2.82 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.03 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.14 |
39.60 |
45.48 |
44.66 |
39.04 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.64 |
0.50 |
0.09 |
0.14 |
1.37 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2.19 |
2.30 |
2.14 |
1.58 |
0.94 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
12.06 |
11.10 |
9.89 |
12.19 |
10.95 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.37 |
0.80 |
0.39 |
0.31 |
0.64 |
|
Construction |
10.49 |
11.50 |
8.70 |
9.04 |
12.23 |
|
Sales and repairs |
10.93 |
10.70 |
10.35 |
9.58 |
11.94 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1.83 |
1.60 |
1.87 |
1.88 |
2.79 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
8.57 |
7.00 |
7.51 |
7.56 |
7.60 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.45 |
0.70 |
0.73 |
0.47 |
0.43 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
2.26 |
3.60 |
3.35 |
2.37 |
2.52 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
3.11 |
3.00 |
2.59 |
2.68 |
2.66 |
|
Education |
4.43 |
3.60 |
3.11 |
3.22 |
2.92 |
|
Social and health services |
1.03 |
1.10 |
1.35 |
1.03 |
1.35 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.25 |
2.50 |
2.15 |
2.52 |
2.27 |
|
Private homes |
0.17 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.67 |
0.33 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.06 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755.849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
40.04 |
37.30 |
42.48 |
39.14 |
37.44 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.12 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.36 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.54 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.10 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
10.59 |
8.80 |
8.36 |
9.85 |
10.67 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
|
Construction |
0.16 |
0.50 |
0.36 |
0.63 |
1.04 |
|
Sales and repairs |
22.68 |
22.60 |
20.15 |
20.20 |
21.44 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
6.42 |
6.80 |
6.58 |
8.15 |
8.67 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.59 |
0.90 |
1.16 |
0.75 |
0.74 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.52 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.43 |
0.21 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
1.73 |
1.50 |
1.95 |
1.62 |
1.50 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
1.21 |
1.20 |
0.82 |
1.05 |
0.97 |
|
Education |
4.90 |
5.70 |
5.14 |
4.78 |
3.96 |
|
Social and health services |
2.81 |
1.90 |
1.79 |
2.41 |
2.07 |
|
Community and personal services |
2.24 |
3.50 |
3.14 |
3.68 |
4.79 |
|
Private homes |
5.41 |
8.10 |
7.35 |
6.79 |
5.95 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.1
Urban areas:Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
3.71 |
4.80 |
11.37 |
6.38 |
6.13 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.13 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.25 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.85 |
1.70 |
1.13 |
1.16 |
0.69 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
18.37 |
15.30 |
14.15 |
18.13 |
15.75 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.27 |
0.80 |
0.52 |
0.36 |
0.47 |
|
Construction |
8.75 |
10.40 |
7.66 |
8.19 |
10.99 |
|
Sales and repairs |
26.89 |
25.40 |
24.31 |
23.28 |
25.86 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
6.29 |
6.00 |
6.28 |
7.55 |
7.72 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
8.58 |
6.90 |
7.69 |
7.67 |
7.60 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.87 |
1.00 |
0.93 |
0.80 |
0.60 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.56 |
4.60 |
4.72 |
3.62 |
3.68 |
|
Public administration, defence and socia l security |
3.90 |
3.50 |
3.01 |
3.19 |
3.20 |
|
Education |
6.72 |
6.40 |
5.73 |
6.15 |
4.73 |
|
Social and health services |
3.13 |
2.30 |
2.54 |
2.64 |
2.12 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.80 |
4.70 |
4.27 |
5.06 |
5.71 |
|
Private homes |
4.12 |
6.10 |
5.66 |
5.65 |
4.48 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.06 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.04 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
4.78 |
6.00 |
11.69 |
8.77 |
6.74 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.22 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.36 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.44 |
2.60 |
1.98 |
2.05 |
1.10 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
19.90 |
17.50 |
16.16 |
20.49 |
18.56 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.42 |
1.20 |
0.70 |
0.60 |
0.73 |
|
Construction |
15.47 |
17.90 |
13.70 |
14.04 |
18.68 |
|
Sales and repairs |
18.23 |
17.80 |
17.99 |
16.42 |
18.33 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
3.06 |
2.60 |
3.03 |
3.12 |
3.97 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
14.51 |
11.20 |
12.54 |
12.84 |
12.69 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.80 |
1.20 |
1.33 |
0.95 |
0.77 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.87 |
6.10 |
5.91 |
4.07 |
4.51 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
5.30 |
4.70 |
4.40 |
4.20 |
4.40 |
|
Education |
6.13 |
4.80 |
4.13 |
4.99 |
3.52 |
|
Social and health services |
1.78 |
1.80 |
2.26 |
1.52 |
1.27 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.69 |
4.00 |
3.66 |
4.56 |
4.05 |
|
Private homes |
0.27 |
0.40 |
0.46 |
1.18 |
0.26 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
0.17 |
0.06 |
Table 5.1 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
2.35 |
3.20 |
10.99 |
3.71 |
5.37 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.11 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
0.10 |
0.60 |
0.14 |
0.23 |
0.17 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
16.42 |
12.60 |
11.80 |
15.42 |
12.27 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.08 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.12 |
0.15 |
|
Construction |
0.19 |
0.90 |
0.58 |
0.88 |
1.45 |
|
Sales and repairs |
37.94 |
35.10 |
31.69 |
31.57 |
35.20 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
10.39 |
10.30 |
10.09 |
12.81 |
12.36 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
1.01 |
1.40 |
2.01 |
1.26 |
1.31 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.96 |
0.70 |
0.47 |
0.75 |
0.38 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
3.16 |
2.70 |
3.34 |
2.83 |
2.64 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
2.12 |
2.00 |
1.38 |
1.62 |
1.71 |
|
Education |
7.47 |
8.30 |
7.61 |
7.50 |
6.22 |
|
Social and health services |
4.86 |
3.00 |
2.87 |
3.91 |
3.16 |
|
Community and personal services |
3.93 |
5.60 |
4.98 |
6.00 |
7.77 |
|
Private homes |
9.02 |
13.20 |
11.74 |
11.19 |
9.70 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
0.18 |
0.02 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 5.2
Rural areas:Population distribution in terms of main occupationby year, sex and economic activity 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
84.13 |
84.40 |
84.99 |
86.79 |
79.67 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.76 |
0.60 |
0.17 |
0.27 |
1.79 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
2.19 |
1.10 |
1.44 |
0.78 |
0.41 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
2.72 |
3.10 |
3.02 |
2.53 |
4.50 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.16 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.30 |
|
Construction |
2.22 |
1.60 |
1.52 |
1.89 |
2.47 |
|
Sales and repairs |
2.94 |
3.10 |
2.88 |
2.93 |
3.70 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
0.92 |
1.00 |
1.15 |
0.96 |
2.43 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.50 |
0.90 |
0.84 |
0.78 |
0.63 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.11 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.21 |
0.50 |
0.27 |
0.46 |
0.25 |
|
Education |
2.05 |
2.00 |
1.90 |
1.10 |
1.66 |
|
Social and health services |
0.22 |
0.30 |
0.32 |
0.38 |
1.09 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.32 |
0.50 |
0.51 |
0.50 |
0.41 |
|
Private homes |
0.55 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.46 |
0.70 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0. 00 |
0. 00 |
0 . 00 |
0. 01 |
0 . 00 |
Table 5.2 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
83.76 |
85.10 |
86.17 |
87.04 |
80.08 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
1.19 |
0.90 |
0.21 |
0.28 |
2.66 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
3.17 |
1.90 |
2.34 |
1.18 |
0.73 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
1.87 |
2.60 |
2.34 |
2.63 |
1.28 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0 30 |
0 10 |
0 02 |
0 02 |
0 53 |
|
Construction |
4.02 |
2.80 |
2.67 |
3.05 |
4.02 |
|
Sales and repairs |
1.46 |
1.10 |
1.13 |
1.43 |
3.82 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
0.23 |
0.20 |
0.47 |
0.26 |
1.30 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.85 |
1.40 |
1.46 |
1.30 |
1.14 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.05 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.17 |
0.30 |
0.27 |
0.16 |
0.01 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.27 |
0.80 |
0.42 |
0.59 |
0.44 |
|
Education |
2.22 |
2.00 |
1.88 |
1.08 |
2.16 |
|
Social and health services |
0.07 |
0.10 |
0.26 |
0.35 |
1.45 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.38 |
0.40 |
0.33 |
0.44 |
0.00 |
|
Private homes |
0.04 |
0.40 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
0.41 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
84.56 |
83.60 |
83.51 |
86.45 |
79.14 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
0.25 |
0.10 |
0.12 |
0.25 |
0.69 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
1.06 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.22 |
0.00 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
3.71 |
3.70 |
3.88 |
2.40 |
8.58 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
0.00 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
Construction |
0.13 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.28 |
0.50 |
|
Sales and repairs |
4.64 |
5.70 |
5.10 |
5.02 |
3.55 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
1.71 |
2.10 |
2.00 |
1.94 |
3.86 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
0.08 |
0.20 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.00 |
|
Financial brokerage |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
0.05 |
0.00 |
0.15 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
0.14 |
0.20 |
0.08 |
0.28 |
0.01 |
|
Education |
1.85 |
2.10 |
1.93 |
1.14 |
1.03 |
|
Social and health services |
0.40 |
0.40 |
0.39 |
0.42 |
0.64 |
|
Community and personal services |
0.25 |
0.60 |
0.74 |
0.59 |
0.92 |
|
Private homes |
1.14 |
1.30 |
1.63 |
0.92 |
1.07 |
|
Extraterritorial bodies |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
3 637 893 |
3 637 048 |
3 884 251 |
3 824 938 |
4 085 802 |
|
Domestic |
1.89 |
2.60 |
3.05 |
2.33 |
2.53 |
|
State |
6.83 |
7.40 |
7.46 |
6.99 |
6.80 |
|
Family business |
65.96 |
66.10 |
64.88 |
63.74 |
63.75 |
|
Semi-business |
10.62 |
8.80 |
10.05 |
13.13 |
12.53 |
|
Business |
14.71 |
15.10 |
14.56 |
13.80 |
14.40 |
|
Men |
2 000 496 |
2 032 182 |
2 128 402 |
2 160 158 |
2 270 432 |
|
Domestic |
0.17 |
0.10 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
|
State |
7.02 |
7.80 |
7.81 |
6.81 |
6.99 |
|
Family business |
58.07 |
60.50 |
58.57 |
56.95 |
54.53 |
|
Semi-business |
14.21 |
12.40 |
13.60 |
17.18 |
17.61 |
|
Business |
20.53 |
19.20 |
19.80 |
18.93 |
20.70 |
|
Women |
1 637 397 |
1 604 866 |
1 755 849 |
1 664 780 |
1 815 370 |
|
Domestic |
3.98 |
5.70 |
6.49 |
5.18 |
5.46 |
|
State |
6.60 |
6.90 |
7.04 |
7.22 |
6.55 |
|
Family business |
75.60 |
73.20 |
72.52 |
72.56 |
75.28 |
|
Semi-business |
6.23 |
4.30 |
5.75 |
7.89 |
6.17 |
|
Business |
7.59 |
9.80 |
8.20 |
7.15 |
6.54 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
2 017 044 |
2 091 175 |
2 156 250 |
2 118 436 |
2 296 737 |
|
Domestic |
3.01 |
4.20 |
5.07 |
3.92 |
4.07 |
|
State |
10.34 |
10.70 |
11.41 |
10.65 |
9.65 |
|
Family business |
47.89 |
48.30 |
47.18 |
46.51 |
48.93 |
|
Semi-business |
15.40 |
12.60 |
14.14 |
17.59 |
16.49 |
|
Business |
23.37 |
24.20 |
22.20 |
21.32 |
20.86 |
|
Men |
1 130 212 |
1 167 692 |
1 162 875 |
1 166 458 |
1 270 606 |
|
Domestic |
0.27 |
0.20 |
0.38 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
|
State |
10.41 |
11.20 |
12.01 |
10.35 |
9.47 |
|
Family business |
37.99 |
40.80 |
38.66 |
37.52 |
38.41 |
|
Semi-business |
20.07 |
17.50 |
18.80 |
22.40 |
22.56 |
|
Business |
31.25 |
30.30 |
30.15 |
29.51 |
29.34 |
|
Women |
886 832 |
923 483 |
993 375 |
951 978 |
1 026 131 |
|
Domestic |
6.49 |
9.40 |
10.57 |
8.44 |
8.85 |
|
State |
10.23 |
10.00 |
10.70 |
11.02 |
9.87 |
|
Family business |
60.51 |
57.70 |
57.14 |
57.54 |
61.95 |
|
Semi-business |
9.43 |
6.30 |
8.69 |
11.71 |
8.98 |
|
Business |
13.33 |
16.60 |
12.89 |
11.28 |
10.35 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 6.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)
|
Labour market sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
1 620 849 |
1 545 873 |
1 728 001 |
1 706 502 |
1 789 065 |
|
Domestic |
0.49 |
0.40 |
0.53 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
|
State |
2.46 |
2.90 |
2.54 |
2.44 |
3.13 |
|
Family business |
88.45 |
90.20 |
86.96 |
85.13 |
82.77 |
|
Semi-business |
4.67 |
3.80 |
4.95 |
7.60 |
7.43 |
|
Business |
3.92 |
2.70 |
5.02 |
4.47 |
6.12 |
|
Men |
870 284 |
864 490 |
965 527 |
993 700 |
999 826 |
|
Domestic |
0.04 |
0.10 |
0.02 |
0.05 |
0.13 |
|
State |
2.60 |
3.20 |
2.76 |
2.65 |
3.83 |
|
Family business |
84.16 |
87.00 |
82.54 |
79.75 |
75.01 |
|
Semi-business |
6.59 |
5.40 |
7.35 |
11.04 |
11.32 |
|
Business |
6.61 |
4.30 |
7.33 |
6.51 |
9.71 |
|
Women |
750 565 |
681 383 |
762 474 |
712 802 |
789 239 |
|
Domestic |
1.01 |
0.70 |
1.18 |
0.82 |
1.07 |
|
State |
2.30 |
2.60 |
2.27 |
2.14 |
2.25 |
|
Family business |
93.43 |
94.30 |
92.55 |
92.62 |
92.60 |
|
Semi-business |
2.44 |
1.70 |
1.92 |
2.79 |
2.51 |
|
Business |
0.81 |
0.70 |
2.09 |
1.64 |
1.58 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK
34.In accordance with the General Health, Occupational Safety and Welfare Act (No. 16998) of 2 August 1979, the Ministry of Labour conducts periodic inspections and reinspections of all companies and workplaces in the country on its own initiative or following complaints.
35.Under Supreme Decree No. 27732 of 15 September 2004 (annex 2), the Industrial Safety Department and the Labour Department were merged to become the Labour and Industrial Safety Department.
36.Under this new structure, the industrial health and safety inspection process was expanded into one of labour and industrial health and safety inspection, and this new concept has resulted in a more effective inspection policy. This new inspection process includes the following steps:
Issuing of a memorandum of appointment of an inspector from the Labour and Industrial Safety Department;
Declaration of independence by the appointed inspector;
Completion of the technical inspection form;
Completion of the response form.
37.Following the inspection, a report is submitted to the relevant manager’s office, drawing attention to the inspector’s observations and the time frame for complying with them. If necessary, one or more reinspections are scheduled. Under this new procedure, there is an overall, more effective, inspection which is, above all, free from corruption.
38.Ministerial Decision No. 496/04 of 23 September 2004 (annex 8) approved the regulations on the configuration of the joint health, occupational safety and welfare committees, which are charged with ensuring the full participation of employers and workers in the resolution of in‑company problems, with a view to avoiding professional hazards and illnesses.
39.In 2004, the Ministry of Labour, through the Industrial Safety and Occupational Health - Bolivia programme (SISO Bolivia), received a donation of field monitoring equipment for workplace environmental pollutants, supplemented by a 400-hour training course for technicians in the Labour and Industrial Safety Department, provided by the United States Department of Labor through the United States embassy in Bolivia.
40.The Government carries out various checks related to industrial safety and occupational health in companies through the National Occupational Medicine Institute (under the Ministry of Health and Sport) and the National Institute for Occupational Health.
41.In 2004, the Government sent a report to the International Labour Organization (ILO), providing information concerning measures adopted to implement the provisions of ILO Convention No. 81 concerning labour inspection.
42.The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government in respect of the above-mentioned Convention, which covered the period between 2000 and 2004:
LABOUR INSPECTION CONVENTION, 1947
Convention No. 81
Ratified by Bolivia in 1973
The functions of the Ministry of Labour, as set out in the Executive Organization Act, are the following:
To monitor the implementation of, and compliance with, legislation and international conventions relating to labour issues;
To formulate policies aimed at guaranteeing job opportunities for all and improving working conditions;
To formulate and implement policies aimed at ensuring good employee-employer relations and to formulate and apply norms relating to industrial safety, in cooperation with the ministries concerned.
In accordance with the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other legislation governing this area, the Ministry of Labour acts as the administrative authority for conciliation proceedings, with the possibility of directly accessing the courts to request the application of penalties when there is evidence of a violation of the law or to request recovery of trade union property.
The Ministry of Labour’s labour inspectorates are the specialized technical bodies within the public administration responsible for undertaking activities and exercising the functions set out in the law, conducting inspections with a view to ensuring that labour legislation is complied with impartially, equitably and fairly. This task is the exclusive, non-transferable and sovereign responsibility of the State, in accordance with the provisions of the General Labour Act and its regulatory statute.
It is clear that, as a result of the many changes in Bolivia in the last 20 years, there is a need to restructure the Ministry of Labour with a view to adapting it to the new needs of the country. A brief and non-exhaustive list of the changes in question includes: the adoption of a new model for the organization of State and society and a new economic model in 1985; significant changes to the electoral system, which resulted in citizens’ associations and indigenous peoples being included among the political actors under the 2004 constitutional reform; and municipal and departmental decentralization processes that have transformed the State’s administrative machinery.
There have been two constitutional reforms, 10 years apart, which have taken account of the new circumstances and demands of Bolivian social partners: new forms of work and the systematic application of employment models that in practice deny workers’ rights guaranteed under the Constitution and labour legislation.
The new situation, concerning which only a few details have been mentioned above, prompted the successive changes that have taken place in the country’s executive, whose organization has, since 1993, been governed by three different laws: the Ministries Act of 1993, the Executive Organization Act of 1997 and the Executive Organization Act of 2003. One of the executive’s most important portfolios - the Ministry of Labour - cannot be omitted from this list of organizational and structural changes. In addition to the foregoing, it should be noted that the International Labour Organization, aware of the new circumstances being experienced in Bolivia and elsewhere, and on the basis of related experience in this field, drew up observations whose ultimate purpose is to ensure that workers’ rights are respected and that there is an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the State to undertake its activities in the best possible way.
In this context, the Bolivian Government, in strict compliance with the recommendations of the International Labour Organization and with the technical assistance of that office, has begun a process of internal restructuring, bearing in mind that one of its principal functions is to monitor compliance with the social provisions in force.
Therefore, it has been decided to divide the Labour Inspectorate into two sections, conciliation and inspection, each of which will have specific functions aimed at offering better service to workers. The conciliation division will seek to improve relations between workers and employers, while the inspection division will visit workplaces to assess, in situ, compliance with regulations governing that area. The need to use negotiation techniques in order to achieve conciliation objectives has been clearly identified.
In addition, industrial safety experts will join the team of labour inspectors, thus ensuring that monitoring of compliance with labour legislation and industrial safety provisions will be carried out by all labour inspectorates at the national level, covering:
(a)Workplaces in any sector of activity that hire employees, including State enterprises, agriculture, and others covered by the General Labour Act;
(b)Transport in general privatized companies and any business where there is an employer-worker relationship.
In order to ensure effective supervision of the personnel of the Labour Inspectorate, the Ministry of Labour is developing a computer system which will enable its civil servants to organize labour inspections in a systematic, comprehensive and cross-cutting manner, which in turn will enable the Ministry to contribute to follow-up activities and the development of labour relations. This system is currently hindered by the limited economic resources available for implementation.
The Government has declared that, with a view to complying with the ILO recommendations, it has requested technical assistance, through the Ministry of Labour, to develop a process to restructure that Ministry and, in particular, the Labour Inspectorate, with a view to converting it into an effective and efficient body to defend the rights of workers and employers.
Finally, it should be noted that a delegation from the ILO regional office in Lima, composed of Rosa Fuentes and Adolfo Ciudad, visited Bolivia between 7 and 10 September, and held meetings with various officials from the Ministry of Labour, with whom they drafted a proposal for institutional restructuring to be incorporated into the annual operational plan for the year 2005, which will be implemented with technical assistance from ILO and which broadly relates to the operationalization of a statistics department, reforms to the labour inspectorate in terms of improving its service and quality, and strengthening of the departmental and regional labour directorates (annex 3 (b)).
43.The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government for the period 2000 to 2004 in relation to ILO Convention No. 129:
LABOUR INSPECTION (AGRICULTURE) CONVENTION
Convention No. 129
Ratified by Bolivia in 1977
Bolivia is experiencing an economic crisis that is affecting activities in both the public and private sectors, and is manifesting itself in various fields and on various scales. As a result of this crisis, which, as noted, also affects the State, the Government is under economic and financial restrictions which prevent it from rigorously monitoring compliance with labour and occupational safety legislation in the agricultural sector.
Naturally, the agricultural sector must count on the protection of the State with regard to violations of workers’ rights by employers. In that regard, and despite the aforementioned limitations, the Ministry of Labour, through the Labour Department, is promoting the implementation of a pilot project in four regions of Bolivia, in order to make progress in terms of providing the necessary guarantees, security and support in this area, to both workers and employers. The regions in question are Bermejo, Yacuiba, Villamontes and Riberalta; the first three are located in the department of Tarija and the fourth in the department of Beni.
The Ministry of Labour considers that public servants who provide services in the aforementioned agricultural regions carry out their functions to their fullest potential, complying with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other related norms.
The intention is that, once the national system of labour inspectorates has been established and consolidated, it will be adapted to Bolivia’s agricultural sector, with a view to fulfilling the mandate set out in the relevant legislation. With the support of ILO and in the framework of restructuring the Ministry of Labour, which is considered a task of fundamental importance for the immediate future, there are plans to strengthen the inspectorates in the aforementioned areas, which, given their characteristics, are the most appropriate for inclusion in this pilot phase.
Bermejo is a town located in the department of Tarija, in the south-east of Bolivia, and its principal economic activity is sugar-cane production. The city of Riberalta is located in the north-east of the country, in the department of Beni, and forms part of what is known as the Bolivian Amazon. The principal economic activity in the area is chestnut production. Third is the city of Yacuiba, also located in the department of Tarija, whose principal economic activities are livestock-rearing and fishing, although, since it is on the border with Argentina, there is also strong commercial activity. Finally, the city of Villamontes is also in the department of Tarija, and its principal economic activity is fishing.
In order to better characterize the areas in question, it should be noted that the towns of Bermejo, Yacuiba and Villamontes, in the department of Tarija, are part of what is known as the Bolivian Chaco, which is home to indigenous groups such as the Weenhayek or matacos, whose primary activity is fishing. Riberalta is home to the Esse-Ejjas indigenous people, known until recently as chamas, who are involved in the production of chestnuts and rubber, the latter to a lesser extent in recent years.
There are significant social inequalities, which also have a racial component, in all of the above-mentioned areas. For example, in the department of Tarija, specifically in the towns mentioned previously, owners of unworked farms, who are criollos, that is, descended from Europeans (principally Spanish), exploit and marginalize the indigenous people living in the area. It should not be forgotten that in other provinces of the Bolivian Chaco, located in the department of Chuquisaca, there are captive indigenous communities, in respect of which the Government is taking measures with the technical assistance of ILO and in application of Convention No. 105.
Since the town of Yacuiba is located on the border with Argentina, commercial activity is of considerable importance and takes the unmistakable form of smuggling, in which bagalleros (small‑scale smugglers) predominate. It was in this region that the Movimiento sin Tierra was established, later spreading to other parts of the country.
In Riberalta, there have also been cases of exploitation of indigenous labourers by employers, characterized by inadequate working conditions and exacerbated by the existence of an institutional system showing little solidarity and tolerant of these conditions in which the social protection of workers is neglected.
It can be seen that the Ministry of Labour has taken a decision that will be of singular importance in terms of the presence of labour inspectors in agricultural areas, which it is intended will have sufficient capacity and resources to ensure compliance with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and international labour norms. It is hoped that all of the above will be achieved through the implementation of the project to restructure the Ministry of Labour which is being developed with technical assistance from ILO (annex 3 (f)).
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO BE PROMOTED IN THEIREMPLOYMENT TO AN APPROPRIATE HIGHER LEVEL, AND THERIGHT TO REST, LEISURE AND REASONABLE LIMITATION OFWORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAY, AS WELL AS REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC HOLIDAYS
44.The inspection processes make it possible to review compliance with labour norms, and review the internal regulations of each company, which should provide for the obligatory promotions established by article 65 of the General Labour Act, as well as the working conditions of each worker, requiring a review of payrolls (annex 10).
45.The Ministry of Labour receives complaints and carries out subsequent conciliation proceedings or inspections to monitor whether employers and workers are complying with the provisions of labour legislation. An average of 30 conciliation sessions are held each day, and in the last four years the number of sessions has tripled. Regrettably, there are no statistics on inspections carried out, since the Ministry of Labour does not have a statistics office.
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.85 |
45.04 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
50.58 |
47.84 |
47.13 |
51.83 |
43.34 |
|
Professionals |
34.60 |
42.14 |
34.63 |
35.84 |
37.42 |
|
Technical and professional support |
36.85 |
33.25 |
38.46 |
37.73 |
36.22 |
|
Office workers |
44.31 |
43.05 |
42.02 |
46.80 |
45.30 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.82 |
52.06 |
43.81 |
49.93 |
48.70 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.06 |
41.55 |
37.21 |
36.99 |
39.26 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
44.75 |
46.54 |
41.80 |
45.61 |
43.44 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.69 |
58.52 |
55.13 |
60.71 |
58.53 |
|
Unskilled workers |
46.26 |
46.50 |
35.07 |
45.57 |
43.26 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
48.65 |
42.80 |
48.21 |
46.14 |
|
Men |
44.52 |
46.94 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
52.41 |
48.69 |
46.30 |
53.67 |
42.77 |
|
Professionals |
36.62 |
43.36 |
37.46 |
3977 |
36.71 |
|
Technical and professional support |
37.72 |
36.67 |
39.98 |
39.77 |
36.01 |
|
Office workers |
48.13 |
45.77 |
47.02 |
46.98 |
46.19 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.11 |
55.92 |
44.41 |
52.47 |
51.53 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.82 |
42.79 |
39.00 |
38.97 |
40.69 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
47.48 |
48.36 |
44.72 |
48.45 |
47.49 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.78 |
58.72 |
55.26 |
61.20 |
59.13 |
|
Unskilled workers |
52.20 |
51.60 |
37.60 |
48.39 |
50.26 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
48.65 |
42.80 |
48.21 |
46.14 |
|
Women |
40.80 |
42.64 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.92 |
46.48 |
51.03 |
44.31 |
44.88 |
|
Professionals |
32.20 |
40.11 |
31.70 |
31.84 |
37.97 |
|
Technical and professional support |
34.98 |
28.30 |
34.85 |
33.43 |
36.69 |
|
Office workers |
41.15 |
40.96 |
38.72 |
46.64 |
44.50 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
49.07 |
50.47 |
43.57 |
48.93 |
47.31 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.19 |
39.91 |
34.45 |
34.24 |
37.41 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
36.26 |
39.55 |
32.43 |
38.11 |
32.71 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
46.20 |
45.62 |
36.35 |
20.35 |
|
Unskilled workers |
42.75 |
43.91 |
33.48 |
43.38 |
38.87 |
|
Armed forces |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.1
Urban areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
47.33 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
51.25 |
47.36 |
47.32 |
52.56 |
44.52 |
|
Professionals |
34.57 |
42.20 |
34.89 |
35.97 |
38.42 |
|
Technical and professional support |
37.46 |
33.72 |
38.26 |
37.72 |
36.69 |
|
Office workers |
44.36 |
42.79 |
41.89 |
46.35 |
45.56 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.97 |
52.59 |
44.00 |
50.17 |
49.66 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.81 |
40.51 |
34.67 |
35.88 |
41.07 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
45.77 |
47.68 |
43.01 |
46.26 |
45.41 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.92 |
58.80 |
56.45 |
61.69 |
59.73 |
|
Unskilled workers |
45.53 |
46.44 |
40.43 |
46.33 |
42.34 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
47.36 |
42.80 |
48.02 |
47.50 |
|
Men |
48.19 |
49.57 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
53.39 |
47.68 |
46.36 |
54.36 |
45.44 |
|
Professionals |
36.48 |
43.55 |
38.48 |
40.10 |
37.83 |
|
Technical and professional support |
38.43 |
37.90 |
39.88 |
39.45 |
36.37 |
|
Office workers |
48.07 |
45.81 |
46.67 |
46.31 |
46.40 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
48.30 |
56.25 |
44.75 |
52.87 |
51.33 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
42.47 |
42.23 |
36.91 |
37.45 |
40.09 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
48.40 |
48.87 |
45.21 |
49.08 |
48.39 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
58.98 |
59.03 |
56.62 |
62.26 |
59.77 |
|
Unskilled workers |
51.40 |
52.32 |
44.00 |
49.74 |
49.14 |
|
Armed forces |
38.34 |
47.36 |
42.80 |
48.02 |
47.50 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
44.51 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.77 |
46.89 |
51.43 |
45.18 |
42.32 |
|
Professionals |
32.39 |
39.98 |
31.21 |
31.94 |
38.87 |
|
Technical and professional support |
35.33 |
27.66 |
34.23 |
34.14 |
37.27 |
|
Office workers |
41.30 |
40.49 |
38.77 |
46.38 |
44.81 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
49.22 |
50.97 |
43.69 |
49.06 |
48.78 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
27.15 |
36.10 |
30.55 |
32.23 |
42.45 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
36.89 |
42.39 |
35.08 |
38.99 |
35.19 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
46.20 |
45.62 |
36.35 |
50.08 |
|
Unskilled workers |
42.86 |
44.07 |
38.82 |
44.38 |
39.22 |
|
Armed forces |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 1.2
Rural areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Occupational group |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
41.94 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
45.48 |
49.83 |
45.82 |
46.63 |
37.26 |
|
Professionals |
34.93 |
39.19 |
33.35 |
34.28 |
24.87 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.24 |
30.48 |
41.29 |
37.89 |
34.01 |
|
Office workers |
41.61 |
48.85 |
49.78 |
60.32 |
36.49 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
47.42 |
47.39 |
42.22 |
47.69 |
41.10 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.07 |
41.61 |
37.43 |
37.08 |
39.09 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
39.95 |
39.52 |
35.27 |
41.12 |
35.39 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
55.17 |
56.50 |
44.57 |
53.03 |
40.48 |
|
Unskilled workers |
49.71 |
46.86 |
30.24 |
42.67 |
47.41 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
57.62 |
0.00 |
52.50 |
40.00 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
43.40 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
44.83 |
52.13 |
45.94 |
48.69 |
31.28 |
|
Professionals |
37.94 |
35.74 |
32.63 |
36.76 |
26.01 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.19 |
29.35 |
41.74 |
42.37 |
34.74 |
|
Office workers |
51.61 |
44.91 |
59.45 |
68.31 |
40.12 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
45.62 |
50.20 |
40.32 |
46.38 |
54.43 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
38.57 |
42.84 |
39.20 |
39.12 |
40.74 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
42.63 |
44.44 |
41.55 |
44.34 |
42.08 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
55.71 |
56.50 |
44.57 |
53.03 |
47.28 |
|
Unskilled workers |
54.01 |
49.67 |
33.68 |
45.79 |
52.53 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
57.62 |
0.00 |
52.50 |
40.00 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
40.10 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Public- and private-sector managers |
47.03 |
44.02 |
44.35 |
37.75 |
70.00 |
|
Professionals |
29.11 |
56.00 |
34.13 |
30.28 |
23.41 |
|
Technical and professional support |
33.33 |
32.14 |
40.71 |
26.06 |
28.10 |
|
Office workers |
34.03 |
52.39 |
34.34 |
54.11 |
32.00 |
|
Retail and service sector workers |
47.84 |
46.88 |
42.68 |
47.97 |
37.96 |
|
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers |
37.52 |
40.06 |
34.76 |
34.35 |
36.97 |
|
Mining, construction and manufacturing |
34.08 |
30.27 |
23.50 |
31.27 |
27.80 |
|
Equipment and machinery operators |
40.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
11.84 |
|
Unskilled workers |
41.65 |
42.19 |
27.35 |
34.40 |
35.23 |
|
Armed forces |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.90 |
45.04 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Manual worker |
48.28 |
50.89 |
46.85 |
46.99 |
49.53 |
|
White-collar worker |
45.37 |
44.66 |
45.07 |
48.33 |
47.44 |
|
Self-employed |
45.25 |
46.93 |
41.34 |
44.33 |
42.40 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
44.22 |
55.34 |
47.18 |
55.36 |
52.51 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
52.31 |
48.64 |
48.84 |
46.53 |
49.55 |
|
Production cooperative member |
49.55 |
50.46 |
45.49 |
52.76 |
50.54 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
33.72 |
37.79 |
29.17 |
33.75 |
35.84 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.25 |
62.73 |
53.31 |
53.54 |
50.46 |
|
Men |
44.57 |
46.94 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Manual worker |
49.02 |
52.11 |
47.78 |
49.09 |
50.83 |
|
White-collar worker |
48.34 |
48.53 |
48.66 |
51.37 |
50.14 |
|
Self-employed |
46.49 |
47.67 |
43.38 |
45.88 |
45.12 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
45.35 |
58.38 |
50.97 |
56.91 |
52.60 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
52.74 |
50.54 |
48.15 |
47.43 |
48.76 |
|
Production cooperative member |
49.55 |
49.65 |
46.02 |
52.47 |
50.54 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
28.60 |
36.27 |
27.39 |
31.76 |
33.53 |
|
Domestic worker |
44.23 |
61.69 |
51.83 |
54.59 |
45.53 |
|
Women |
40.85 |
42.64 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Manual worker |
42.66 |
41.81 |
40.45 |
36.07 |
40.00 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.23 |
38.26 |
39.34 |
42.91 |
43.12 |
|
Self-employed |
43.57 |
45.77 |
38.38 |
42.03 |
39.14 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
40.42 |
38.32 |
33.76 |
45.81 |
51.98 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
50.66 |
43.35 |
50.39 |
43.13 |
53.95 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
67.28 |
34.22 |
60.60 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
36.42 |
38.56 |
30.25 |
34.96 |
37.24 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.83 |
62.76 |
53.37 |
53.50 |
50.66 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.1
Urban areas:Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, broken down by sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
47.15 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Manual worker |
48.56 |
51.97 |
48.49 |
48.58 |
50.73 |
|
White-collar worker |
45.80 |
44.94 |
45.06 |
48.57 |
48.32 |
|
Self-employed |
47.26 |
48.05 |
42.05 |
45.45 |
44.83 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
44.44 |
56.06 |
49.12 |
55.86 |
52.37 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
53.05 |
48.39 |
50.50 |
47.68 |
53.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
68.64 |
49.25 |
51.98 |
53.00 |
35.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
32.14 |
35.21 |
26.87 |
38.14 |
34.27 |
|
Domestic worker |
55.31 |
62.34 |
52.96 |
53.25 |
50.11 |
|
Men |
48.19 |
49.37 |
45.43 |
49.40 |
48.48 |
|
Manual worker |
48.93 |
52.95 |
49.13 |
50.19 |
51.50 |
|
White-collar worker |
48.86 |
49.02 |
49.01 |
51.53 |
51.76 |
|
Self-employed |
49.88 |
49.50 |
45.38 |
49.03 |
47.88 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
45.76 |
59.52 |
51.80 |
57.48 |
52.44 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
54.35 |
49.63 |
49.32 |
48.90 |
51.10 |
|
Production cooperative member |
68.64 |
47.94 |
50.80 |
52.79 |
35.38 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
27.71 |
35.46 |
22.95 |
33.70 |
30.46 |
|
Domestic worker |
41.11 |
57.00 |
52.18 |
55.75 |
38.87 |
|
Women |
43.16 |
44.35 |
39.31 |
43.42 |
42.76 |
|
Manual worker |
45.76 |
44.75 |
43.94 |
40.17 |
44.54 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.33 |
38.20 |
38.76 |
43.44 |
42.97 |
|
Self-employed |
45.01 |
46.64 |
39.26 |
42.44 |
42.43 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
40.42 |
38.32 |
38.08 |
45.98 |
51.98 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
48.45 |
45.05 |
52.70 |
44.29 |
59.34 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
67.28 |
84.00 |
61.41 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
34.75 |
35.06 |
29.59 |
40.97 |
37.04 |
|
Domestic worker |
56.07 |
62.49 |
52.99 |
53.17 |
50.45 |
Source: National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 2.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Job category |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
38.95 |
41.84 |
35.85 |
38.15 |
39.08 |
|
Manual worker |
46.83 |
46.61 |
43.06 |
43.60 |
46.61 |
|
White-collar worker |
40.36 |
39.60 |
45.12 |
45.51 |
39.76 |
|
Self-employed |
42.74 |
44.99 |
40.52 |
42.84 |
39.42 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
41.00 |
45.49 |
26.85 |
50.24 |
59.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
49.99 |
50.16 |
44.39 |
45.37 |
46.03 |
|
Production cooperative member |
38.58 |
52.99 |
43.23 |
52.36 |
68.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
34.09 |
38.37 |
29.95 |
32.79 |
36.40 |
|
Domestic worker |
54.82 |
68.81 |
57.49 |
57.35 |
53.85 |
|
Men |
39.76 |
43.31 |
38.36 |
40.32 |
41.47 |
|
Manual worker |
48.32 |
48.59 |
44.61 |
46.73 |
49.14 |
|
White-collar worker |
41.56 |
42.43 |
45.26 |
49.68 |
37.38 |
|
Self-employed |
43.85 |
45.78 |
41.98 |
43.44 |
42.91 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
41.00 |
45.49 |
54.75 |
51.19 |
59.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
48.02 |
55.61 |
45.57 |
46.14 |
46.89 |
|
Production cooperative member |
38.58 |
52.99 |
44.34 |
51.90 |
68.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
28.83 |
36.48 |
29.08 |
31.32 |
34.81 |
|
Domestic worker |
70.00 |
38.08 |
42.99 |
48.00 |
60.00 |
|
Women |
38.00 |
39.99 |
32.68 |
35.13 |
36.05 |
|
Manual worker |
35.40 |
30.72 |
33.05 |
27.35 |
31.60 |
|
White-collar worker |
38.90 |
34.73 |
44.91 |
35.15 |
44.70 |
|
Self-employed |
40.09 |
42.58 |
36.30 |
40.62 |
32.19 |
|
Remunerated owner, partner or employer |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.00 |
44.00 |
0.00 |
|
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer |
59.44 |
31.06 |
39.84 |
41.17 |
33.03 |
|
Production cooperative member |
0.00 |
0.00 |
21.50 |
60.00 |
0.00 |
|
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker |
36.79 |
39.30 |
30.46 |
33.67 |
37.30 |
|
Domestic worker |
54.09 |
67.37 |
57.78 |
58.08 |
52.92 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
42.85 |
46.65 |
39.60 |
42.89 |
42.93 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
38.44 |
43.35 |
35.84 |
37.59 |
39.81 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
43.88 |
41.84 |
15.59 |
23.09 |
41.76 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
47.65 |
49.67 |
49.68 |
49.28 |
54.48 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
43.91 |
47.03 |
39.76 |
45.39 |
41.20 |
|
Elect ricity/gas/water production and d istribution |
45.93 |
55.58 |
45.35 |
49.28 |
54.49 |
|
Construction |
48.41 |
50.79 |
46.88 |
49.60 |
48.93 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.22 |
52.12 |
41.77 |
49.48 |
49.09 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
46.16 |
50.21 |
43.61 |
43.89 |
37.23 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
57.55 |
58.45 |
54.53 |
58.89 |
55.77 |
|
Financial brokerage |
47.89 |
50.92 |
48.08 |
46.63 |
48.15 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
41.67 |
46.46 |
42.11 |
49.82 |
44.65 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
47.14 |
54.18 |
48.93 |
50.23 |
50.92 |
|
Education |
28.76 |
31.67 |
27.68 |
28.59 |
32.19 |
|
Social and health services |
45.20 |
46.45 |
42.14 |
40.99 |
40.65 |
|
Community and personal services |
33.93 |
33.57 |
32.18 |
35.22 |
31.47 |
|
Private homes |
50.63 |
52.55 |
49.35 |
53.07 |
48.47 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
68.29 |
40.00 |
44.21 |
48.40 |
|
Men |
44.52 |
48.64 |
42.22 |
45.22 |
45.39 |
|
Agr iculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.44 |
45.08 |
38.33 |
39.80 |
41.38 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
45.68 |
44.02 |
17.84 |
25.59 |
43.63 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
47.85 |
50.29 |
49.86 |
51.46 |
55.45 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
48.80 |
49.63 |
44.91 |
49.48 |
47.16 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
46.53 |
57.08 |
46.05 |
50.66 |
55.60 |
|
Construction |
48.43 |
50.92 |
47.25 |
50.04 |
49.86 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.47 |
53.76 |
42.31 |
49.09 |
49.22 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
49.32 |
54.21 |
41.98 |
47.67 |
39.39 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
58.49 |
59.59 |
55.76 |
60.06 |
56.97 |
|
Financial brokerage |
48.85 |
53.11 |
49.49 |
47.94 |
47.76 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
42.38 |
48.08 |
45.52 |
50.75 |
45.90 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
49.00 |
58.65 |
50.73 |
51.58 |
53.69 |
|
Education |
30.10 |
32.78 |
29.02 |
32.12 |
30.16 |
|
Social and health services |
44.69 |
51.80 |
41.66 |
43.95 |
41.78 |
|
Community and personal services |
35.25 |
39.94 |
37.77 |
42.57 |
35.67 |
|
Private homes |
44.23 |
44.55 |
49.06 |
49.92 |
42.43 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
40.00 |
84.00 |
40.00 |
38.00 |
50.50 |
Table 3 (continued)
|
Economic activity |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Women |
40.80 |
44.12 |
36.43 |
39.87 |
39.84 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
37.25 |
41.01 |
32.62 |
34.32 |
37.75 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
31.65 |
30.10 |
10.69 |
18.85 |
32.89 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
46.67 |
44.96 |
47.54 |
29.84 |
42.64 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
37.12 |
42.88 |
32.37 |
38.82 |
33.54 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
40.00 |
43.75 |
43.42 |
41.76 |
44.31 |
|
Construction |
47.00 |
47.07 |
35.97 |
41.41 |
35.15 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.07 |
51.15 |
41.43 |
49.72 |
49.01 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
45.06 |
49.05 |
44.16 |
42.76 |
36.36 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
40.89 |
47.17 |
44.89 |
43.68 |
40.49 |
|
Financial brokerage |
46.87 |
46.31 |
43.37 |
44.77 |
49.14 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
40.54 |
41.62 |
35.02 |
48.06 |
42.00 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
41.32 |
39.80 |
42.04 |
45.73 |
41.44 |
|
Education |
27.28 |
30.77 |
26.70 |
25.52 |
34.07 |
|
Social and health services |
45.43 |
42.53 |
42.58 |
39.33 |
39.73 |
|
Community and personal services |
32.29 |
27.84 |
27.54 |
28.80 |
28.98 |
|
Private homes |
50.88 |
53.08 |
49.36 |
53.47 |
48.89 |
|
Extraterritorial organizations |
0.00 |
60.07 |
0.00 |
50.82 |
40.00 |
Source:National Statistics Institute.
(p) = Preliminary.
Table 3.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)
|
Economic sector |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 (p) |
|
Total |
45.98 |
48.73 |
42.61 |
46.71 |
45.92 |
|
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting |
39.14 |
42.82 |
38.70 |
38.66 |
42.03 |
|
Forestry and fishery |
58.43 |
44.12 |
0.00 |
33.57 |
45.70 |
|
Mining/quarrying |
51.17 |
49.43 |
52.00 |
52.05 |
49.90 |
|
Manufacturing industry |
45.07 |
48.10 |
41.26 |
46.16 |
43.71 |
|
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution |
40.90 |
55.29 |
45.33 |
49.63 |
49.25 |
|
Construction |
49.55 |
50.54 |
47.28 |
50.81 |
49.62 |
|
Sales and repairs |
48.29 |
52.12 |
42.36 |
49.42 |
49.24 |
|
Hotels and restaurants |
47.33 |
50.16 |
42.28 |
44.65 |
41.10 |
|
Transport, storage, communications |
57.89 |
57.88 |
55.69 |
59.72 |
56.85 |
|
Financial brokerage |
47.89 |
50.92 |
48.08 |
46.37 |
48.15 |
|
Real estate, business and rental services |
41.82 |
46.82 |
41.57 |
50.17 |
44.65 |
|
Public administration, defence and social security |
46.99 |
54.03 |
48.93 |
50.57 |
51.52 |
|
Education |
27.99 |
32.71 |
27.34 |
28.46 |
34.26 |
|
Social and health services |
43.33 |
45.99 |
41.52 |
39.76 |
41.79 |
|
Community and personal services |